This article is composed by: Third Floor Old Fan Original Creation
Hu Hai, also known as Qin II, also known as Emperor II, surnamed Zhao, named Hu Hai, the eighteenth son of Qin Shi Huang, the brother of Gongzi Fusu, and the second emperor of the Qin Dynasty, reigned for 3 years.
Hu Haishao ordered Zhao Gao to study prison law from the Central Coach Government. Qin Shi Huang traveled to the south to die of illness on the platform of the Dune Palace, and with the help of Zhao Gao and Li Si, he killed more than twenty brothers and sisters, and forced Su to die and became the second emperor of the Qin Dynasty.
After taking the throne, Zhao Gao took real power and practiced brutal rule, which finally provoked the uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, and the restoration of the old nobles of the Six Kingdoms. In 207 BC, Hu Hai was forced to commit suicide at Wangyi Palace by Zhao Gao's confidant Yan Le, and died at the age of 24.
Historical evaluation
Hu Hai was only twenty-four years old at the time of his death, and the emperor had only been emperor for three years, and later buried him with the etiquette of a Qianshou (that is, a commoner, because the Qin Dynasty advocated wearing black clothes), and the burial place was in the Yichun Garden in Dunan (present-day southwest of Xi'an). The Qin II Hu Hai, like the first emperor Yingzheng, did not have the title and temple number of the later emperor, because the Qin Dynasty implemented a centralized system, maintained the absolute authority of the monarch, and forbade his subordinates to discuss and evaluate the monarch.
Jia Yi: "Now that the Qin Dynasty is established, the world cannot but lead and watch its government." The cold are brown, and the hungry are brown. The world is bustling, and the new Lord's assets are also there. This is the easy way for the people to be benevolent. To make the second emperor have the deeds of the mediocre lord and be loyal, the lord of the subjects is single-minded and worried about the troubles of the sea, and the fault of the emperor is simple and the emperor is righteous; After splitting the land and dividing the people to be crowned as meritorious men, the founding of the country was established to honor the world; To be imprisoned and to be spared punishment, to receive the sins of filth, and to turn against his own towns; Hair warehouses, scatter money, to encourage the lonely and poor; Give less to the needs of the people; The covenant law saves punishment, so that all the people of the world may be rehabilitated, and they will practice more sparingly, and each of them will be careful; The hope of the people, and with virtue and the world, the world is at peace. That is, all the people in the world rejoice in their own comfort, but they are afraid that there will be changes. Although there are cunning people and no heart to deviate from the superior, the unscrupulous ministers cannot decorate their wisdom, and the riots are adulterous. The second did not practice this technique, but emphasized that there was no way: the bad temple and the people, and even began to be the palace of Afang; Severe punishment, deep punishment; Improper rewards and punishments, excessive endowments. The world is troubled, and the officials cannot be disciplined; The people were poor, and the Lord did not receive mercy. Then the treachery rises together, and the upper and lower go up and down; The sinners are multitudes, and the torturers look at each other in the Word, and the whole world suffers. From the Qunqing below to the people, people have a heart of self-danger, personally deal with the reality of poverty, salty uneasy about their position, so it is easy to move. It is chen who does not use soup and wu zhixian, does not borrow the honor of the prince, and strives to fight in Daze, and the world responds to the people's danger. ”
Sima Xiangru said: "The second emperor was not careful, and the country lost power." Faith is not lonely, and the temple is extinct. ”
Sima Qian: "The First Emperor was martyred, Hu Hai was extremely foolish, and Li Shan was not finished, so he resumed his work as Afang, in order to make a forward strategy." Yun 'Whoever does what is noble and has the world wants to do it wantonly, and the minister wants to stop what the previous king did'. He appointed Zhao Gao. It hurts! Human heads and animals chirp. No might, no evil, no vain death, no stay, no cruelty to promote the period, although the country that lives in shape, it still cannot exist. ”
Ban Gu: "It is said that Qin Shi Huang committed evil, hu haiji, and got his reason." ”
Cao Ran: "Hu Hai is less accustomed to the cult of meanness, has long suffered from the business of a fierce father, cannot change the system and change the law, favors his brothers, but is a master Of Shen Shang, a conspirator against Zhao Gao, a thief in the deep palace, a thief in charge of the government, a crippled man, and a leader in a qian, how can he get it?"
Zhang Shoujie: "Hu Hai used the power of the emperor to brutally abuse himself and provoke evil, and the evil was so deep that it was destroyed. ”
Sima Zhen: "The second correction, Zhao Gao is with." Fraudulent cause refers to deer, and disasters eat tigers. ”
Zhou Tan: "It is difficult for deer and horses to distinguish between right and wrong, and Ning Laobu asked for safety." There are many chaos in the power of the courtiers, and the king does not know it when the country is destroyed. ”
Hu Zeng: "One dynasty Yan Le unified the crowd, and the second imperial court swept the ground into the air." However, the Wei River flows endlessly, and it still surrounds the Wangyi Palace. ”
Character controversy
There are two theories about the age of Qin II's ascension to the throne:
The first is the "History of the First Emperor of Qin" Yun "The first year of the second emperor, the twenty-second year", that is, born in 230 BC.
The second is the Qin Ji Yun "born twelve years and standing", that is, born in 221 BC.
The theory that Qin II ascended the throne at the age of twenty-one was very influential, and Ma Feibai, Wang Yuchang, and the Englishman Du Dexi all said that Du Xide also clearly identified that "he was twenty-one years old at the time, and the end of volume VI of the "Records of History" was mistakenly written as twelve years old."
About idioms
Refer to deer as horses, point to deer, say horses. The metaphor deliberately reverses black and white and confuses right and wrong.
Mausoleum cemetery
Hu Hai is the Qin II, according to the 207 BC (2nd and 3rd year) of the powerful minister Zhao Gaowei near qin II committed suicide, and was buried in the zhou du state territory, that is, the qin dynasty zhoudi, in the present-day Yanta District of Xi'an City Qujiangchi village south edge terrace, commonly known as "Hu Hai tomb". The tomb of Hu Hai of Qin II is located in the original slope area, the environment is remote, very different from the high and magnificent imperial tombs since the Qin and Han Dynasties, compared with the nearby Duling and Shaoling, it is inferior.
The entire cemetery covers an area of more than 20 acres. Due south is a three-deep mountain gate with a red pillar rolling shed. In the middle of the door hangs a large black gold plaque with "Mausoleum of the Second Emperor of Qin". Passing through the mountain gate and ascending the stairs, there is a hard mountain-style hall in the style of Qin Dynasty architecture. The main hall, which covers an area of about 184 square meters, displays a group of statues of "deer as horses". More than 2 meters tall color stereoscopic portraits of Hu Hai, Zhao Gao, Zi Bao, Yan Le, and other 5 people.
Behind the main hall is Hu Hai's mausoleum, the tomb is made of earthen round, the diameter of the sealed mound is 25 meters, the height is 5 meters, and the diameter is 25 meters. There is a stone stele in the north of the tomb, which is three meters high, ninety-eight centimeters wide and twenty-eight centimeters thick. The inscription on the stele is "Mausoleum of the Emperor of Qin II", which was erected by Bi Yuan, the governor of Shaanxi Province, in the forty-first year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1776 AD). The inscription "Night Service Saying" on the back of the stele was written by zhou xinfeng in the tenth year of Jiaqing. On August 6, 1956, it was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units by the People's Committee of Shaanxi Province.
Historical records
Hu Hai did not have a separate biography, and his account of Sima Qian was recorded in the Records of History, Volume 6, Qin Shi Huang, And The Sixth Chronicle of Qin Shi Huang, and the Twenty-seventh Biography of Li Silie, Volume 87. The Qin Shi Huang BenJi records the main activities and major events in the lives of Qin Shi Huang and Qin II, which are clearly organized and rich in content, and truly reflect the changing historical scenes in the forty years before and after the establishment of the Qin Dynasty.
Lislie's biography deals with Hu Hai's content. Such as historical events such as the change of the dunes.