Also talk about the Changzhi watershed Eastern Zhou cemetery

Also talk about the Changzhi watershed Eastern Zhou cemetery

Journal of the National Museum of China, 2012.03, Li Xiating, Li Jiansheng

Executive Summary:

The excavation report of the "Changzhi Watershed Eastern Zhou Cemetery" divides the watershed cemetery into five phases, the era from the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Generation and believes that there is "obvious lack of rings" between them, the first period is "for the Tomb of the Jin Kingdom ..., the second and third phases are the Tomb of the Zhao State, and the fourth and fifth periods are the Korean Tombs"; its archaeological culture "The Warring States was previously a local type of Jin culture, and the Warring States were descended to the typical Zhao culture, and later although there were Korean activities, there would be no change in its cultural outlook.". This article has a different view on this, arguing that the Watershed Eastern Zhou Cemetery is a continuous use of the Sanjin Han cemetery without interruption.

An overview of the watershed cemetery

The watershed is located in the present-day Changzhi District of Shanxi Province, and about 600 well-preserved ancient tombs were discovered that year, most of which were Eastern Zhou tombs. Between 1954 and 1972, archaeologists in Shanxi Province made many archaeological excavations here to cooperate with the infrastructure construction, and only 164 of the Eastern Zhou tombs were selectively excavated at that time. In 2010, the newly published "Changzhi Watershed Eastern Zhou Cemetery" (hereinafter referred to as "Cemetery") published only 25 bronze tombs and 86 pottery tombs, a total of 111 tombs. Among the bronze tombs, the large-scale couples who were judged to be above five dings or with charcoal were buried in 6 groups and 12 "pair tombs" [2]. Due to information and space limitations, this article focuses only on the discussion of these large tombs.

Let's start with an overview of the cemetery. The general plan of the tomb quoted below is the original plan of the Cemetery. In order to illustrate the problem, this article depicts 6 groups of large tombs in black, which clearly shows that the 6 groups of large tombs are basically arranged in a line, and there are many small and medium-sized tombs around them, including bronze tombs and pottery tombs, and there is also a curved ruler-shaped carriage and horse pit next to the M26/M14 in the tomb group (Figure 1).

In order, M269/M270 in the west V zone is the first group, M126/M127 in the east mountain area is the second group, M26/M14 is the third group, M25/M12 is the fourth group, and M35/M36 and M20/M21 in the 1st district are the fifth and sixth groups, respectively.

The "Cemetery" said that the first group of eras belonged to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, and the second group belonged to the early and middle Warring States periods, and said that "the time span between the first and second periods is large, and there is a significant lack of rings", that is, the lack of bronze tomb data from the Spring and Autumn Period is called

Let's return our attention to the general plan of the cemetery: the general plan published in the cemetery has an M273 in the easternmost part of Area III, but no information about the tomb is published. However, in the exhibition hall of the Changzhi Museum Exhibition Hall and the previous unpublished materials, there are indeed bronze artifacts from the tombs connected to the three tombs of the watershed M271, M272 and M273, of which M271 has Lieding 1 (missing cover), M272 has Lieding 3, M273 has Gaiding 1 and Dun 1. These bronzes are very intact, and it is estimated that there should also be unrepaired bronzes belonging to these 3 tombs stored in the museum storehouse, that is, the number of M272 dings should be more than 3 dings. Moreover, the bronze age of these three tombs is the same, and the tomb numbers are connected, so it is likely that there should be a group of medium-sized and above tomb groups including M271, M272, M273 between areas III and V (whether it is a "pair tomb" is unknown). Judging from the floor plan, M273 is not large in size, or is it a funerary tomb? M271, M272 should be near its left. If so, there should be no less than 7 groups of tombs of the same rank in this cemetery. Let's group it together and analyze it group by group from west to east.

2. Analysis of large "pair tombs"

The watershed cemetery unearthed cultural relics are extremely rich, "Cemetery" said: a total of 1985 pieces of bronze artifacts were unearthed, of which more than 300 bronze containers and 63 musical instruments, "but due to historical objective reasons, the materials unearthed in the watershed were scattered in many places, and there were 14 places that could determine the location,...... Excavation data are more than one, the original basemap is messy, the excavated artifacts are not well preserved, and now the broken and fragile cultural relics have been unrecognizable, most of them have no possibility of restoration, when sorting out some of the artifacts in the Changzhi Museum, because some of the excavation numbers are covered by the collection of cultural relics, so they are not sorted out, and the collation is treated as missing", for the above reasons, the bronze information issued by the "Cemetery" is very limited, such as copper containers, and the published data is less than a quarter of the total number of excavations. Therefore, the above M271-M273 bronze data is not difficult to understand.

In addition, the general plan of the cemetery published by The Cemetery is "through collation, the tomb to be published is selected and then redrawn ... The location of the remaining tombs is not reflected in the floor plan"[51]. In view of this, this article can only be based on the existing information of the Cemetery, and refer to the early excavation briefing, and then appropriately supplement the individual collection materials for a rough discussion (Table 1).

1, the first group (M269/M270)

This is the only known group of 5 ding tombs that do not have a charcoal accumulation (the charcoal of this period is only found in the tombs above the princes). Three meters to the southwest, there are also 2 horse pits (not marked in the floor plan of the Cemetery), 2 martyrs each>61; there are also small and medium-sized bronze tombs on the east and west sides, and the M53 on the east side has 5 lieding (the tomb does not seem to be a "pair tomb", and the scale is small). M269/M270 is the smallest of the six known groups of "pair tombs", of which the copper jian excavated from M269 (Fig. 2) is very similar to the copper jian ornaments produced by tombs such as M1002 in Linyi Cheng Village, M1>81 in front of Wanrong Temple, and M55>91 in Huixian Liulige (Fig. 3), which is one of the unique artifacts of the Jin State in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. Some people once thought that this group of tombs belonged to the Chi Di Dian 1, but the history of Chi Di was destroyed by the Jin State in 593 BC, and the era of this group of tombs will never be earlier than this period. From the overall situation of the tomb, it undoubtedly belongs to the typical Jin culture, and its lower age limit will not be in 550 BC.

2, the second group (M271-M273)

This group of materials "cemetery" was not published, the situation is unknown, but the excavated bronzes were exhibited in the Changzhi City Museum and marked with the place of excavation and tomb number, the Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau had done a large-scale census of all the cultural relics in the collection in 2002, and did a cultural relics information archive, the group of bronze photos that were taken at that time (Figures 4 to 9)) Of which M272 has 3 pieces of the column Ding are relatively intact, from the shape and ornamentation of the instrument, it should belong to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. M273 excavated flat round belt cover copper Dun is more epochal significance, this kind of vessel shape is only seen in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Spring and Autumn Period, so the tomb era of this group is not dated to 520 BC. Regardless of the location of the tomb or the excavation of bronzes, this group of tombs can make up for the lack of rings in the era of watershed bronze tombs.

3. Group III (Ml26/MI27)

More than 700 artifacts were excavated from the stone and charcoal tombs, M126. Due to the damage, there is no image data of the copper ding. At that time, the briefing only used a high-relief gourd ear and "moth head" as the appendage of the ding ear and the ding, but the food pattern ear should be used for the plate instead of the ding, such as the M251 of Taiyuan Jinsheng Village in the Spring and Autumn Period and the pan ear excavated from ruicheng Tandao (Figure 1. As for the so-called "head of the mantis", it is actually a common pot ear of Jin-style bronze ware (Figures 12, 13), such as the "Zhao Meng Scabies Pot" that records the "Yellow Pond Meeting" in 482 BC (Figure 14). The M126 wrong gold cover bean is often used as a model of Warring States bronze ware (Figure 15), in fact, this kind of artifact was very popular in the late Spring and Autumn Period, such as the wrong red copper cover bean excavated from The M251 of Jinsheng Village in Taiyuan is this type (Figure 16). The M251 excavation of Jinsheng Village has the character "Xian" engraved on the bean, and the same tomb also has the "Xiancheng Ge" ronograph, which should be the spoils of Zhao Jianzi's war against the Fan, Zhongxing and Xian between 497 BC and 490 BC. The Xian clan was originally a Jin dynasty, and the literature is mostly recorded, but after this, the Xian clan did not see historical traces, so the era of Gai Dou engraved with the word "Xian" in Jinsheng Village M251 should be no later than 490 BC, and the watershed Gai Dou era should naturally be comparable to it. M127 excavation data published even less, "Cemetery" only see the car and horse miscellaneous tools, but in the previous unpublished excavation data there is indeed a piece of M127 copper Ding data (figure - seven, 18) back, looking at the group of tombs era, it seems more appropriate to set it as the late Spring and Autumn Period around 480 BC. It was around this time that the accumulation of stone and charcoal began to be popular in large and medium-sized tombs below the level of princes.

4, group 4 (M26/M14)

Graves of charcoal. M26 unearthed 7 ding, in addition to 5 pieces of covered spherical plain surface column ding, there are also 2 dings are very simple (Figure 19), which belongs to the century-old antiques at that time. M14 unearthed a set of 7 liding, which is the largest number of tombs excavated in the watershed cemetery. The ding is flat and round, the cover has 3 bridge-shaped buttons, and the hoof-shaped feet are short and thick, which is a typical spring and autumn style of the Warring States period (Figure 192. ）。 In addition, this group is the only group tomb with a carriage and horse pit, which is curved in shape, with 17 funerary cars, 5 dogs and 34 horses. The main body of the M14 tomb is male, and in addition to the group of chimes unearthed in the tomb, there is also an artifact suspected of being a key (Figure 21). In addition, the M104 and M7 near the tomb also have the keys of the piano (Fig. 22 and 23). These 2 tombs should be the funerary tombs of M14, and the deceased should be servants or female musicians. The tomb of the master servant is also the key to the qin, the key qiu, coupled with the tomb's luxurious ceremonial instruments, pomp and circumstance of the carriage and horse pit, reflecting a side of the tomb owner's sound and color dog and horse. The burial age is about 450 BC.

5, group 5 (M25/M12)

Graves of charcoal. The Li'erding produced by M25 belongs to the style of the early years of the Warring States (Figure 24), and the ornamentation of the excavated bronze jian is exactly the same as the "Zhijunzi Jian" produced by Hui County, Henan (Figure 25). "Zhi Junzi" is believed to be the Zhi bo of the Jin Dynasty, which was cut by Han, Zhao and Wei in the Jin civil war in 453 BC, so the copper jian excavated from M25 will not be spit out in the middle of the 5th century BC with carved axes, spherical Dun, square pots, wrong golden boats, cockroach patterns, etc., showing the characteristics of the early Warring States, and its age is about the same as that of The M1 of Shanbiao Town. There is a "Zhou Wang' Gongge" from the M1 of Shanbiao Town, which should be the item that the King of Zhou rewarded the owner of the M1 tomb in Shanbiao Town. "King Jing of Zhou" is king jing of Zhou (reigned 519 BC - 476 BC), and the name of king of Zhou jing is "丐", the character "叚". The "Zhou Wang's Tomb Master" award to Shanbiao Town's M1 tomb owner should not be dated to 476 BC, the year of King Jing's death, so the date of burial of the recipient will not be too long in this era. Comprehensive analysis shows that the watershed M25/M12 era is roughly equivalent to about 430 BC, of which M25 predates M12.

6, Group VI (M35/M36)

M35 is also the only tomb known to have a burial path in the watershed cemetery. However, the tombs of this group have been stolen, and there are not many bronze artifacts unearthed, and only one piece of mane ding remains in M35, which is the same as the mane shape system produced by M251 in Jinsheng Village, Taiyuan, but there is no ornamentation (Figure 26). There are also groups of imitation copper pottery vessels. M36 has no accumulation of stone charcoal, and the mane is decorated with a six-petal flower pattern (Figure 27), this flower pattern and the double-headed phoenix pattern decorated by the round pot excavated from the tomb are found on the Pottery Fan of the Houma Cast Copper Site; and the shape of the round pot excavated from the tomb is very similar to the shape of the "Ling Fox JunsiZi Kettle", "Ling Fox JunsiZi Kettle" A total of two pieces, scholars have examined and cast it in 416 BC or 392 BC Canon 1. It is speculated that the burial age of the group was around 380-350 BC.

7, Group VII (M20/M21)

M20 was stolen, and the remaining copper Ding 1, Ding Shang ornament (Fig. 28) is basically the same as the Tao Fan ornament (Fig. 29) of the Houma cast copper site. M21 is buried with 7 pottery dings, of which 5 are painted dings. Overall, the burial age of this group is a slight dawn in the middle of the Warring States period, that is, it did not fall in 300 BC.

III. Discussion of issues

The above briefly analyzes the 7 groups of bronze tombs in the watershed, and has the following observations:

1. "The Cemetery" divides the watershed tombs into five phases, the first period is "for the Tomb of the Jin Dynasty..., the second and third phases are the tombs of the Zhao Kingdom, the fourth and fifth periods are korean tombs..., the time span between the first and the second period is large, there is an obvious missing ring, there is no obvious continuity relationship We think: This understanding is precisely due to the "lack of information" caused by the "Cemetery" itself. Complete watershed cemetery data show that the cemetery began in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period and ended at the time of the Middle Warring States Period, and was used before and after2. For many years, there was no interruption during the period, and the owner of the orderly tomb tomb was most likely the bronze ceremonial instruments and weapons, carriages and horses excavated from the entire cemetery of the same family, and its shape and ornamentation were almost all found in the pottery fan of the Houma cast copper site. The Houma copper casting site was used roughly from the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period in the middle of the 6th century BC to the early and middle Warring States period in the middle of the fourth century BC. At the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the bronze culture of the Jin Dynasty underwent a sudden change in style, and Mr. Huang Mingchong said that the bronze culture of the Jin Dynasty was bounded by the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, which previously belonged to the "former Xintian style" and then belonged to the "Xintian style" ["I"). The first two groups of tombs in the watershed (M269/M270 and M271/M272) bronzes are the model of the former, and the bronzes from the third group of tombs (M126/M127) belong to the typical "Xintian style" bronzes, which is what people are accustomed to call "Jin-style bronzes", so the watershed bronzes are only the stylistic differences in the before and after stages of the same culture, not the "missing rings" or different cultural types.

2, "The Cemetery" believes that the archaeological culture of the watershed cemetery is "the warring states were previously the local type of Jin culture, and the warring states were reduced to a typical Zhao culture, and later although there were Korean activities, there would be no change in their cultural appearance"; it is also said that "22 of the 164 Eastern Zhou tombs in the watershed cemetery were broken, but all of them were broken by the tombs after the Qin, and there was no broken relationship between the Eastern Zhou tombs" I23]. In fact, from the tomb plan: the west of the watershed tomb is roughly arranged in an orderly line, each group is about 30-50 years apart, surrounded by a group of clearly planned dense and uneven small and medium-sized tombs. According to the "Zhou Li Chun Guan": "The tomb master is in charge of the area of the tomb of the state, for the map, so that the country and the nation are buried, the prohibition is controlled, the position is corrected, the degree is controlled, so that all have their private areas." "Combined with the fact that the cemetery has been used for more than 200 years, even if the tombs of the early twilight period are intertwined with each other, there is no breaking of the relationship, the cemetery is obviously a whole, and there should be special management during the use period, which is a "state tomb" area containing many family tombs." The bronze culture of the entire cemetery is no different from that of Hou Ma Ma, Wanrong Miaoqian, Linyi Cheng Village, Taiyuan Jinsheng Village, Changzi Niujiapo, Lucheng Luhe, Liulige in Huixian County, Houchuan in Shaanxi County, Baijia Village in Handan, and Shanbiao Town in Jixian County. What is more valuable is that the time span of the watershed cemetery is relatively longer, and the data is more complete (four), of which the prominent feature is the wide use of the wrong gold process and the engraving process, such as the wrong gold cover bean, the wrong gold boat, the wrong gold belt hook, the wrong gold sword, the wrong gold sickle, as well as the engraved za, the engraved plate, the engraved jian and so on (iv), with a strong jin culture era style.

3. The tomb orientation is also one of the important bases for confirming the genus of the tomb family. The "Cemetery" states that the watershed tombs belong to Jin, Zhao and Han according to the early time. It is also said that 81% of the tombs in the cemetery are north-south nets. The direction of the tombs of the nobles of the two weeks: the tombs of the Zhou clans of Fan Ji, whether it is the Zhou royal clans of Zhou Yuan, Fenghao, and Luoyi, or the princes with the surnames of Ji such as Zheng Gong, Wei Gong, Jin Hou, Yan Hou, Wei Wang, Han Wang, etc., are all north and south without exception; while some non-Ji nobles, such as the tomb of Zhao Qing of the Taiyuan Jin State, the tomb of Zhao Wang of Handan Zhao, the Zhao Cemetery of Baijia Village in Handan, the zhao cemetery of Baijia Village in Handan, the tomb of Zhao Guo in Linzhou, Henan, and the tomb of the Qin King, who is also surnamed Ying, and the tomb of the Chu people with the surname of Qi in the south, are all east-west [271] A typical example is the Liulige Cemetery in Hui County, Henan: its early tombs are east-west and north-south, respectively, precisely because the early tombs (such as Jia Yi Tomb, M80, M55, M60, M1, M75, etc.) belong to the Fan clan of the Qi surname of the Jin Dynasty, and the Early Period belonged to the Wei clan of the Three Jin Dynasty Ji [28]. Looking at the Changzhi watershed: 81% of the tombs are north-south, and if they are Zhao tombs, the probability should be zero. "Cemetery" is also known as the hinterland of the Shangdang during the Warring States period, first belonged to Zhao, and then returned to Korea. In fact, when the three families were divided into Jin Dynasty, Zhao and Han jointly divided the Shangdang Basin, and both countries had Shangdang County, Zhao Shangdang County once had jurisdiction over 24 counties, and Han Shangdang County had jurisdiction over 17 counties. Adjacent to the Changzhi County Niujiapo Spring and Autumn Warring States Cemetery, the tombs are mostly east-west, of which Niujiapo M7 is 5 Ding Tomb, the tomb is east-west, there are 3 martyrs in the tomb, and the martyrs are located on both sides of the tomb owner and under the feet [3 °]. This kind of tomb direction and the burial customs of martyrs in the tomb are also found in the M251 of Jinsheng Village in Taiyuan, the Large Vegetable Garden in Linzhou, Henan, and the Zhao Cemetery in Baijia Village, Handan, Hebei Province, which should be unique to the Zhao family. The large tombs of the Watershed Cemetery and more than 80% of the small and medium-sized tombs are in a north-south direction, and there are no martyrs in all the tombs, and this burial custom is consistent with the height of the Han tombs in Zheng Han's ancient city. It can be seen that although the changzhi and the eldest son of the Eastern Zhou cemetery are relatively close, and the bronze culture is the same, the burial customs of the two places are obviously different, and they should belong to the Han and Zhao clans.

4. The Zhou Dynasty was a patriarchal hierarchical society, and after death, people not only gathered tribes and buried, but also arranged the burial positions according to the patriarchal hierarchical relationship. Therefore, most of the small and medium-sized tombs in the north-south direction of the watershed cemetery should be the tombs of the Han clan people with the surname Ji, and the owner of the large tombs should be the nobles of a hereditary "emperor" of the Han clan. The Han clan comes from the Jin Dynasty Clan and is a strong clan of the Jin Dynasty, with lush branches and leaves, and the Spring and Autumn Warring States generations continue endlessly. History records that Han Shangdang County was the capital of Korea during the Warring States period, and it was not until 262 BC that it changed hands to Zhao, and the famous Battle of Changping was triggered by the return of the county to Zhao by Shou Feng Ting of Shangdang County, South Korea, and the area was only invaded by the Qin people after the Battle of Changping. In short, whether according to literature or archaeological data, it is logical that the watershed cemetery belongs to Han. That is to say, the watershed cemetery belonged to the Han clan of the Jin State before the three branches of the Jin Dynasty, and after the three families of the Jin Dynasty, it belonged to the Three Jin Korea; In terms of its cultural appearance, although the Jin Dynasty was later divided into three, the bronze culture of the entire Three Jins region was still an indistinguishable whole.

5. As for the identity of the owner of the Watershed Tomb, it should be the nobleman of the Han clan of the Jin Dynasty who was sealed here in the Spring and Autumn Period, and may have both the local magistrate and the lord of Caiyi. During the Warring States period, the situation was more complicated, because the county system established during the Warring States period made the original Caiyi lord not necessarily the local governor; in addition, the warriors of the Warring States period could freely travel between the nations to enter and exit, such as Wu Qi, Su Qin, Zhang Yi Fan Ju and other stories. In addition, the Zhou Dynasty already had a bureaucratic retirement system, that is, "to shi", "to the old and return to the hometown", and the Spring and Autumn Ram biography notes "retire to shi" that is, "return to the king", which means that officials must return power to the king at a certain age. The literature records that the story of the Jin Dynasty "Qi Xi Juxian" can also be glimpsed in one of the bureaucratic retirement systems at that time, so whether the owner of the watershed tomb in the Warring States period was a bureaucrat or a rich landlord, the watershed was after all the place where his family Was, and no matter where he was before he died, it was natural to bury Zu Ying after his death. Conversely, the local governor of the Shangdang region during the Warring States period was not necessarily the Han clan, as evidenced by the historical record of the Name of the Shangdang County in Korea, feng Ting. People at the time may be cold soldiers today, and tomorrow they may worship the general, but their official position and aristocratic status cannot be equated, so it is naturally unreliable to determine that the owner of the tomb is the sheriff of Shangdang County. In short, from the analysis of factors such as the arrangement and distribution of the cemetery, the evolution of tomb specifications, etc., the owner of the large tomb should be a hereditary nobleman of the doctor level, and his tomb experience from vertical cave soil to stone accumulation charcoal, from five dings to seven dings (four), from copper ding to finally tao ding, can be said to be a microcosm of the evolution of tombs in the Three Jins region during the Spring and Autumn And Warring States period, in which the scale of different groups of tombs and the change in the number of burial products also reflect the rise and fall of the family and social changes.

The excavation of the watershed cemetery was a rescue excavation in the 1950s and 1970s with infrastructure construction, and the excavation work at that time was not systematic and standardized enough, coupled with the subsequent loss and destruction of cultural relics and graphic materials, so it caused great difficulties to the research work. In the past, scholars have almost no objection to the fact that the watershed cemetery belongs to Han, and this article only reiterates this view on the basis of supplementing some information.

P.S. This article was written under the guidance of Mr. Zhang Deguang, the person in charge of the data collation work of the watershed cemetery at that time, and he also provided some valuable information for this article, and hereby expresses his deep gratitude.