In fact, the xi'an incident was not rooted in Chiang Kai-shek's excessive persecution or Zhang Xueliang
"Anti-Japanese Patriotism"
The Xi'an Incident began on the long march, and all the subjective and objective conditions that affected its appearance originated from the Red Army after the Long March.
After the failure of the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign, the CPC Central Committee had to re-examine the next question of survival. In October 1934, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was forced to leave jiangxi soviet area and begin a strategic shift.
The twenty-five-thousand-mile long march began
。
Commemorate the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in the Long March
From the southeast to the northwest, it was both to solve the problem of survival and to seek to be close to the regions with greater Soviet influence. This practice, led by the Soviet Union, was instructed by the Communist International headed by the Soviet Union to change its united front policy, causing the Red Army of the Communist Party of China to collide with Zhang Xueliang's army, the Northeast Army, which was dissatisfied with Chiang Kai-shek.
By chance, it was only because of the stone that it was shocking
"Xi'an Incident"
The outbreak eventually forced Chiang Kai-shek, who seemed to have won the game, to give up
"Outside must first be inside"
Extremely wrong policies.
The Red Army team gained a firm foothold in northern Shaanxi and struck hard at the Northeast Army one after another. Zhang Xueliang was forced to reconsider the combat effectiveness of the Chinese Red Army, and whether the Northeast Army could continue to lose; in addition, after the September 18 Incident, the Northeast Army, which was originally a local warlord, lost the Northeast as a base area, and weapons and equipment, medicines, materials, and soldiers could not be replenished.
The Soviet Union and the Northeast Army had common interests in the northeast:
Expelled the Japanese army from the Northeast Asian continent.
The Red Army was the only Chinese force that could connect with the Soviet Union. In the end, Zhang Xueliang and most of the generals of the Northeast Army hoped to return to their homeland northeast through the anti-Japanese resistance, but Chiang Kai-shek insisted on implementing it
The policy is seriously out of their interest.
Northeast Army soldier photo
Zhang Xueliang just wanted to doze off when someone
"Send"
Pillows come over. On August 1, 1935, the Communist Party of China issued the August 1st Declaration, which once again made it clear:
As long as the Kuomintang army no longer attacked the Soviet zone and fought against Japan, the Red Army was willing to immediately join hands with it and fight side by side.
Zhang Xueliang received the signal and made initial contact on October 22, 1935.
On January 28, 1936, the two sides reached a four-pronged agreement:
1. In order to unite against Japan, the Red Army and the 67th Army established the principle of non-aggression and each guarding the original defense;
2. Restore the transportation and economic trade of the 67th Army on the roads of Yan'an, Ganquan and Fuxian;
3. Grain, firewood, and other materials needed by the 67th Army in Yan'an and Ganquan cities can be purchased from the local people in the Soviet area;
Fourth, to restore trade between the red and white districts, both sides have the responsibility to protect each other's procurement personnel.
Yang Hucheng, the commander-in-chief of the Seventeenth Route Army, who was ostracized by the Nationalist government in Nanjing, was also actively seeking contact with the Chinese Communist Party, conveying his meaning through the Special Branch of the Northern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee:
Agree with your joint stand of resisting Japan, and are willing to go to the Northeast Army to do Zhang Xueliang's work, sign a non-aggression pact with the Red Army of the Chinese Communists, and establish radio contacts with the Chinese Communists.
In the autumn of 1936,
Red Army, Northeast Army and Seventeenth Route Army
The situation in the northwest of the "Trinity" has been formed, and preparations for the "military advice" are being carried out in an intensive manner. At that time, for the sake of the next anti-Japanese needs, the three parties set up officer training regiments one after another to vigorously publicize the CCP's anti-Japanese propositions to train officers and explain the necessity of jointly resisting Japan.
Seventeenth Route Army
The surging anti-Japanese salvation movement in the northwest attracted the attention of the Kuomintang intelligence department, and Chiang Kai-shek received the news, but at that time the Kuomintang was busy with the "two-Guangzhou incident" and could not spare his hand. In September 1936, Chiang Kai-shek successfully resolved the "Two Guangdong Incident" and his attention once again turned to the northwest region.
At this time, Japan continued to increase its troops to the north China side, and its ambition to swallow the wolf of the whole of north China was clearly revealed; but the stubborn Chiang Kai-shek was still staring at the Central Red Army, and despite the outbreak of a large-scale and all-out war of aggression against China, he was bent on completely destroying the Central Red Army, so he also sent a large number of troops to Shaanxi and Gansu in an effort to win the Communist Party of China in one fell swoop.
On October 22, 1936, Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Xi'an by special plane, and when he stayed in Huaqingchi, he announced his new plan to "suppress the communists" and urged Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army and Yang Hucheng's Seventeenth Route Army to act according to the plan. At this time, Zhang Xueliang was a little hesitant and wavered at the idea of "military advice", so he once again proposed it to Chiang Kai-shek
"Stop the civil war and unite against Japan"
of old claims.
In order to make his proposition appear more convincing, Zhang Xueliang specially stated that this was the common demand of all officers and men of the Northeast Army; Yang Hucheng euphemistically stated that the Seventeenth Route Army was willing to go to the tang for the anti-Japanese war. After listening, Chiang Kai-shek did not say anything, but only stressed once again that the plan of "suppressing the Communists" could not be compromised.
Chiang Kai-shek handled official business
On October 31, 1936, Chiang Kai-shek rushed to Luoyang, and kept dispatching troops and generals, and the 30 concubine divisions in Hunan and Hubei that had originally suppressed the "Two Guangzhou Incident" were transferred to the north. In early November 1936,
The Suiyuan War of Resistance broke out
Zhang Xueliang originally thought that Chiang Kai-shek's plan had changed, so he asked for resistance again, but old Chiang again refused.
Northeast Army and Seventeenth Route Army
Passively "suppress the Communists" and concentrate on resisting Japan
Chiang Kai-shek can see it. On December 4, 1936, Chiang Kai-shek again flew to Xi'an by special plane to supervise the war. This time, Chiang Kai-shek gave face-to-face lectures to brigadiers and above officers of the Northeast Army and the Seventeenth Route Army, indicating that they needed to strictly implement the order to "suppress the Communists."
On the night of December 7, Zhang Xueliang tried to persuade Chiang Kai-shek again, but was stopped by Yang Hucheng, he said
Chiang Kai-shek is a dead brain, no matter how much persuasion is useless, we ask him to talk about this matter again, it is likely to show the horse's feet
。 Zhang Xueliang did not listen, he felt that Chiang Kai-shek was very proud, believing that he and others would only obey and would not take practical action against it at all.
I have to say that Zhang Xueliang is worthy of being a brother of Chiang Kai-shek, and he has a thorough understanding of his temperament. That night, Zhang Xueliang once again made suggestions to Chiang Kai-shek, and he said bitterly that he had not changed his intention of "suppressing the Communists." Afterwards, Zhang Xueliang said to Yang Hucheng:
For the sake of the country, we have done our best to be kind and righteous to Chiang Kai-shek, and now there is only one way to do it. ”
"Dry" means "buckle Jiang".
Zhang Xueliang with Chiang Kai-shek
At 2:00 a.m. on December 12, 1936, Bai Fengxiang, Sun Mingjiu, and nine other senior generals of the Northeast Army first arrived at Huaqingchi; at 5:00, the operation to arrest Chiang Kai-shek officially began. The Northeast Army blockaded HuaqingChi, and Bai Fengxiang, Sun Mingjiu, and nine others went straight to Chiang Kai-shek's bedroom. Chiang Kai-shek was captured alive, and Chen Cheng, Jiang Dingwen, and a large number of other Kuomintang military and political leaders were also detained by the Seventeenth Route Army.
On the morning of December 12, 1936, Yang Hucheng and Zhang Xueliang sent a telegram to the National Government of Nanjing and the whole country, explaining the purpose of the operation and clearly putting forward eight major national salvation proposals.
After the outbreak of the Xi'an Incident, there were two different views on the incident within the Kuomintang, so it was divided into two major factions. One faction, the main war faction headed by He Yingqin, advocated attacking Xi'an and rebelling against Zhang Xueliang's troops, while at the same time removing Zhang Xueliang and others from their posts and investigating them; most of the supporters of this faction were Huangpu soldiers. If they had really done so, Chiang Kai-shek would have been absolutely fierce and would not have survived.
The other faction is headed by Soong Mei-ling and Soong Zi-wen, and its supporters are mainly Chiang Kai-shek's in-laws, who are the main peace faction, advocating first peacefully resolving the matter at hand, understanding the actual needs of Zhang Xueliang and others, and then rescuing Chiang Kai-shek, and not rushing to fight by force.
Neither faction could convince anyone, nor did a highly respected leader make a decision, and in the end the main battle faction and the main and the main faction did their own thing. The main war faction dispatched troops with the intention of attacking Xi'an from the east and west flanks to suppress the incident as quickly as possible.
On the same day, the 46th Army stationed in Luoyang quickly marched to Tongguan, and the elite Central Military Academy Teaching Corps also set out from Nanjing to occupy Weinan. At the same time, He Yingqin sent a large number of aircraft to Xi'an to conduct air reconnaissance and carried out extensive bombing of Sanyuan and other places. This was because he was afraid that Zhang Xueliang would not kill Chiang Kai-shek.
He Yingqin
The lord and the lord sent Song Ziwen and Song Meiling to find important people to Xi'an to understand the situation, and then the two also went to Xi'an to negotiate.
Fortunately, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng and others were not extreme, and they did not really want to kill Chiang Kai-shek, otherwise they would be hanging.
"Forcing Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan"
It was Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng's original intention in launching the Xi'an Incident (it was really enough for Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan and have to be forced like this). After Chiang Kai-shek was successfully arrested, he believed that he would undoubtedly die no matter what, so he adopted a tough attitude of refusing to cooperate. This reaction was out of the expectations of Zhang and Yang.
Ten days later, on December 22, Song Ziwen and Song Meiling arrived in Xi'an to inform Chiang Kai-shek of the situation at home and abroad, which made him relax his vigilance, no longer face yang Hucheng and Zhang Xueliang's demands with a dead heart, and agree to negotiate with Xi'an.
Without thinking, Chiang Kai-shek seemed to be an empty glove white wolf, proposing preconditions:
All the agreed conditions are not signed in writing, and all conditions are guaranteed by the personality of his leader and will be implemented upon his return to Nanjing. If Zhang and Yang still accept their own leadership, they must accept the non-written signing as a precondition for negotiations; if they do not agree, there is no need to negotiate.
This made It difficult for Yang Hucheng and Zhang Xueliang, but also understood Chiang Kai-shek's approach:
The detention and imprisonment of the Xi'an Incident disgraced Chiang Kai-shek and his leader's prestige and character "greatly damaged"; a written signature of the negotiated agreement under such conditions would be tantamount to affirming and indulging in the acts of insurgency committed by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, and it would be his own confession to the past.
Song Ziwen and Song Meiling
Only by not signing a written agreement can we reluctantly preserve Chiang Kai-shek's face and facilitate his return to Nanjing to explain to the outside world. Moreover, Chiang Kai-shek believes that if Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng are really
Putting the overall situation of the country first, it is inevitable to agree to its own conditions, otherwise it is a deliberate insult to oneself
On this issue, the senior generals of the Northeast Army and the Seventeenth Route Army firmly stated:
Without Chiang Kai-shek's signature, it will never be released!
This meaning was also jointly conveyed to Song Ziwen. Considering all parties, Yang Hucheng and Zhang Xueliang finally chose to agree to Chiang Kai-shek's pre-negotiation demands in spite of the opposition of the middle and high levels of the military.
On the issue of releasing Chiang Kai-shek, due to the dissatisfaction of some officers and men of the Northeast Army and the Seventeenth Route Army, Song Ziwen and Song Qingling demanded early release. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng agreed with the release of Jiang as soon as possible. Whether it is the international situation, the internal parties of the Kuomintang, the warlords of local strength, and the Northeast Army and the Seventeenth Route Army, the long-term detention of Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an is far more harmful than beneficial.
In the end, after Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng reached 10 verbal agreements with Song Ziwen and others, Zhang and Yang both abandoned their original idea of conditional release of Chiang Kai-shek, and Zhang Xueliang sent Chiang Kai-shek back to Nanjing alone.
Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng's various major concessions contributed to the early peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident.
Yang Hucheng photo
Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng's concessions are mainly their personal desire to serve the country, followed by the reactions and choices of various forces at home and abroad. But how can such concessions be repaid in exchange for Chiang Kai-shek's?
At 4 p.m. on December 25, Zhang Xueliang resolutely decided to board a plane to Nanjing with Chiang Kai-shek. But this, however, is that the wind is cold and the water is cold, and the hero will not return once he is gone.
After Zhang Xueliang arrived in Nanjing, Chiang Kai-shek quickly sent people to control him and put him under house arrest and surveillance. In this way, Zhang Xueliang completely lost contact with the outside world, and this loss was 52 years, until January 13, 1988, when Chiang Ching-kuo died, and he relaxed. After Lee Teng-hui came to power, that is, since 1990, Zhang Xueliang fully restored his personal freedom, when the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation ended, and New China was booming.
Speaking of what happened after Zhang Xueliang was detained. As soon as Chiang Kai-shek landed in Nanjing, Chiang Kai-shek led the Huangpu department within the Kuomintang to start plotting revenge. In March 1937, Chiang Kai-shek completely dismembered the Northeast Army in the name of reorganization, not only reducing the number of troops, but also dispersing the garrison.
In January 1937, Yang Hucheng was dismissed from his post by the Kuomintang government in Nanjing, and in June he was forced to go abroad to "investigate" and traveled to the United States, Britain, France, Germany and other countries to publicize the anti-Japanese ideas of overseas Chinese.
Yang Hucheng and Zi Zhengzhong and female Zhengkun
However, on July 7, 1937, after the Lugou Bridge Incident and the outbreak of the All-out War of Resistance, Yang Hucheng, because of his patriotic fist and fist heart, sent several telegrams to Chiang Kai-shek and asked to return to China to resist Japan, but he was rejected.
In November 1937, Yang Hucheng decided to return to China to contribute to the anti-Japanese resistance, and if he could not lead the troops, he returned to Hong Kong from France, just ready to participate in the anti-Japanese work, he was lured to Nanchang by Kuomintang agents and imprisoned, and his secretaries and family members were imprisoned, and everyone was successively imprisoned in Xiang, Qian, Sichuan and other places.
In 1949, Li Zongren, the acting president of the Kuomintang who turned pro-communist, ordered Yang Hucheng's release, but all of Chiang Kai-shek's henchmen were below, so the order could not be implemented. On September 6, 1949, on the eve of the Kuomintang abandoning Chongqing, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the treatment of Yang Hucheng and others.
Yang Hucheng, his youngest son Yang Zhengzhong, his younger daughter Yang Zhenggui, his secretary Song Qiyun and his wife Xu Linxia, their youngest son Song Zhenzhong, a total of 8 people, were stabbed to death with daggers by military agents at the Dai Gong Ancestral Hall in Chongqing. The remains of 8 people were also destroyed by the secret agents of the military command with salt and gallium water. As early as 1937, when Yang Hucheng went abroad for "investigation", the Seventeenth Route Army was divided and bought off by Chiang Kai-shek and completely integrated into the Kuomintang army.
The fate of Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng is very much in line with Chiang Kai-shek's personality and style; he is very contradictory and entangled, he is very wavering in many things, he attaches great importance to his own face, and he is also very proud of himself, so the treatment of Yang Hucheng and Zhang Xueliang is to be imprisoned and then dealt with (Zhang Xueliang was not executed, and most of it is the credit of Chiang's wife, Song Meiling);
Zhang Xueliang's later years
Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek has a small heart and is not very neat and neat in doing things. If Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng had known that after they made such concessions in the Xi'an Incident, they would have ended up in such a fate, even if they did not kill him, they would have chosen not to make such a big concession and made themselves have no personal safety guarantee.
Chiang Kai-shek for self-examination
In 1957, Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi jointly proposed the publication of the Collected Works of Chiang Kai-shek. The two have different starting points, but they have the same destination. Liu Shaoqi wanted to have a little more historical objectivity, but Chairman Mao Zedong was different, and he mentioned in a speech:
"Many people hate Chiang Kai-shek, but most people don't know what kind of a bastard he is, so we have to publish a collection of his writings."
I have to say that this is Chairman Mao's true disposition.
The things of the world, the views of everyone, are known in the comments.