Zhang Xueliang's leading the main force of the Northeast Army into the pass to avoid battle is an ironclad fact, and there is no need to say more. However, at the moment, there was a trend of "the Northeast Army was not well equipped, unable to resist the attack of the Japanese army, and in order to preserve its living forces, it led its troops into the Customs war of resistance." Their reasoning was that the Northeast Army was easily defeated by a small group of Soviet troops when engaging the Soviets. The Japanese army had defeated the Tsarist Russian army in the Russo-Japanese War, so the Northeast Army would certainly not be able to defeat the Japanese army. Zhang Xueliang's theory of preserving "living forces" is that Zhang Xueliang actively planned the War of Resistance after the Xi'an Incident, and the famous "Great Wall War of Resistance" was carried out under the command of Zhang Xueliang, and the northeast army performed outstandingly in this battle, so it should not be considered a "cowardly war", and Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek did not have to take full responsibility for the loss of the northeast.
This idea of confusing concepts is abhorrent. First of all, Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang's first responsibility was to lose the northeast, which was a heinous crime that could not be explained under any circumstances; of course, the root cause was the old Chiang Kai-shek's erroneous policy of "foreign countries must first be safe inside." After the loss of the northeast, the Japanese army plundered the northeast of the arms machinery, and the weapons and ammunition collected from the northeast arsenal and arsenal at that time were enough to arm more than 30 "national defense divisions". What is this concept? Assuming 8,000-12,000 men per division, with a typical two-brigade and four-regiment formation, the division could have a special battalion, a cavalry battalion, and an artillery battalion. The artillery battalion can have 12 artillery pieces, four infantry regiments can do the regiment has a mortar company or infantry battery, the battalion has a gun company (3 large-caliber mortars and 6-8 heavy machine guns), each company is equipped with 6 light machine guns, can also have 2-3 small-caliber mortars, 30 such defense divisions can break the wrist with at least 4 Japanese first-class divisions. Unfortunately, these equipment were replenished into the "Korean Division" within the Japanese Army and the pseudo-Manchu and pseudo-Mongolian troops, and some equipment with good performance and good status was simply directly reinforced into the Japanese army.
After the Japanese army occupied and began to operate the northeast, the northeast arsenals, mines, coal yards and steel plants are still working overtime production, and 70% of the gun and shell consumption of the Japanese puppet army combat materials on the Chinese battlefield comes from the northeast arsenals, and 100% of the grenadiers and mortars used by the Japanese military teams come from the northeast. If we calculate this way, who would dare to say such nonsense as "Zhang Xueliang is innocent and Chiang Kai-shek has difficulties"? In the later period, the local resources of the Japanese army were in a hurry, and the outbreak of the Pacific War and the Southeast Asian War made the Japanese army have to start expanding the replenishment of the military supply, and the Japanese military industry could not meet the equipment needs of these military sources. Or scavenging and producing from all over the northeast.
As for phrases such as "the equipment is not good, the officers and men are not good," the people of the northeast said, "This pot cannot be carried." The same unit composed of northeasterners, the four fields brought out by Lin Biao were reorganized, taken by Mr. Peng to the Korean battlefield in an unfamiliar environment, and 17 countries, including the Japanese mine-sweeping troops, were suspended in one breath. Moreover, at that time, Zhang Xueliang's department had a total of 270,000 national defense forces, a total of 270,000 provincial defense troops, and only 30,000 Japanese and Korean divisions of the Japanese Kwantung Army, independent brigades and police forces. In terms of equipment, the Northeast Army had 150 mm caliber field guns, howitzers and 150 mm mortars. 105 mm caliber field guns, 70-75 mm caliber mountain guns, field guns are dozens of times more than the Japanese army. In the case of an overall 9:1, 5.7:1 numerical superiority of the elite troops and dozens of points in equipment and firepower, Zhang Xueliang unexpectedly led the main force to flee back to Guannei. If Lin Biao's troops used such an advantage to engage 30,000 Japanese troops, the process would not be too smooth.
Therefore, the responsibility for the loss of the northeast is mainly Jiang Zhang and the two, and the other officers bear secondary responsibility. As for the people of the northeast, there is no such thing as "no war." Because most of the volunteer troops who entered the Korean war at that time were composed of northeasterners, Marshal Lin Biao led his troops into the customs to support the battlefields in other directions after fighting the Liaoshen Campaign, and they also relied on the main force composed of northeasterners. Because Marshal Lin Biao's signature attire of the Northeast Army is a "dog skin hat", from Jiang, Fu, Bai and others to the United Nations Army, there is no fear of seeing such a hat. The "old five permanents" of the United Nations, the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, were all beaten by the "northeasterners wearing dog skin hats" in turn, and then these people said that the northeasterners could not fight wars.