Gold and silverware and gold and silver products have appeared in the Shang Dynasty, and there have been gold and silver inlay processes in the Spring and Autumn And Warring States Period. Gold and silver vessels appeared later, which was rare in the Han Dynasty before, and it was not until the Tang Dynasty that more discoveries began to occur. At present, some of the shapes and ornaments of the gold and silver vessels of the Northern Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty are in the style of Sassanid gold and silverware, indicating that they were influenced by Persian gold and silverware. Most of the ornaments are flowers and birds. Exquisite craftsmanship, the Tang Dynasty has commonly used plate gold, casting, welding, cutting, polishing, riveting, plating, hammering, chiseling, inlay and other technologies. After the Song Dynasty, the various processes became more complex and refined, and there were products of gold and silver with lacquer and wood. The gold wire inlaid with jeweled dragons and phoenix crowns produced by Dingling is even more rare.
One of the traditional crafts of ancient metalworking. In modern times, it is called "fire gilding". The system melts gold into mercury, forms gold clay, coats it on the surface of copper or silverware, heats it, and evaporates the mercury, and the gold is attached to the instrument table, which is called gilding.
Its process flow is roughly divided into 5 steps:
To make a "golden stick", the front end of the copper stick is hammered flat and slightly cocked. Polished smooth, smeared with hot sour plum soup, dipped in mercury, dried;
Gilded trickle pattern silver tone Tatsuko
Burn gold, put the gold fragments into the mercury, heat and melt; It is then poured into cold water to form a thick mixture of gold and mercury - gold clay;
Rub gold, use a "golden stick" to dip the gold clay, and then dip 70% concentrated nitric acid (in ancient times, it was replaced by a mixture of salt and alum in equal amounts), and apply it to the bronze; Brush the gold clay well with a fine lacquer brush dipped in thin nitric acid;
Open the gold, put the red smokeless charcoal in a flat wire cage, and use a metal rod to pick up the place around the gold plaster and bake, so that the mercury evaporates, so that the gold adheres to the surface of the utensil;
Gilded immortals driving crane-patterned pot door tea luozi
Calendering, using agate or jade of seven or eight degrees as a pressurer, repeatedly grinding on the gilded surface to make the plating golden light durable.
There are gilded traces on the back of the copper knife in the third phase of the Erlitou culture, which may be the earliest gilded physical object in the mainland. By the Warring States period, the gilding process was relatively mature, and the gilded bronze beast from the Warring States Tomb in Guwei Village, Huixian County was its representative. Successive dynasties and generations have used gilding technology to enhance the beauty of the artifacts.
inlay
Clear gold inlaid turquoise amphora flat square bottle
One of the traditional crafts of ancient metalworking. When casting bronze, a shallow groove is cast on the surface of the part to be inlaid, and turquoise, red copper sheet, or gold and silver wire, and piece are embedded in the groove, and then polished and smoothed inlay process began in the Erlitou cultural period, and the Spring and Autumn period was more prevalent. The circular bronze inlaid with turquoise at the Erlitou site is the earliest inlaid object seen so far.
Hammer hammer
Tang Capricorn pattern gold cup (the Capricorn play jewel pattern raised in the center of the cup insole is a hammering process)
One of the traditional crafts of ancient metalworking. This method takes advantage of the extremely malleable characteristics of gold and silver, beats gold and silver blocks with a hammer, makes them extend and unfold into a flake, and then causes various shapes and ornaments according to requirements. Generally speaking, all hidden utensils and ornamental patterns are made of hammers. The gold arm bracelet and earrings from the Liujiahe Shang Dynasty Tomb in Pinggu County, Beijing are made of hammer and hammer method. Hammering technology is one of the basic techniques of the gold fine process and has been used to this day.
Wrong gold and silver
One of the traditional crafts of ancient metalworking. Also known as gold and silver mistakes. First cast a groove pattern on the surface of the bronze, and then embed gold and silver wire and pieces in the groove, and then use the wrong stone (that is, the grinding stone) to stagger the polishing, using the different lusters of the two metals to show the pattern, called the wrong gold and silver. If a pure copper sheet is embedded in the surface of the bronze, it can be called inlaid with red copper. This kind of process originated in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the wrong gold inscription on the Luan Shujian and the wrong gold belt hook on Luoyang Zhongzhou Road are the early objects of this process. It was widely used during the Warring States period, and gradually declined after the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Filigree
Eastern Han Dynasty Filial Piety Tianlu and Ward Off Evil Spirits
One of the traditional crafts of ancient metalworking. Gold and silver or other metal filaments, according to the bending of the ink pattern, are pinched into a pattern and bonded to the utensils, which is called filigree. The dragon-shaped gold ornaments produced from the tomb of King Guangling of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Jiangsu Province are graphics made of filigree process. This process is not only used in gemstones, gold and silver ornaments, but also in enamelware, such as filigree enamelware.
Fried beads
Gilded bird beast pattern fried beads dot emerald glazed ruffled dish
One of the traditional crafts of ancient metalworking. Dropping the gold solution into warm water will form gold beads of different sizes, which are called fried beads. The gold beads formed by the fried beads are usually welded to gold and silver utensils for decoration, such as beads, caviar patterns, etc.
Hammer flowers
Hammer flower gold holding pot
One of the traditional crafts of ancient metalworking. It is made of hammers of various sizes and textures, and the hammer is used to strike the hammer with a small hammer to leave a mark on the metal surface and form a variety of different textures to achieve the purpose of decorating utensils. This process has a unique decorative effect, which makes a single metal surface produce a multi-layered, changing three-dimensional effect, which is both brilliant and very harmonious. It began in the late Spring and Autumn Period and flourished in the Warring States, and has been used by all dynasties since then.
Gold and silverware use precious metals as materials, exquisite and ingenious production technology, and the combination of scientific and artistic concepts, which vividly show the cultural connotations of various eras that have emerged in the Chinese nation over thousands of years. It also explains the same national psychology of pursuing wealth and auspiciousness in all eras
target
Chang Xiao understands.
The gold and silverware that combines decoration and practicality is also because of its great value and unique characteristics, and in ordinary metal utensils, it deliberately shows its own unique humanistic, scientific and economic value. The dazzling gold and silver ware has become a long-lasting and well-deserved treasure!