[Summary] The number of gold and silver ware unearthed in bohai is not much, and the types are mainly clothing supplies, Buddhist utensils and daily miscellaneous utensils, and there are no daily gold and silver containers. The record of the Bohai Yinye in the History of Liao is not to be gullible. According to the literature, bohai gold and silver utensils should have many rewards from the Tang Dynasty in the Central Plains. The golden crown excavated from the Longhai Cemetery and the silver bird head ornament excavated from the Rainbow Trout Farm Cemetery have distinct ethnic and regional characteristics, which can be used as the embodiment of the Bohai gold and silver craftsmanship.
1. Bohai gold and silverware discovered by archaeology
Gold and silver artifacts excavated from the Bohai State (698-926) were unearthed in tombs, city sites, villages and pagoda underground palaces, and there were not many of them. As an important material of bohai material culture, the comprehensive research of gold and silver ware is relatively weak. This paper intends to systematically collect archaeological data on Bohai gold and silver ware, and make a preliminary discussion of their types and sources. If it is inappropriate, it is still prayed to correct it.
For the convenience of research, the discovery of gold and silver ware in the Bohai Sea is listed as Table 1.
Second, the type of Bohai gold and silverware
According to Table 1, the gold and silver vessels unearthed in the Bohai Sea can be divided into three categories: clothing supplies, Buddhist utensils and daily miscellaneous utensils, etc. The number of clothing supplies unearthed is the largest, and the daily gold and silver containers have not been found so far, which is in stark contrast with the Tang Dynasty gold and silverware.
The first category: clothing supplies, the largest number, including crown ornaments, belts, ornaments.
1. Crown ornaments
It is found only in the Mo14 royal tomb of the Bohai royal family of Helonglonghai, which is 16.8 meters high and 20.7 cm wide, and is made of gold flakes to be trifoliated, with straight middle leaves and wings spread on both sides. The side leaves are decorated with honeysuckle (branches) on both sides, and the middle leaves are decorated with honeysuckle on both sides. The bottom of the crown is welded with rectangular copper sheets.
2. Bring utensils
The combination of the gold belt and the M2 excavator of Longhe Nantun is the most complete and the most ornate decoration. The belt consists of 1 buckle, 15 square straps, and 2 thallium tails. The surface of the band is inlaid with crystal and turquoise, and the sides are decorated with small gold beads. There is a gold rivet in each of the four corners of the bottom of the hammer. The surface of the thallium tail is inlaid with crystal and turquoise, and the bottom and edges are made up of small gold beads to form a caviar pattern. Henan Tun M2 also unearthed 2 pieces of corset belt and 1 piece of oval belt, the decoration style is the same as the square belt. The Longhai M14 Gold Saucer Belt consists of 17 pieces of belts (6 square pieces, 11 semi-circular pieces) and 1 piece of thallium tail (missing buckle). The band is supported by gold flakes and the front is inlaid with jade pieces embossed with a five-leaf clover pattern. There are 4 pieces of square pins with a half-circled gold ring attached to the bottom. The jade thallium tail is straight tongue-shaped at one end, and the two jade pieces are fixed with nine gold nails, and the front is also embossed with a five-leaf flower pattern. Other silver-banded bronzes, silver thallium tails and silver bird-shaped bands have also been sporadically unearthed in the Cemetery of The Rainbow Trout Farm in Ning'an.
3. Decorations
The number of gold judium, gold noodles, and gold ear (finger) rings in gold ornaments is not much, and 271 pieces of gold flowers and other ornaments of various shapes have been excavated in Henan Tun M2. Silver ornaments have the largest number of ear (finger) rings, in addition to silver judium, silver hairpins, silver noodles and so on.
The second category: Buddhist utensils, including relics and Statues of Buddha, have only been found in a small number.
1. Letter of Retribution
There are gold and silver letters in the groups of relics excavated from the temple sites in the capital city on the Bohai Sea. For example, at the site of the Tutaizi Temple, 2 pieces of silver relics were found, and 1 was a square box with a side length of 5.9 and a height of 8.5 cm, which was pressed with silver sheets and had a lock on the silver box. The top of the lid is carved with clouds and honeysuckle patterns, and the four kings are carved around the box. The other is ovate. The gold letter in the Baimiaozi Village Relic Letter is 8.68 long, 4.38 wide and 4.87 cm high, and is made of angle cold processing, leaving only one corner with weld marks. The silver letter is 9.2 meters long, 4.6 meters wide and 5.13 cm high, and is riveted with 4 pieces of silver plates, with 3 rivets between the plates and weld marks in the four corners. At the site of the Dachengzi Temple in Dongning, a silver letter was found to be 2.4 long, 1.6 wide and 1.1 centimeters high, and 6 relics were contained in the letter.
2. Buddha statue
Only 1 piece of Shangjing city Xidi Village is reported, gold, Buddha statue standing on a lotus socket, left hand bottle, right hand uplift, knotted fearless seal (Fig. 1, 10)
The third category: daily miscellaneous
The number is very small, there are knives and gold ornaments, silver tweezers, silver tweezers ear spoons (one end is tweezers, one end is an ear spoon), silver bells and so on.
3. The source of gold and silverware in the Bohai Sea
The LiaoShi Geography Chronicle II Tokyo Province records, "Yinzhou, Fuguo Jun, Xia, Thorn History." Ben Bohai Fuzhou, Taizu changed its name to Yinye", "Xinxing County, Benyue Xiguo Land, Bohai Place Yinye, Taste Yinzhou". This account is often used as evidence of silver mining in the Bohai Sea. In the Tang Dynasty literature, there is no Yinzhou in the Bohai States, and the Record of the History and Geography of Liao is nonsense because of Yinye. Bohai Fuzhou was led by Huaiyuan Province, one in Primorsky Krai, Russia, and the other in Tieling County, Liaoning (present-day Yinzhou District, Tieling City). No remains of the Bohai Sea have been found near Tieling, and no silver ore or silver metallurgical remains have been found in Tieling, regardless of archaeological surveys or geological exploration. The so-called Bohai Fuzhou (Liaoning Dynasty Yinzhou) silver smelting should be one of the many erroneous records in the "Liao History and Geography".
There is no direct documentary or archaeological evidence for the bohai gold and silver smelting. Volume 972 of the "Yuangui of the Book of The Imperial Household" records: "(In 814), Bohai made a tribute to Gao Li and thirty-seven other people, and offered one gold and silver Buddha statue each." However, the circulation of gold and silver Buddha statues is large, and it cannot be speculated that they are produced in Bohai. From the analysis of cultural factors, gold and silver relics, gold belts, judium, earrings, plutonium, hairpins, tweezers and other Central Plains of the Tang Dynasty have been found, Ranlonghai M14 three-pronged gold crown ornament, rainbow trout farm M2001 silver bird head ornament, never seen in the Tang, on the contrary, it is a cultural relic with great Bohai ethnic and regional characteristics, which also reflects the Ability of Bohai State to produce gold and silver. In addition, the more common use of gilded in bronze Buddha statues, ornaments and building components also reflects the development of Bohai metalworking technology from one side.
In the historical data, there are more gold and silver rewards from the Central Plains Dynasty to the Bohai Sea. The "YuanGui of the Book" often has Bohai royal families entering Tang Suwei or Bohai envoys to attend court banquets, and Tang Ting gave "gold fish bags", "gold belts", "silver belts", "silverware" and other records, which lasted until the fifth generation of Later Liang. It is reproduced below.
1． In November of the tenth year of the new century, Xin Wei, bohai sent envoys, and his minister Wei Boji came to the dynasty and offered eagles. He was given a grand general, a brocade robe, a goldfish bag, and a return of the sash. (Volume 975)
2． (Thirteen years after the new century), Dachang Boyi, the brother of Dawu Yi, the king of Bohai, came to the dynasty and gave Zuo Wei a general who was a guard, given purple robes, gold belts, and fish bags, and stayed in the guards. (Volume 975)
3． In March 17, the King of Bohai, Dawuyi, made his brother Dahu Ya come to the dynasty, conferred the title of guerrilla general, and gave him a purple robe and a golden belt to stay in the guard. (Volume 975)
4． In August, the great chief of the Bohai Jing Dynasty, Domon Gulai, conferred on the general Zuo Wuwei and gave him a purple robe, a golden belt, and a hundred bows to return the throne. (Volume 975)
5． In February Ding Wei, the brother of the King of Bohai, Da Xun, came into the court, feasted in the inner temple, and conferred on the general Zuo Wuwei the outer Tongzheng, gave him a purple robe, a gold belt, and a hundred bows, and stayed in the guard. (Volume 975)
6． In october 27, Bohai sent his subject Youfuzi to give thanks, granted Guo Yi, and gave him a purple robe and a silver belt to return the baby. (Volume 975)
7． (Yuan he eleventh year) In February, he gave back the gourd and the Bohai Sea to make the brocade and silverware poor. (Volume 976)
8． In the first month of the second year of Liang Taizu's Kaiping, the Bohai Kingdom paid tribute, so that the young commander Cui Liguang in the palace had been ordered, and each of them was given a knighthood, and the gold and the cloth were poor. (Volume 976)
9． (Kaiping) In the second year of the leap year, in May, he ordered the bohai to pay tribute to the following leaders with divided goods and silverware, and returned them to his country. (Volume 976)
10． (Kaiping) In May of the third year, he entered the Dynasty with the Bohai State, and made the governor of the province shouhe and the shaoqing of the ministry give purple gold fish bags. (Volume 976)
The New Book of Tang and Chefu Zhi says: "Emperor Gaozong gave more than five fish and silver bags to prevent the deception of summoning orders, and he would be united when he went out." More than three gold jewelry bags. In the arch, the governor and the thorn shi began to give the fish... In the clouds, the purple-clad fish bag is decorated with gold, and the clothed person is decorated with silver. "The fish bag is a bag of fish charms, decorated with gold and silver according to the grade. The gold and silver fish belt system of the Tang Dynasty was imitated by the Bohai Sea, and the New Book of Tang and the Biography of Bohai: "(Bohai) takes the product as the rank, and the three ranks or more serve purple, tooth wat, goldfish." Five ranks or more, wat, silver fish. "But the gold and silver fish bags have not yet been found in the Bohai Sea. Volume 31 of the Tang Huijiao: "(August of the first year of the first year of the first century) Wenwu Sanpin has been served purple, golden jade belt, thirteen hammers; Four-pin costume deep silk, gold belt eleven- Five-pin clothes are shallow and silky, and gold belts are ten; Six pins of clothing dark green, seven pins of light green, and silver belt nine hammers. Eight pins serve dark green, nine pins serve light green, and the stone belt nine hammers. The people wear yellow, copper and iron with seven hammers. "According to the tomb shape system and accompanying relics, Longhai M14 and Henan Tun M2 are all tombs of bohai royal nobles, and the possibility of the Bohai royal tombs is not excluded, and the gold tray jade belt and gold basket treasure belt excavated from these two tombs are in line with the identity of the tomb owner, and they are likely to be the rewards of the Tang Dynasty." Although the site of the Shangjingcheng Temple, which unearthed the gold and silver relics, has not been fully revealed, it is very likely that it belongs to the royal temple. These materials show that the use of Bohai gold ware seems to be limited to the upper ruling class; Bohai silverware, especially silver ornaments, have been excavated from ordinary settlement sites and civilian tombs, and do not reflect the hierarchical nature of use.
[Fund Project] National Social Science Foundation Special Project (No. 17VGB013) Stage Results