In the process of the development of Jade Culture in China for 8,000 years, jade tiger is an important cultural connotation. The Xia Shang period was an important period of jade tiger popularity, and had an important impact on the evolution of the jade tiger shape system in the Western Zhou Dynasty and later. The evolution of the jade tiger to the jade dragon, an important cultural phenomenon in ancient Chinese jade culture, also occurred during the Xia and Shang dynasties. Therefore, exploring the jade tiger of the Xia and Shang dynasties is undoubtedly of great significance for the study of ancient Chinese jade culture.
According to the archaeological data currently published, the jade tiger of the Xia and Shang dynasties can be roughly divided into four periods: the jade tiger of the late Shang Dynasty, the jade tiger of the middle Shang Dynasty, the jade tiger of the Erlitou culture, and the jade tiger of the late Shijiahe culture. Among them, the late Shijiahe culture is roughly between 2200 BC and 1800 BC, and may have experienced a development process of about 400 years before and after, and its early period has surpassed the earliest age of the Xia period by about 100 years. However, many of the jade tigers that have been discovered in the late Shijiahe culture may belong to the middle and late stages of the late Shijiahe culture, within the chronological range of the Xia period. Therefore, the author will temporarily include the jade tiger of the late Shijiahe culture into the summer period for research, and then distinguish it after the staging study of the late Shijiahe culture in the future.
1. Jade tiger in the late Shang Dynasty
The jade tiger of the late Shang Dynasty was concentrated in the Yin Ruins of Anyang, Henan Province. For example, the tomb of The Lady of Yin Ruins unearthed a jade tiger, as well as a malachite tiger, a stone tiger, and a gold-inlaid turquoise copper-headed jade body tiger. The Jade Tiger has also been found in other tombs and sites in Yin Ruins, such as the Jade Tiger excavated in Northwest Gang, Liujiazhuang, Guojiazhuang and other places. In addition to the Yin Ruins, a small number of jade tigers have also been found in Lingshi Jingjie Village in Shanxi Province, Yidu Subu Tun in Shandong Province, and Qianzhaoda in Tengzhou. They are described below.
1. Yin Ruins Women Good Tomb Jade Tiger and Stone Tiger
There are 9 pieces of jade tigers unearthed from the tomb of Women's Good, as well as 1 piece of turquoise tiger, 2 pieces of stone tigers, and 1 piece of copper-headed jade body tigers, which are described below. There are several types.
(1) Round carved jade tiger, there are 4 pieces.
Tomb of the Lady M5:409 Jade Tiger, making a fluttering volt. The head is large, the head is flattened, and the jaw of the head is roughly flush with the front end of the forelimbs. Open mouth and teeth, a pair of triangular transverse ears behind the forehead, limbs curved flat and slightly raised, feet carved with four claws. The tiger's back is slightly concave, the tail is tightly integrated with the hips, and the tip of the tail is rolled backwards and upwards. The whole body is engraved with double hook yin carved yang line ornamentation, the back is decorated with hook angle cloud pattern and plaque scales, the abdomen side is decorated with hook angle cloud pattern, the limbs and thighs are decorated with hook angle cirrus cloud pattern, and the tail on three sides (upper, left and right sides) is decorated with five double-line folded tabby patterns. Length 11.7, height 4.3 cm (fig. 1) (1).
Tomb of the Lady M5:405 Jade Tiger, creeping. The morphology and ornamentation style are roughly the same as those of the M5:409 Jade Tiger of the Tomb of the Lady, but there are local differences. The head is extended forward, the entire head is extended out of the front of the forelimbs, and the limbs are more low and flat. The ears behind the forehead are inverted Aquarius horns; the tiger's back is slightly concave, the tail is striped and dragged, and the tail tip is rolled. The sides of the neck are decorated with three-pronged patch scales, the back is decorated with a hooked angle cloud, the abdomen is decorated with a hooked cloud, the limbs and thighs are decorated with diagonal cloud patterns, and the three sides of the tail (upper, left and right) are decorated with five double-curved tabby patterns. The characteristics of the double hook yin carved yang line ornament seem to be more mature than that of the female good tomb M5:409 jade tiger, such as the hook dot at the end of the hook angle cloud pattern, which is more standardized and eye-catching. Length 14.1, height 3.5 cm (fig. 2) (2). The entire form of this jade tiger is relatively slender, and the ears of the jade tiger are actually the bottle-shaped double-horned form of the jade dragon, but the entire shape of the instrument is tiger-shaped.
Tomb of the Lady M5:366 Jade Tiger, making a very low and flat creeping shape. The whole instrument is slender and long-tailed. The head is deformed, and the front of the head is tubular, and the tube hole symbolizes the open tiger's mouth. There are symmetrical holes on both sides and another hole in the jaw. The ears are backwards and have large curved corners. The tiger's back is slightly concave and convex, the tail is long and long, and the tail tip is rolled forward to form a hole, and the foot is carved with four claws. The body is engraved with double hook yin carved yang line ornamentation, the abdomen sides are decorated with six groups of wide arc stripes with hooks composed of oblique arc angle patterns, the bottom of the abdomen is decorated with seven horizontal arc tiger stripes, the limbs and thighs are hooked and curled clouds, the feet are carved out of four claws, and the tail is decorated with six double arc tabby patterns. Length 14, height 1.7 cm (fig 3) (3).
Tomb of the Lady M5:406 Jade Tiger, foraging. Lie flat on all fours with anterior flexion. The head is low and flat, the mouth is exposed, the mouth is rushed down, the eyes are flat forward, it is a "subject" glyph, the eyebrows are slightly convex and carved with eyebrow lines, the ears are backwards, and the forehead is decorated with prismatic patterns. The tiger's back is slightly concave, the tail is thick and short and extended, the tip of the tail is upturned, and the foot is carved with four claws. The body is engraved with double hook yin carved yang line ornamentation, the shoulder back, buttocks and limbs and thighs are hooked cirrus pattern, the waist and abdomen are curved patterns, and the sides of the tail are carved with three tail-like lines. Length 9, height 2.4 cm (fig. 4) (4).
(2) Round carved malachite tiger.
Only the women's good tomb M5: 401 malachite tiger one piece. The form is close to the M5:405 jade tiger of the tomb of the woman, creeping, and the limbs are bent forward and flat. The head is protruding forward, the mouth is oval in shape, the mouth hole is 2 cm deep, and there are symmetrical holes on the left and right sides that are the same as the mouth hole. The ears are backwards, like a large curved angle. The tiger's back is slightly convex, the tail is thick, and the posterior extension is dragged, and the tip of the tail is rolled forward and connected to form a hole. The body is engraved with double hook yin carved yang line ornamentation, and the ornamental structure is slightly different from the close proximity of the M5:405 jade tiger of the tomb of the woman. The back is decorated with a hooked angle cloud pattern, the neck sides are decorated with three-pronged patch scales, the limbs and thighs are decorated with a hooked cirrus, the abdomen is decorated with four groups of narrow oblique arc stripes composed of oblique arc angle patterns, and the four sides of the tail (above, below, left and right) are decorated with two to five double arc tabby stripes. The foot is carved out of four claws. Length 12, height 3 cm (fig. 5) (5).
(3) Flaky two-sided carved jade tiger, there are 5 pieces.
Tomb of the Lady M5:358 Jade Tiger, as a running walking. The body is fat, and the two sides are engraved with double hook yin carved yang line ornamentation. Head held high, open mouth and teeth, "subject" character-shaped eyes, cloud-like ears at the back of the head, larger ears, ear decoration hooked cloud pattern. The dorsal ridge is concave, the tail is extended posteriorly, and the tip of the tail is rolled forward near the hole. The limbs are bent forward, and the feet are carved with four claws. Dorsal ridge pattern from behind the ears to the tail. The neck is decorated with three-pronged patch scales, the limbs and legs are decorated with a curly cloud pattern, the abdomen is decorated with a set of double-angled clouds, and the tail is decorated with four double-curved tabby patterns. There is a perforation in the forehead. Length 13.3, thickness 0.5 cm (Fig. 6) (6).
Tomb of the Lady good M5:359 Jade Tiger, as a running walking shape, two sides of the engraving of double hook yin carved yang line ornament. Head held high, mouth open, "subject" word-like eyes, mushroom-shaped ears. The dorsal ridge is concave, the tail is extended posteriorly, and the tip of the tail is rolled forward to form a hole. The limbs are bent forward, and the feet are carved with three claws. The neck is decorated with slightly three-pointed patch scales, the limbs and legs are decorated with hooked cirrus clouds, the back ridge is decorated with three double arc tabby patterns, the abdomen is decorated with three double hook oblique arc stripes, and the tail is decorated with seven double arc tabby stripes. Make a hole above the frontal eye. Length 9.5, thickness 0.2 cm (Fig. 7) (7).
Tomb M5:991 Jade Tiger, made of Mercedes-Benz swooping, with double hooks carved on both sides. The head is protruding forward, the mouth is open and teeth are exposed, the eyes are rounded holes, the pointed ears are backwards, the long tail is extended backwards, the front and back limbs are bent forward, and the feet are carved with four claws. The neck is decorated with three-pronged patches of scales, and there is a large round hole in the middle of the front chest, and there are also small holes in the claws. The thighs of the hind limbs are decorated with a curly cloud pattern, the abdomen is decorated with three groups of wide oblique arc stripes composed of oblique arc angle patterns, and the tail is decorated with three patches of scales. It is 18.1 cm long, 3.6 cm high and 0.9 cm thick (Fig. 8) (8).
Tomb of the Lady M5:1310 Jade Tiger, walking, bowing its head, opening its mouth and teeth, and turning its upper lip upside down. The eyelids are concave, the round eyes are protruding, the ears are erect on the top of the head, and the tips of the ears are rolled forward to form a round hole, and the shape of the ears is like a dragon's horn. The limbs are flexed forward and the tail is obliquely long. The tiger body is not engraved with ornamentation, and it is a plain face. Length 7.4, thickness 0.2 cm (Figure IX) (9). This is a semi-finished jade tiger that has not yet been engraved and is not finished.
Tomb of the Lady M5:1430 Jade Tiger, walking, mutilated in the back half. The morphology is brief. The head is triangular, the mouth is slightly open, the eyes are perforated, the neck is concave, and there is a notch in the dorsal spine. The limbs are bent forward, and the feet are carved with three claws. The body is light and light without lines. The length is 4, the height is 1.9, and the thickness is 0.2 cm (Fig. 10) (10). The first part of this jade tiger is triangular instead of a large square head, and the body is light and unprinted without engraving double hook yin carved yang line ornamentation, and its form and style are completely different from other jade tigers excavated from the tomb of The Lady Hao, which is a work before the Shang Dynasty.
(4) Flaky two-sided carved stone tiger, there are 2 pieces. The basic shape of the flaky two-sided carved stone tiger and the flaky two-sided carved jade tiger is roughly the same, except that the material is stone rather than jade.
Tomb M5:515 Stone Tiger, as a running walking, two sides of the engraving of double hook yin carved Yang line ornament. The head is extended forward, the mouth is open and teeth are exposed, the eyes are rounded, the ears are prostrate, the long tail is extended and dragged, the front and hind limbs are bent forward, and the feet are carved with three claws. The neck is decorated with three-pronged patch scales, the limbs and legs are decorated with curly clouds, and the abdomen is decorated with unclear patterns, which seem to be stripes composed of two or three groups of oblique arcs with single hooks, and the tail is decorated with three double arc tabby patterns. It is 6.7 long, 1.5 high, and 0.5 thick (Fig. 11) (11).
Tomb M5:1509 Stone Tiger, in the form of a semi-recumbent foraging, with double hooks carved on both sides of the Yang line ornamentation, but it has been blurred. Bow your head, rush down your mouth, open your mouth and teeth, round eyes are slightly convex, the ear shape is unknown, the limbs are bent forward, the upper body is slightly raised, the tail is tightly closed with the hips, and the tail tip is mopped. The edges of the lips, the soles of the feet, and the soles of the tail are the lower edges of the whole. The neck seems to be decorated with patchy scales, the limbs and legs seem to be decorated with a hooked cirrus cloud pattern, the abdomen seems to be decorated with a set of hooked angle clouds, and the back ridge and tail are decorated with several double arc tabby patterns. There is a transverse hole in the neck. It is 5.8 cm long, 2.5 cm high and 1.2 cm thick (Fig. 12).
(6) Copper-headed jade body tiger, 1 piece.
Tomb M5:929 Bronze head jade body tiger, tiger head and forelimbs are cast in copper, and inlaid turquoise, tiger head open mouth and teeth, round eyes protruding and inlaid with gold leaves, standing ears, has been mutilated. The forelimbs are slightly flexed. The tiger body is a cylindrical jade tube inserted into the end of the copper tiger head, with a pore diameter of 0.9 cm and decaying wood inside. The length is 9.5 and the height is 4.7 (Figure 13) (13).
2. Jade tigers unearthed from other sites in Yin Ruins
The jade tiger excavated from the M2045 tomb of Yin Xu Northwest Gang is in a semi-circular running shape. The first feature is weak. The mouth is represented by a notch and is open mouth-shaped. The yin carved large fusiform eyes, the frontal and lower jaw arc convex, the back of the head erect triangular large ears. Micro-bundle neck, annular arc body, the tail arc backwards, the tail tip is curved inward. The limbs are straight and forward-bent, and the feet are carved with three forked claws. A hole is punched in the upper end of the forefoot. The body is not engraved with ornamentation, and it is a plain face. It is 8.6 cm long, 1.8 km wide, and 0.4 to 0.6 cm thick (Fig. 14). This jade tiger is semi-circular in shape and may have been a work modified from a fragment of a jade ring. The form of the tiger's head is relatively primitive, lacking the basic characteristics of the jade tiger in the late Shang Dynasty, such as open mouth and teeth, "Subject" glyph-shaped eyes, double hook Yin carved Yang line ornaments and other features, which may be works before the late Shang Dynasty. Its morphology and jade material are close to those of the late Shijiahe culture, and its production date may be in the later part of the late Shijiahe culture.
The jade tiger carving knife excavated from the M1769 tomb in the northwest of Yin Ruins is in the shape of a small semi-ring, which may have been modified from a jade ring or a fragment of jade huang. The body of the tiger is walking. The tiger's head is square, carved in the shape of an open mouth and teeth, but the mouth is not cut open, and a hole is pierced in the mouth. Double hook yin carved yang line rectangular eyes. At the back of the head, there are cloud-shaped ears, and the ears are engraved with double hooks and yin carved yang lines. Corset of the neck, slightly concave arc of the lower back. The tail is rearward and rolled inward, and the single yin line is engraved. Behind the tail is a carving knife. The limbs are straight and forward-bent, and the feet are carved with four claws. It is 8.4 cm long, 1.6 km wide, and 0.4 to 0.6 cm thick (Fig. 15).
Yin Ruins 75GGM337:2 Jade Tiger, shaped close to the M5:366 Jade Tiger of the Tomb of The Woman, is a round carved deformed Jade Tiger, which is low and flat and creeping. The whole vessel is long strips and the body is nearly cylindrical. The head is deformed, and the front of the head is tubular, and the tube hole symbolizes the open tiger's mouth. The eyes are rounded and convex. The ears are also deformed, larger, and lying on the back of the body behind the head. The thick tail is dragged backwards, and the tip of the tail is broken. The limbs are one with the body, straight forward, and the feet are carved with four claws. Length 4.69, height 1.05 cm, thickness 0.83 cm (Fig. 16) (16). This jade tiger morphological variation may be a work of the late Shang Dynasty.
Yin Xu 72 AGM 6:6 Jade Tiger, straight and long strip of sleeping. The tiger's head is square, the mouth is rushed down, and the "hui" glyph engraving symbolizes the characteristics of the mouth and the eyes, and a hole is pierced in the upper part of the mouth. Long striped body with long striped tail. There is a notch in the middle of the basal ventral base that acts as a boundary between the front and back limbs. The front and back limbs are integrated with the body, and they are straight and forward-flexed. The leg engraving is represented in two vertical lines. Foot carving four claws. Body plain face. It is 10.5 cm long, 1.54 cm high and 0.24 cm thick (Fig. 17) (17). This jade tiger is simple to make and has a rough engraving, and may be a work of the late Shang Dynasty.
Yin Xu 74AGGM635:02 Jade Tiger, foraging. The tiger's head is square, the mouth is rushed down, the bottom edge is decorated with a short line to symbolize the opening of the mouth, and the head is pierced with a hole in the center of the four symbols of the eye. Rectangular body with a notch in the middle of the base of the abdomen that acts as a boundary between the front and back limbs. Tailing, tail tipping. The front and back limbs are integrated with the body, and they are straight and forward-flexed. The leg engraving is represented by two vertical lines, the wrist is decorated with a carved line, and the foot is carved with two claws. Body plain face. It is 5.03 cm long, 1.47 cm high and 0.33 cm thick (Fig. 18) (18). This jade tiger is roughly made and has a simple engraving, and may be a work of the late Shang Dynasty.
Yin Xu 92 Xin'an zhuang M53:20a jade tiger, is a near-circle carved deformed jade tiger, in the shape of walking. Roughly made. The tiger's head is irregularly shaped, with its mouth forward, and a small notch symbolizes the opening of the mouth. Oval convex eyes. A hole is pierced in the middle of the neck. The ears are deformed, the shape is larger, and it lies on the back of the body behind the head, which is represented by a double yin carved line and a diminished yang line. The short, thick tail is extended backwards, and the tip of the tail is upturned. The limbs are straight forward and bent forward, one with the body. Foot carving three claws (Fig. 19) (19). The shape and ornamentation of this round carved jade tiger are more special, and the characteristics of the tiger are weaker, which may be a work modified from fragment jade in the late Shang Dynasty.
Liujiazhuang M1039:6 Jade Tiger is a flaky two-sided carved jade tiger, foraging, only the characteristics of the five facial features of the body are engraved, and the tiger body is not engraved with double hook yin carved yang line decorative ornamentation. The limbs are bent forward like lying down. The first part is low and flat, the mouth is flushed down and pierced with a hole, carved out of the shape, "subject" glyph, standing ear, the ear is larger, and the ear is decorated with a cloud pattern. The tail is dragged posteriorly, and the tip of the tail is rolled forward to form a nearly round hole, and the foot is carved with four claws. Length 8.41, thickness 0.27 cm (Fig. 20) (20). Traces of cinnabar remain on the surface. This jade tiger body is a plain face, which is a work of the late Shang Dynasty.
3. Lingshi Jingsuke Village Jade Tiger
A piece of jade tiger excavated from the M2 tomb of Lingshi Jingjie Village is a round carving work, the shape of the instrument is very small, the form is mutated, and it is creeping. The square head is forward, the lips are open, the eyes are rectangular, and the ears are represented by a slightly convex rectangle. The limbs are bent forward, and the feet are carved with three claws. The tail is rolled downwards to form a round hole. Engrave squares and other engravings on the thighs and back of the forelimbs. Length 3.8 cm (fig. 21) (21). This round carved jade tiger, with variations in form and ornamentation, may be a work of the late Shang Dynasty.
4. Yidu Subu Tun Yuhu
A piece of jade tiger (M2:5) excavated from tomb No. 2 in Yidu Subu tun is a flaky two-sided carved jade tiger foraging, and the shape is roughly the same as that of the jade tiger of Liujiazhuang in Anyang, only the characteristics of the limbs are engraved, and there is no decorative ornament of the double hook yin carved Yang line. However, the engraving of the facial features of the limbs is deeper, and the characteristics of the tiger's body and tiger legs are particularly obvious, showing the strong and powerful tiger power. The limbs are bent forward like lying down. The head is low and flat, the mouth is flushed down and pierced with a hole, the mouth is open and teeth are exposed, the rectangular "Yue" glyph-shaped eyes, the large standing ears, and the ear is decorated with a cloud pattern of hook angles. Concave back convex shoulders and hips, tail extension rolled up, tail tip upturned rolled round hole, foot carving four claws. The whole vessel is stained with cinnabar. Length 5.9, height 2.3, thickness 0.3 cm (Fig. 22) (22). This jade tiger body tail plain face may be a work of the late Shang Dynasty.
5. Tengzhou front palm big jade tiger
The number of jade tigers excavated from the Tengzhou Qianzhao Necropolis is relatively large, with 12 pieces, belonging to the late Shang Dynasty and the early and middle Western Zhou Dynasties. Among them, the six pieces of flaky two-sided carved jade tiger excavated from the three tombs of the forefoot large M38, M128 and M222 may be works of the late Shang Dynasty.
The forefoot large M38:19 jade tiger and M38:20 jade tiger may be a pair, both foraging. Forefoot large M38:19 jade tiger, only carved limb features ornamentation, the engraving is thinner, the tiger body does not apply carved double hook yin carved yang line decorative ornamentation. The limbs are bent forward like lying down. The head is low and flat, the mouth is rushed down and pierced with a hole, carving out the mouth shape of the mouth, oval-shaped eyes, large vertical ears, and the ear is decorated with a cloud pattern. Slightly concave back convex shoulders and hips, thick tail back extended to the ground. The front and back limbs are closely bent forward, and the feet are carved with three claws. The whole vessel is stained with cinnabar. Length 6.25, width 2, thickness 0.45 cm (Fig. 23, 1). The shape of the forefoot large M38:20 jade tiger is the same as that of the forefoot large M38:19 jade tiger, but slightly taller. Length 6, width 2.18, thickness 0.5 cm (Fig. 23, 2) (23).
The forefoot M128:11 Jade Tiger and the M128:12 Jade Tiger may be a pair, both foraging. M128:11 Jade Tiger, low head, mouth rush down, carved out of the mouth shape of the mouth, a hole in the mouth, a single line "Chen" glyph-shaped eyes, diamond-shaped large standing ears, the ear is engraved with a single line diamond pattern. The tail is integrated with the hips, and the tip of the tail is upturned. The front and back limbs are closely bent forward, and the feet are carved with four claws. Leg features of limbs are sculpted in a single line. Tiger body plain noodles. It is 5.6 cm long, 2.2 cm high and 0.2 cm thick (Fig. 24). The shape of the forefoot large M128:12 jade tiger is the same as that of the forefoot large M128:11 jade tiger, with a length of 5.6, a height of 2.15 and a thickness of 0.2 cm.
Forefoot large M128:9 jade tiger, in the shape of a galloping flutter. Looking up, the facial features of the first part have not yet been carved, but the design position of the mouth, eyes and ears can be seen, the mouth is facing forward and down, the lips are cocked, and the rectangular eyes and large ears are erect. A hole is pierced in the lower part of the neck. Slightly concave back convex shoulders and hips, thick tail extended backwards, upturned tail, tail tip rolled forward and up into a round hole. The forelimbs are flexed forward, the hindlimbs are erect, the hind limbs are elbowed, and the feet are carved with four claws. Tiger body plain noodles. Length 6, height 2.95, thickness 0.23 cm (Fig. 25) (25).
The forefoot is large M222:57 Jade Tiger, in the shape of a prostrate and looking up. Hold your head high and your hips high. The head is forward, the mouth is slightly open, there is a round socket on the inside of the mouth, the yin is carved round eyes, the large ear is bowed, and the ear is engraved with a single line ornament. Wear a hole in the chest. The tail droops with the hips. The front and back limbs are flattened and flexed forward, and the feet are carved with four claws. Abdomen, buttocks, and tail are engraved with single-line double arc tabby stripes. Length 4.9, height 4.55, thickness 0.55 cm (Fig. 26) (26). This kind of upright chested reclining tiger with a single-line double arc tiger stripe engraved with a single line is rare in the later period of the Shang Dynasty, and is a newly emerged jade tiger form.
In addition, a flaky two-sided carved jade tiger excavated from the three acres of yellow material in Ningxiang, Hunan Province, the characteristics of the tiger's head, body, limbs and feet have been mutated. It is curved and flake-shaped, and the double hook is engraved with a yin and yang line ornament. A hole is pierced at the middle edge of the front of the head, which looks like a tiger's mouth with open teeth. A short, thick curly tail with a hole in the tail. Tiger ears , lower forehead , limbs , feet and tail form angle-like ridges. The tiger body is decorated with cirrus and horned cirrus. Length 7.1, width 2.4, thickness 0.3 cm (Fig. 27) (27). At present, this jade tiger is usually recognized as the late Shang Dynasty, but its form has mutated the tiger, which is different from the shape of other late Shang Dynasty jade tigers, and there are hook-like ridges, which may be later in age, and may have entered the Western Zhou.
The first 26 pieces of jade tiger mentioned above (including two pieces of stone tiger and one piece of malachite tiger and one piece of copper-headed jade body tiger), except for the tomb of Nühao Tomb M5:1430 Jade Tiger and Yin Xu Northwest Gang M2045 Jade Tiger are works before the Shang Dynasty, the remaining 24 pieces are works of the late Shang Dynasty. The shapes of these 24 jade tigers of the late Shang Dynasty can be divided into a variety of forms. For example, from the perspective of material analysis, there are jade tigers, stone tigers, turquoise tigers, jade copper-headed tigers and so on. For example, from the perspective of jade carving process, it can be divided into round carved jade tiger, semi-circular carved jade tiger, and flaky two-sided carved jade tiger. For example, from the perspective of the tiger's posture, it can be divided into a volvous tiger, a creeping tiger, a foraging tiger, a creeping foraging tiger, a walking tiger, a running tiger, a sleeping tiger, a galloping tiger, a galloping tiger, a vodge-headed tiger, and so on. For example, from the perspective of ornamentation, it can be divided into double hook yin carved yang line ornament decorative jade tiger and plain face jade tiger.
These different types, different shapes, different styles, and different decorative patterns of various jade tigers and stone tigers in the late Shang Dynasty can further distinguish between morning and evening. Among them, various jade tigers and stone tigers in the tombs of women can be used as representatives of the works of the early Shang Dynasty, and Liujiazhuang, Xin'anzhuang, Lingshi Jingjie Village, Yidu Subu Tun and Tengzhou Qianzhao Da yuhu can be used as representatives of the works of the late Shang Dynasty.
2. Jade Tiger in the Middle Shang Dynasty
The jade tiger of the middle Shang Dynasty has been found in the M3:23 Huang shape of Baijiazhuang in Zhengzhou, and two pieces of jade tiger excavated from the M232 tomb of Xiaotun in the early excavation of Yin Ruins (28). They are all pieces of sculpture.
Baijiazhuang M3:23 Huang-shaped jade tiger, only the first half remains. The tiger's head is open mouth and teeth, the upper teeth have been broken, the mouth is pierced with a series of double holes, a convex nose, a double yin line "Subject" glyph-shaped eyes, and a ridge on the head that resembles a symbolic ear. The outer arc of the dorsal ridge is decorated with a glyph-shaped and rectangular block separated by a ribbed tooth (Fig. 28) (29).
Two pieces of jade tigers excavated from the Xiaotun M232 tomb. A piece of body is slightly larger, squatting, and the characteristics of the main parts of the body are expressed in the subtractive yang pattern. The head is slightly forward, the mouth is open and teeth are exposed, and the mouth is not cut open. Two holes are punched side by side through the mouth, up and down. Convex nose. The eye lines are abrasive and resemble round eyes. The top of the head stands with large oval ears. The dorsal ridge is concave, the tail is delayed and extended backwards, and the tip of the tail is rolled forward. The limbs are bent forward, and the feet are carved with three claws. The limbs and legs are decorated with a curlew pattern, which is a subtractive yang pattern, and the center of the curling cloud pattern is a teardrop-shaped bump. It is 10.7 cm long, 4.1 km wide, 0.5 cm thick, and has a bore diameter of 0.2 to 0.4 cm (Fig. 29) (30).
Another jade tiger excavated from the Xiaotun M232 tomb is very small, only the shape of the tiger is carved, there is no engraving ornament, and the tiger features are weak and walking. The head is slightly low, and the mouth is pierced with a hole. Large mushroom-shaped ears stand on the top of the head. Tail drooping. The limbs are standing, with short forelimbs and tall hindlimbs. There are no lines on both sides. Length 3.7, width 2.3, thickness 0.7, pore diameter 0.3 to 0.5 cm (Fig. 30) (31). This jade tiger carving is simple, uncut, and the tiger features are weak, perhaps a work before the middle of the Shang Dynasty.
The number of jade carved tiger works in the middle of the Shang Dynasty is relatively small, and only two works can be identified as the middle Shang Dynasty. Among them, the Baijiazhuang M3:23 Huang-shaped jade tiger is a fragment, and the form of the tiger it represents is only the head, which belongs to the fourth period of Zhengzhou Shangcheng and is a remnant of the early shang dynasty in the middle of the Shang Dynasty. The overall form of the jade tiger in the early period of the middle Shang Dynasty has yet to be discovered. Xiaotun M232 Jade Tiger (Large), the excavation unit belongs to the middle of the Shang Dynasty (32), the image of the tiger body is more vivid, and the early Shang Dynasty jade tiger is closer, but the ornamentation is reduced to the Yang pattern, which is very different from the popular double hook yin carved Yang line decoration of the jade tiger in the late Shang Dynasty. From this, xiaotun M232 jade tiger (large) can be used as a typical specimen of the jade tiger in the middle of the Shang Dynasty, and it can be inferred that the double hook yin carved yang pattern on the jade carving process did indeed occur after the middle Shang Dynasty.
Three, two litou cultural jade tiger
At present, only the ornamentation of tiger heads has been found in the Erlitou culture, such as the animal face featured at the end of the Erlitou 75YLV.KM4:1 jade handle-shaped vessel as the tiger's head. Erlitou 75YLV.KM4:1 jade handle shaped vessel, shaped as a cross-sectional nearly square four prism, with a length of 17.1 cm, divided into six sections from top to bottom. The first section is the head and neck of the handle-shaped vessel, the sixth section is the end of the handle-shaped vessel, and the petal pattern is decorated on the first, third and fifth sections, the human face pattern is decorated on the second and fourth sections, and the animal face pattern is decorated on the sixth section. The animal face pattern on the sixth section is formed by subtracting the ground bas-relief to form the animal ears and convex snouts, and the eyes are engraved (Fig. 31) (33), which is close to the tiger head ornament of the late Shijiahe culture (see below), and it can be known that it is a tiger head ornament.
Although no complete image of the jade tiger has been found in the Erlitou culture at present, only the pattern of the tiger's head has been found, but based on the discovery of the jade tiger in the late Shijiahe culture, which is earlier than the Erlitou culture, and the discovery of the jade tiger after the Erlitou culture, it is speculated that there may be a jade tiger in the Erlitou culture period, which needs to be discovered.
4. Jade tiger in the late Shijiahe culture
At present, 9 jade tigers have been found in the late Shijiahe culture, which were discovered by the Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and other units in December 2015 to excavate the Tanjialing ruins of the Shijiahe Ruins Group in Tianmen City, Hubei Province. 2 cases have been published.
A jade tiger from the Coffin of Tanjialing W9 urn is a nearly semicircular sculpture in the shape of a curved flake, running with its head held high. The features of the limbs and facial features are carved, there is no pattern decoration, and the whole body is light and textureless. With the head held high, a notched shape with open mouth and teeth is carved, and a hole is pierced on the inside of the mouth (about the middle of the tiger's head), with a convex nose, a slight convex forehead, and a vertical ear on the back of the head. The neck is slightly concave, the tiger's back is concave and the hips are slightly convex, and the shape of the buttocks and thighs is carved in a rounded arc. The front and back limbs are flexed forward, the feet are extended forward, and the claws are tightly closed. The thick tail is raised backwards, and the tip of the tail is facing forward (Fig. 32) (34).
Another piece of jade tiger from the Tanjialing W3 urn coffin, also a curved piece of nearly semicircular carving, in the shape of a running. It is also the characteristic of the carved limbs and facial features, there is no pattern decoration, and the whole body is light and light. The head is protruding forward, the mouth is open and teeth are exposed, a hole is pierced on the inside of the mouth, the nose is convex, the forehead is slightly convex, and the back of the brain is erected with short mushroom-shaped ears. The root behind the ear is slightly concave, the tiger's back is concave and curved, and the hip is rounded. The front and back limbs are flexed forward, the feet are extended forward, and the claws are tightly closed. The thick tail rises back and rolls forward (Fig. 33) (35).
In the late Shijiahe culture, many decorations of tiger heads or tiger head patterns were also found. For example, the W6:53 jade tiger head excavated from the urn coffin of the Xiaojia roof ridge site in the Shijiahe ruins group is 2.8 meters high, 3.4 thick and 1.1 cm (Figure 34) (36); the Xiaojia roof ridge W71:6 jade tiger head, 2.3,35 cm high, 1.35 cm thick (Figure 35) (37); Xiaojia roof ridge W6:19 jade tiger head, height 2.1, width 3.6, Thickness of 0.4 cm (Figure 36) (38); Tiger head pattern jade pipe excavated from W8 urn coffin at Tanjialing site (Figure 37) (39), Tiger head Jade Ruyi (Figure 38) (40) and Double Tiger Head Yu Ruyi (Figure 39) (41) excavated from W9 Urn Coffin at Tanjialing Site, Deformed Tiger Head (Figure 40) excavated from W9 Urn Coffin at Zhongxiang Liuhe Site (Fig. 42), Deformed Tiger Head (Fig. 41) excavated from W6 Urn Coffin at Xiaojia Roof Ridge Site (Figure 41) (43), etc. There are also double-sided carved gods and jade ornaments (Fig. 42) (Fig. 44) that have flowed overseas and are now collected in the Sackler Museum in the United States.
The existence of many jade tiger heads, tiger head decorative jade, deformed tiger heads, and the existence of important jade objects such as tiger heads and gods and human heads unearthed in the late Shijiahe culture should be the products of the social background of reverence for tigers and popular jade tigers in the late Shijiahe culture. Nine pieces of jade tigers unearthed in urn coffins at the Tanjialing site in 2015 confirmed this phenomenon.
V. The Evolution of the Jade Tiger in the Xia and Shang Dynasties
The author analyzed and elaborated on the shape and shape characteristics of the jade tiger in the late Shijiahe culture, the middle Shang Dynasty, the pre-Shang Dynasty, and the late Shang Dynasty. To analyze the evolution of the jade tiger in the Xia and Shang dynasties, it is only necessary to arrange the jade tigers of these four periods according to the chronological relationship between morning and evening, and the characteristics of their evolution can be analyzed accordingly. For this purpose, a list of jade tigers in the Xia Shang period was produced (see Chart 1: List of Jade Tigers in the Xia And Shang Periods).
According to the previous analysis and elaboration of the jade tiger in the Xia Shang period and the list chart of the jade tiger in the Xia Shang period, the evolution characteristics of the jade tiger in the Xia Shang period can be summarized as follows.
First, the shape of the jade tiger, from the late Shijiahe culture to the early shang dynasty, roughly developed from small to large; from the early shang dynasty to the late shang dynasty, it developed from large to small.
Second, the shape of the jade tiger, from the late Shijiahe culture to the early shang dynasty, is roughly developed from a single arc-shaped sheet shape system to a multi-shape system; from the early period of the late Shang Dynasty to the late shang dynasty, the shape of the jade tiger is gradually reduced, and a mutated jade tiger shape system appears. For example, in the late Shijiahe culture, the jade tiger only had one kind of running and walking tiger with its head and tail upwards in an arc; in the early period of the late Shang Dynasty, there were volt-like tigers, creeping tigers, foraging tigers, walking tigers, running and walking tigers, galloping swooping tigers, semi-lying tigers, etc., and there were also jade tiger carving knives; in the later period of the late Shang Dynasty, there were mainly foraging tigers, and there were also individual creeping tigers and running tigers, and special-shaped jade tigers appeared, and new sleeping tigers and crouching tigers appeared.
Third, the carving process of the jade tiger, from the late Shijiahe culture to the early period of the late Shang Dynasty, is roughly developed from the rough simple arc-shaped piece carving process to the fine and complex piece carving process, and there are complicated round carving craft works; from the early period of the late Shang Dynasty to the late later stage of the Shang Dynasty, the carving process of the jade tiger tends to be simplified, and the round carving works are rare.
Fourth, the decorative pattern of the jade tiger, from the late Shijiahe culture to the early shang dynasty, was roughly developed by the decorative decoration of the carved pattern in the plain face. In the middle of the Shang Dynasty, there was a land-reducing Yang pattern decoration, and in the early period of the late Shang Dynasty, a complicated double hook yin carved Yang line decorative pattern was formed; from the early shang dynasty to the late Shang dynasty, the pattern decoration of the jade tiger gradually weakened, and the decorative pattern of the double hook yin carved yang line was relatively rough, the ornament pattern was simplified, and the plain jade tiger appeared back to pu.
The main characteristics of the evolution of jade tigers in the Xia and Shang dynasties summarized in the above brief analysis show that the production of jade tigers developed to a peak in the early period of the late Shang Dynasty. In the early period of the Late Shang Dynasty, the materials for making tiger works were diverse, the shape of the jade tiger was diverse, and the image was vivid, each with its own style, the development of carving technology, the implementation of a variety of carving techniques, fine engraving, the pursuit of beauty, and the hand-carved technique reached the level of pure fire. This should be related to the social fashion of advocating the use of jade and revering tigers and popular tiger works at that time.
In addition, among the jade tigers unearthed from the tomb of the woman, there may also be a phenomenon of pairing. For example, 1976AXTM5:409 Jade Tiger and 1976AXTM5:405 Jade Tiger are a pair of round carved jade tigers, 1976AXTM5:406 Jade Tiger and 1976AXTM5:401 Malachite Tiger are also a pair of round carved tiger works, 1976AXTM5:358 Jade Tiger and 1976TMAX5:359 Jade Tiger are a pair of carved jade tigers, 1976AXTM5:991 Jade Tiger and 1976AXTM5:515 Stone Tiger may also be a pair. There are also two jade tigers excavated from the two tombs of the forefoot M38 and M128 respectively, which are in pairs. The use of this paired jade tiger reflects what kind of consciousness the society had at that time, which needs to be studied. But it did reflect an important phenomenon of the popular use of tiger works in the upper echelons of society at that time.
Sixth, the evolution of the jade tiger to the jade dragon in the Xia and Shang dynasties
The jade dragon is an important cultural factor in ancient Chinese jade culture.
The appearance of the jade dragon was roughly around 2000 BC. Previously proposed jade dragons before 3000 BC lack evidence. For example, the so-called Lingjiatan 98M16:2 ring jade dragon analyzed above is actually a ring jade tiger; the so-called Hongshan culture "C" shaped jade dragon in western Liaoning, such as the three-star Tara jade dragon and the Huanggutun (East Turning Stick) jade dragon, are all works within 2000 BC (45).
At present, the earliest jade dragon excavated by archaeological excavations is roughly the jade pan dragon of the late Shijiahe culture, such as the Xiaojia roof ridge W6...36 jade pan dragon (Figure 43) (46). The shape of this jade pan dragon is relatively primitive, and the dragon head and its facial features are not obvious. I have suggested that the appearance of this jade panlong in the Jianghan region may be related to the cultural influence of the Central Plains on the Jianghan region (47). However, at present, the jade dragon has not been found in the Central Plains around 2000 BC, and we are looking forward to discovering it.
At present, the jade dragons found after the late Shijiahe culture are mainly found in the late Shang Dynasty, such as many jade dragons excavated from Yin Ruins, including round carved jade dragons, semi-circular carved jade dragons, flaky two-sided carved jade dragons, Huang-shaped jade dragons, Jue-shaped jade dragons, ring-shaped jade dragons, etc. In the ancient Chinese jade culture, the shape of the jade dragon in the late Shang Dynasty has a direct evolutionary relationship with the jade dragon of the Two Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties and later. However, the shape and form of the jade dragon that has been discovered around 2000 BC, such as the "C" shaped jade dragon in western Liaoning and the jade pan dragon in the late Shijiahe culture, are quite different from the shape and form of the jade dragon in the late Shang Dynasty, and there seems to be no relationship between the early and late evolution of the form.
Based on the current findings, the author speculates that the jade dragon in the late Shang Dynasty probably evolved from the jade tiger in the late Shang Dynasty. This is because in the late Shang Dynasty, there were the following three aspects of the evolution of the jade tiger to the jade dragon.
First, the shape of the jade dragon in the late Shang Dynasty was close to that of the jade tiger.
For example, the M5:408 round carved jade dragon in the tomb of The Woman is the most exquisite piece of round carved jade dragon in the pre-Qin period found so far. It is three-dimensional and roll-shaped, and the first part is thick, accounting for nearly one-half of the entire work. The dragon's head is forward, the mouth is open and teeth are exposed, the mouth is perforated and ring-shaped, the nose is slightly convex, the "subject" glyph-shaped eyes, the round eyes are slightly convex, the treasure bottle-shaped double angle is prostrated, and the body and the dragon's tail bend are in a double inner and outer arc roll, showing superb carving skills. There is a foot under the front torso, carved with four claws. The middle ridge is decorated with seven ribbed teeth. The body and tail are carved with diamond-shaped and triangular dragon scales composed of double hook yin carved yang lines. Length 8.1, height 5.6 cm (Fig. 44) (48). This is the most abundant dragon feature in the jade dragon of the late Shang Dynasty, but its first part is the tiger's head, and the feet and claws are also the characteristics of the tiger.
Another example is the tomb of the woman M5:466 Jade Dragon, which is thicker. It is in a hook-and-roll shape, with end to end facing each other. Tiger head dragon horn, head low hanging, tiger mouth is not visible, nose is slightly convex, "subject" glyph shaped eye, round eye micro drum, overhead standing treasure bottle shape double horn. Tail tip inner roll. The body is engraved with double hook yin carved yang line ornamentation. The curved dorsal ridge to the tail is decorated with three-pointed patchy dragon scales, and the sides of the body are decorated with six groups of three pairs of three-corner cirrus. It is 5.2 cm long and 1.8 cm thick (Fig. 45) (49). The head of this jade dragon is also the head of the tiger, but the horn is a treasure bottle-shaped vertical horn, and the body is curled in the shape of a dragon.
Also like the tomb of the woman M5:360 Jade Dragon, it is a silhouette-like dragon with side vision, which is in the form of foraging. It is a tiger head tiger ear dragon horn, the head is low and flat downward, the mouth is exposed, the mouth is perforated and ring-shaped, the nose is slightly convex, the large "chen" glyph is ordered, the top of the head is standing treasure bottle-shaped dragon horn, the horn is posteriorly erect small ear, one foot is flexed forward, the foot is carved with four claws, the concave back ridge, the convex hip, the vertical tail is rolled inward, and the tail tip is hooked. The double-hook yin carved yang line ornament, the neck is decorated with a patch of dragon scales, the abdomen and legs are decorated with a set of hook horn cirrus pattern, and the hip tail is decorated with a set of hook horn cirrus pattern. It is 8.2 cm long, 4.4 cm high and 0.7 cm thick (Fig. 46) (50). The horns of this jade dragon are large and eye-catching, but the whole form is the body of a tiger.
Another example is the M5:391 Huang-shaped jade dragon system of the Tomb of the Lady, which was modified from two-thirds of the fragments of a narrow-body jade bi. Both sides are engraved with double hook yin carved yang line ornamentation, and the engraving is the same. The first part is a tiger head dragon horn, the mouth is open and toothless, the mouth is not cut, the mouth is annular tooth, the nose is slightly convex, the eyes are nearly square, and the back of the head is a treasure bottle-shaped horn. The neck is decorated with a patch of dragon scales. Four-clawed feet are carved under the neck. The tail is hooked outwards and the tip of the tail is hooked inside. The body and tail are decorated with four groups of horned cirrus patterns, of which the first group of hooked cirrus moiré resembles the leg ornaments. The outer arc of the dragon's back is thinned to make nine ribbed teeth, each of which is carved with a diagonal hook-like notch on a rectangular sheet. Diameter 7.8, width 1.7, thickness 0.2 cm (Fig. 47) (51). This huang-shaped jade dragon not only has a tiger's head on the head, but also has feet and claws in the ornamentation, and the body is decorated with hooked horns and arc swirling clouds, which show the characteristics of the jade tiger.
Another example is the 8 pieces of jade dragons excavated from the tomb of The Lady Good, all of which are tiger-headed dragons, and the back is thinly decorated with ribs and teeth. Among them, 6 pieces of jade dragons are bottle-shaped dragon horns behind the head, such as the tomb of Nühao M5:392 (Fig. 48) (52); 2 pieces of yu-shaped jade dragons are pointed tiger ears behind the top of the head, such as the tomb of Nühao M5:473 Gyalpo-shaped jade dragon (Fig. 49) (53).
At present, the late Shang Dynasty jade dragons, such as round carved jade dragons, semi-circular carved jade dragons, flaky two-sided carved jade dragons, Huang-shaped jade dragons and Jue-shaped jade dragons, etc., all have tiger head forms, most of the horns are treasure bottle shapes, there are also mushroom-shaped or pointed tiger ears, the body is curly dragon shape, and some bodies show the characteristics of tigers. This jade dragon can be called the tiger head jade dragon, which is a form formed by the evolution of the jade tiger to the jade dragon.
Second, the jade tiger of the late Shang Dynasty had the characteristics of a jade dragon.
For example, in the previously introduced Tomb of the Lady Good, M5:405 Jade Tiger, the head, body, limbs, tail features and ornamental features of the body are all tiger-shaped, and only a pair of Aquarius-shaped horns on the head are dragon horns (see Figure 2).
Another example is the Aforementioned Tomb of the Lady Good Tomb M5:1310 Jade Tiger, the head, body, limbs, tail features are tiger-shaped, and the upright ears on the top of the head, the tip of the ear rolls forward into a round hole, resembling a dragon horn (see Figure 9).
The phenomenon of reflecting the characteristics of dragon horns on jade tigers in the late Shang Dynasty is relatively rare, but it reflects the characteristics of tigers and dragons borrowed from each other in the jade carving works of the late Shang Dynasty. This may also be a phenomenon in which the jade tiger evolves into a jade dragon.
Third, the jade dragon of the late Shang Dynasty and the latter period continues the shape of the tiger head jade dragon of the early Shang Dynasty.
Such as Anyang Yin Ruins 77GGM701:1 Jade Dragon, in the form of a side-view silhouette foraging. It is a tiger head dragon horn, the head is low and flat downward, depicting the shape of the opening mouth, a hole in the mouth, a slightly convex nose, nearly rectangular fusiform eyes, and a treasure bottle-shaped horn on the top of the head. The abdomen is carved in the shape of tiger legs, the feet are bent, and the feet are carved with four claws. Convex arc back. The tail is dragged back and the tail is perforated, forming a tail tip that rolls forward. Length 5.17, thickness 0.35 cm (Fig. 50) (54). The shape of this jade dragon is close to the front palm of the great M109:4 jade dragon (see below) and slightly primitive, and is not found in the second phase of the Yin Ruins represented by the Tomb of The Lady, which should be later than the Tomb of the Lady, and may belong to the later section of the Yin Tomb.
Another example is the large M109:4 jade dragon with forefoots, which is a foraging shape of a silhouette of a side view. It is a tiger head dragon horn, the head is low and flat downward, depicting the shape of the opening mouth, a hole in the mouth, a slightly convex nose, nearly rectangular fusiform eyes, and a treasure bottle-shaped horn on the top of the head. One foot forward flexed, arched back. The tail is raised posteriorly, and the tail is perforated, forming a tail tip that rolls forward. The abdomen was engraved with a yin carved cirrus cloud pattern, which was blurred. It is 4.12 cm long, 2.1 km wide and 0.1 to 0.3 cm thick (Fig. 55). This jade dragon, the shape of the vessel is very small and very thin, its age is later than the Tomb of the Yin Ruins Woman, may belong to the late Shang Dynasty, perhaps at the turn of the Shang Zhou.
It is also like the Lingshi Jingjie No. 2 Tomb Huang-shaped Jade Dragon, which has a special shape. The first part is a tiger's head tiger ear, open mouth with open teeth, perforation in the mouth, slightly convex nose, round eyes, and carved ears behind the head. The body is thick and thin, to the tail, and the thin tail is rolled upwards to form a round hole. The body and tail are carved with 19 arcs to form joint patterns. Length 4.6, width 0.9 cm (Fig. 52) (56). The shape and ornamentation of this huang-shaped jade dragon are relatively special, and the shape of the vessel is smaller, and its age should be later than that of the tomb of the woman, which may belong to the later period of the late Shang Dynasty, and the characteristics of its joint pattern seem to show that it is a work at the turn of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
Another example is a jade dragon excavated from the Huangcai Wangjia Tomb Mountain in Ningxiang, 10.5 meters long, 4.1 wide and 1.8 centimeters thick, with a mutated body and a tiger's head (Fig. 53) (57).
The shape of these late Shang Dynasty and the late Shang Dynasty and the shape of the late Shang Dynasty and the early Shang Dynasty are different, and there are many plain faces, but the first form is the same, all of which are tiger heads, and can belong to the tiger head jade dragon. These phenomena show that the late Shang Dynasty and the later shang dynasty jade dragon continue the shape of the late Shang dynasty and the early shang dynasty jade dragon, which is also a tiger head jade dragon.
The above three phenomena show that there is a close relationship between the late Shang Dynasty tiger head jade dragon and the late Shang Dynasty jade tiger, and these late Shang Dynasty jade dragons and the discovered jade dragons around 2000 BC, such as the "C" shaped jade dragon in western Liaoning and the jade pan dragon in the late Shijiahe culture, there is no morphological evolution relationship. These phenomena show that the tiger head jade dragon in the late Shang Dynasty evolved from the jade tiger in the late Shang Dynasty.
exegesis
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(1) Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Museum, ed., Jade Tomb of Women, p. 195, Lingnan Fine Arts Publishing House, 2016.
(2) Same as (1), p. 196.
(3) same as (1), p. 339.
(4) same as (1), p. 365.
(5) Same as (1), p. 342.
(6) Same as (1), p. 308, under.
(7) Same as (1), p. 339, under.
(8) Same as (1), p. 339.
(9) same as (1), p. 197.
(10) Same as (1), p. 265, under.
(11) same as (1), p. 197, under.
(12) Same as (1), p. 197.
(13) Same as (1), p. 340, under.
(14) Institute of History and Linguistics, Academia Sinica: Selected Artifacts Excavated from Yin Ruins, p. 213, Institute of History and Linguistics, Academia Sinica, 2009.
(15) same as (14), p. 213.
(16) Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Jade Excavated from Anyang Yin Ruins, p. 72, Science Press, 2005.
(17) same as (16), p. 73.
(18) Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Jade Excavated from Anyang Yin Ruins, p. 75, Science Press, 2005.
(19) same as (18), p. 71.
(20) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Jade Unearthed in China, Henan, p. 54, Science Press, 2005. Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Jade Excavated from Anyang Yin Ruins, p. 74, Science Press, 2005.
(21) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Jade Unearthed in China, Shanxi, p. 65, Science Press, 2005.
(22) Zhou Wanna: "Shandong Museum Collection of Subu Tun Shang Dynasty Jade", Proceedings of the Xia Shang Jade and Jade Culture Symposium, pp. 234-240, picture at page 237, Lingnan Fine Arts Publishing House, 2018.
(23) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Jade Unearthed in China, Shandong, p. 140, Science Press, 2005.
(24) Same as (23), p. 80.
(25) same as (23), p. 99.
(26) same as (23), p. 52.
(27) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Jade Unearthed in China, Hubei, Hunan, p. 172, Science Press, 2005.
(28) The information on the excavation of two jade tigers from the M232 tomb of Xiaotun in the early excavation of Yin Ruins was provided by researcher Deng Shuping, and I would like to thank you very much.
(29) The First Team of Henan Cultural Relics Task Force: "Briefing on the Excavation of Shang Dynasty Tombs in Baijiazhuang, Zhengzhou City", Cultural Relics Reference Materials, No. 10, 1955, p. 41, plate 17.2.
(30) Institute of History and Linguistics, Academia Sinica: Selected Artifacts Excavated from Yin Ruins, p. 216, Institute of History and Linguistics, Academia Sinica, 2009.
(31) same as (30), p. 216.
(32) Tang Jigen: "Research on Chinese Business Culture", Journal of Archaeology, No. 4, 1999. pp. 393-420. For a discussion of Xiaotun M232 as a late middle Shang Dynasty, see page 401.
(33) Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed., Yanshi Erlitou, p. 257, figure 168.1, plate 125.15, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1978.
(34) Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, College of Archaeology, Peking University, Tianmen Museum: "Exploration and Excavation of Shijiahe Site in Tianmen City, Hubei Province, 2014-2016", Archaeology, No. 7, 2017. Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology: "The Main Harvest of the Excavation of Shijiahe Site in 2015", Jianghan Archaeology, No. 1, 2016, Color Edition 3.2.
(35) Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, College of Archaeology, Peking University, Tianmen Museum: "Exploration and Excavation of Shijiahe Site in Tianmen City, Hubei Province, 2014-2016", Archaeology, No. 7, 2017. Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology: "The Main Harvest of the Excavation of Shijiahe Site in 2015", Jianghan Archaeology, No. 1, 2016, Color Edition 3.1.
(36) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Unearthed Jade from China, Hubei, Hunan, p. 9, Science Press, 2005. Jingzhou Museum, ed., Shijiahe Cultural Jade, p. 81, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2008.
(37) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Jade Unearthed in China, Hubei, Hunan, p. 12, Science Press, 2005. Jingzhou Museum, ed., Shijiahe Cultural Jade, pp. 84, 85, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2008.
(38) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Jade Unearthed in China, Hubei, Hunan, p. 8, Science Press, 2005. Jingzhou Museum, ed., Shijiahe Cultural Jade, p. 78, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2008.
(39) Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology: "The Main Harvest of the Excavation of the Shijiahe Site in 2015", Jianghan Archaeology, No. 1, 2016, Color Edition 3.3.
(40) Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology: "The Main Harvest of excavations at the Shijiahe Site in 2015", Jianghan Archaeology, No. 1, 2016, color edition 3.5.
(41) Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology: "The Main Harvest of the Excavation of Shijiahe Site in 2015", Jianghan Archaeology, No. 1, 2016, Color Edition 3.6.
(42) Jingzhou Regional Museum, Zhongxiang County Museum: "Zhongxiang Liuhe Site", Jianghan Archaeology, No. 2, 1987, pp. 1-31, see page 24, Figure 19.8.
(43) Jingzhou Museum, ed., Shijiahe Cultural Jade, p. 89, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2008.
(44) Jiang Yili and Gu Fang: The Jade Age: Early Chinese Jade from the Collection of American Museums, p. 148, Science Press, 2009.
(45) Zhu Naicheng, "Research on the Animal Face Jade Ornament of Hongshan Culture", Journal of Archaeology, No. 1, 2008. Zhu Naicheng, "On the Age of the Three-Star Tara Jade Dragon", Newsletter of the Research Center for Ancient Civilizations of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, No. 15, January 2008.
(46) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Jade Unearthed in China, Hubei, Hunan, p. 9, Science Press, 2005. Jingzhou Museum, ed., Shijiahe Cultural Jade, p. 96, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2008.
(47) Zhu Naicheng, "The Source of Early Dragon Culture Relics in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River", Proceedings on the 80th Anniversary of the Establishment of Henan Museum, Elephant Publishing House, November 2007. Zhu Naicheng: "On the Age of the Jade PanLong on the Roof Ridge of the Xiao Family", Cultural Relics, No. 7, 2008.
(48) Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Museum, ed., Jade Tomb of Women, page 337, Lingnan Fine Arts Publishing House, 2016.
(49) same as (48), p. 337.
(50) same as (48), p. 190.
(51) same as (48), p. 329, under.
(52) same as (48), p. 331.
(53) same as (48), p. 330.
(54) Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed., Jade Excavated from Anyang Yin Ruins, p. 70, Science Press, 2005.
(55) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Jade Unearthed in China, Shandong, p. 119, Science Press, 2005.
(56) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Jade Unearthed in China, Shanxi, p. 68, China Science Press, 2005.
(57) Gu Fang, editor-in-chief: The Complete Collection of Jade Unearthed in China: Hunan, Hubei, p. 166, Science Press, 2005.
(Author: Zhu Naicheng Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; originally published in: Jade Soul Guoluo: Proceedings of the Symposium on Ancient Chinese Jade and Traditional Culture (VIII), Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 2020)