Warring States · Wrong silver cloud pattern copper upset
Bronze
Height 6.9 cm, caliber 3.1 cm, base diameter 2.6 cm
In 1968, the Guyuantou Camp in Ningxia was excavated
Wrong gold and silver is a new craft created during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. The manufacture of a piece of wrong gold and silver must go through four complex processes: casting, groove, inlay and filing. This craft has been used for more than 2,000 years and is still used in the manufacture of various precious metal crafts.
The copper upsetting thin waist cylindrical shape, the upper end of the brass, can be loaded into the go, halberd wooden coffin, on its outer and bottom, with a small silver sheet and silver wire inlay, to form a complete layout of cirrus pattern and curve pattern, and then smoothed. Due to the difference in the luster of the bronze cast into the hammer and the embedded silver sheet and silver wire, the silver pattern on the utensils is brilliant and colorful, which is particularly dazzling.
The City of Longshan And Prehistoric Chinese Culture
Cao Bingwu, Studies in Chinese History, No. 3, 1997, pp. 22-30
This paper attempts to reveal the origin and function of early Chinese city sites and some characteristics of prehistoric Chinese culture by reconstructing the historical process of archaeological and cultural changes and environmental changes in northern China, especially in the Central Plains, from the Yangshao period to the Longshan period, as well as the deep relationship between various cultural factors and culture and environment in this process. The article discusses from the following three aspects.
First, the premise of the city's creation: need, knowledge and technology. The author believes that the prehistoric city was analyzed from the historical analysis of function and fortification technology as a special defensive need. From the analysis of the scale of the city site and the level of construction technology, people at that time had already mastered the special construction technology and knowledge about the city. In addition, from the perspective of the intensity of labor required for the construction of the city wall, the extensive construction of the city wall should be based on the mobilization and domination of the wider area and more labor force, and on the basis of a more perfect cooperation and coordination mechanism between laborers.
Second, from Yangshao to Longshan: the social, cultural and natural context of the rise of the city site. Compared with the Yangshao period, the distribution of sites in the Longshan period, the production of pottery, the construction of houses and tombs and other cultural connotations have their own distinctive characteristics. In addition to the various changes in the cultural characteristics of the Yongsan era, in addition to the motives such as technological development and social organization progress, open source energy conservation seems to be its common theme. At the same time, in order to find more available resources, prehistoric China set off a new wave of migration to the original blank marginal area between cultures, which was the fundamental reason for the strengthening of the commonality of various archaeological cultures in the Longshan period. The results of environmental science research also strongly support the speculation of resource shortage in the Yongsan era.
Third, there are a number of questions about the city itself. The defensive nature of the city is a central question about the social and cultural significance of early Chinese city sites. In the prehistoric Chinese cities, no large-scale, typical, structurally intact residential areas and burial areas have been found, and no substantial evidence of them as central settlements has been found.
The author believes that these walls were used to protect the water and soil of the side on which the entire community of people depended for its existence, so as to prevent it from being offended or even occupied by other communities of people. Facts have shown that most of these city sites were built in marginal areas of various archaeological cultures or types, especially in areas where environmental changes are most pronounced and where people are fighting most fiercely for survival. The Xia Shang Dynasty and the Longshan Era are closely linked, and among the three generations, the Shang Dynasty city site is the most numerous and the layout is the clearest, but it is still inferior in number compared to the Longshan Era, which reflects the characteristics of the era of great social transformation in the Longshan Era, indicating that although the ethnic contradictions in the Xia Shang Zhou Era are still very fierce, after all, the front has passed, and the Longshan Era is indeed a very important period in the formation of the Chinese state, civilization and han nation. The path of the origin of China's state and civilization is special and perfect in world culture. This way of state formation has an extremely far-reaching impact on the system and social system of the Chinese state in the historical period, and also has specimen significance for exploring the progressive process of world history.
The source of the text is "Research Outline of the Origin of Chinese Civilization", published by Cultural Relics Publishing House in December 2003
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Research Center for Ancient Civilizations, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ed
The source of the picture and description is from the Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology