Changzhi Watershed No. 269, 270 Eastern Zhou Tombs

Changzhi Watershed No. 269, 270 Eastern Zhou Tombs

Journal of Archaeology, No. 02, 1974

Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Working Committee Jindongnan Working Group

Shanxi Changzhi Museum

In August 1972, in cooperation with the capital construction project in the Changzhi Watershed, we excavated the Tombs of The Eastern Zhou No. 269 and 270 and two horse pits (Picture 1). The excavation site is located in the western part of the watershed, about 50 meters south of the moat. The two tombs are juxtaposed from east to west, 4.6 meters apart, with Tomb No. 269 on the east side and Tomb No. 270 on the west side. The two horse pits, about 3.3 meters southwest of Tomb No. 270, are organized into Horse Pit No. 1 and Horse Pit No. 2 (Figure II).

Before the excavation, the original natural accumulation of soil on the ground of the cemetery was more than 3 meters thick, which had been excavated in the infrastructure project. The tomb is 0.5 meters deep from the existing ground. The two tombs have the same shape system, both are vertical cave soil: T. The four walls of the square are not very neat. The bottom of Tomb 269 is slightly larger than the mouth of the tomb, the northern part is broken by the No. 268 Han Brick Tomb, the central part is broken by the No. 266 Tang Brick Tomb, and the southern part is broken by the No. 277 Tile Tomb (the era is unknown). The northwest and northeast corners of Tomb No. 270 were broken by two Tang brick tombs, 271,272. Because both tombs are deeper, the later tombs only destroyed the upper middle of them, so the remains of burial tools at the bottom of the tomb and the burial items were preserved.

Tomb No. 269

1. Tomb shape system

Tomb 269 is 22 degrees east-north. The tomb is rectangular in plan, 5.6 meters long from north to south and 4.6 meters wide from east to west. The bottom of the tomb is 5.76 meters long from north to south, 4.68 wide from east to west, and 7.2 meters deep. The rammed soil is compacted. The lower part of the tomb has a wooden rafter chamber. The wood has decayed, leaving only the plate ash, and the detailed structure is unknown. Inferred from the plate ash, the rafter chamber consists of a cover plate, a four-walled panel and a base plate. It is 2.6 meters high, 5.3 meters long and 4.3 meters wide.

The four wall panels are close to the four walls of the tomb, and the wood is about 20 cm thick and stacked flat along the tomb wall. To increase firmness and prevent collapse, columns were added to the inside of the four siding panels. From the remaining pillar holes, it is known that there is a column on the north and south walls, two columns on the west wall, and no one on the east wall. The column has a square section, about 20 cm in length and width, and is inserted into the ground more than 10 cm deep. The residual height is about 1.5 meters. The base plate is laid horizontally from east to west, and the thickness is about 3 cm. Cover sleeper, about 20 cm thick, has decayed and sunken.

The bottom plate is covered with a layer of tin sheets, about 0.2 cm thick. There is a wooden coffin, each of which is rectangular, and the coffin coat is covered, all of which have decayed, and the detailed structure is unknown. Inferred from the plate ash, the maple is 2.6 meters long, 1.22 wide and 1.2 meters high. The outer walls of the plates on both sides of the wooden maple are inlaid with 1 copper ornament, and the cloud-shaped sheet is too decayed, and the original shape has been lost. The coffin is 2.16 meters long, 0.74 wide and 0.8 meters high. The four wall panels are joined by wooden ingots (thin waist) Zen shackles. The outer wall of the coffin is loose with vermilion paint. The bottom of the coffin is covered with a layer of cinnabar (fig. 3).

The coffin is built into a skeleton with the head facing north. Due to long-term water erosion, the skull, upper trunk bone and arm bone have been scattered and floated out of the coffin; Only the pelvic bone and lower limb bone are preserved inside the coffin. According to the analysis of the skeleton morphology and burial items, the deceased was about male.

2. Burial utensils

The burial utensils are relatively rich, mainly bronze, most of which are complete, a total of more than 150 pieces. Most of them are placed in the mistletoe space outside the wooden maple. Among them, the containers are mostly placed at the north end of the west side of the wooden maple, the musical instrument is placed at the south end of the west side of the wooden maple (plate one), the weapon is placed on the east side of the wooden maple, and the carriage and horse ware are placed at the north end of the wooden maple. The ornaments are placed inside the coffin. In addition, there are fragments of lacquer-painted wooden boxes at the northern end and east and west sides of the wooden maple.

(1) Copper containers

There are 25 pieces, including Ding, Mane, Yong, Dun, Gui, Square Pot, Cup, Boat, Jar, Hammer, Plate, Dagger, etc., a total of 25 pieces.

Ding nine pieces. Divided into two groups of two types, some of which have been broken.

Type I: Five pieces (1, 2, 4, 5, 7). The extravagant ear stands on the edge of the mouth of the body, the bottom of the round, the deep abdomen, the dead foot is thin, and the abdomen has a convex string pattern. Without a lid (Figure IV, 2). The sizes are in phase, as detailed in Table 1.

Type II: Four pieces (3, 6, 8, 9). Appended with ear extravagance, deep abdomen, round bottom, animal hoof foot, with lid. The sizes are in phase, as detailed in Table 1. The ornamentation is more complex and different. No. 3 Ding, with two convex strings on the abdomen; On the top of the two convex string patterns are decorated with two weeks of cockroach patterns, the lower edges of the convex string patterns are decorated with vertical leaf patterns, and the inner hooks are filled with cloud thunder patterns. The inside and outside of the ears are decorated with cockroach patterns. The top of the three-ring button, decorated with crab pattern, weeping leaf pattern, dot pattern, and a raised small beast in the center (Fig. 4, 3; Plate II, 1). No. 6 Ding, the abdomen has a convex string pattern, decorated with a cockroach pattern on the top, a vertical leaf pattern on the bottom, and a hook and cloud thunder pattern inside. The inside and outside of the ears are also decorated with cockroach patterns (fig. 5). The top of the three-ring button, the pattern is the same as the abdomen.

No. 8 and No. 9 Ding, the ornamentation is slightly the same. The abdomen has a boundary of convex string patterns, and the upper and lower parts are decorated with double hooks and cockroach patterns, and filled with cloud thunder patterns, and the lower part of the abdomen is decorated with vertical leaf patterns, and the inner hooks are filled with cloud thunder patterns. The front and back of the ears are decorated with thunder patterns on both sides, and the sides are decorated with triangular thunder patterns. The top of the lid is decorated with three ring buttons, with a swirl and thunder pattern in the center, and a two-week cockroach pattern on the outside (Fig. 4, 1: Fig., 6, 7).

Four pieces (63-66) of mane, all the same size. Flat mouth, wide edge folded, three hoofed feet, flat crotch, winged ornaments on the abdomen, plain face. Height 9.6, caliber 11.2 cm (Fig. 4, 8; Plate II, 4).

One piece. It is a mixture of manes and placed separately at the time of excavation (30, 31). The mouth is large and flat, folded along the outside, the neck is folded, the ears are attached, the abdomen has a convex string pattern, the bottom has a long stripe hole, and the bottom of the ring is covered in the manelet. Caliber 32 cm. The mane is flat-mouthed, with a neck, three hoofed feet, symmetrical double ring ears on the abdomen and shoulders, and a convex chord pattern in the middle of the abdomen. Pass height 53 cm (Fig. IV, 11; Plate II, 3).

Dun two pieces (60, 61), the form of the same size. The mouth is slightly folded, folded along the outside, Yi mouth, three hoofed feet, the abdomen has double ring ears symmetrical, and decorated with cockroach patterns for a week. Cover the top of the three-ring button, decorated with a cockroach pattern for two weeks. Pass height 17, abdominal diameter 21 cm (Fig. IV, I0)o

Two pieces (32, 49), the form and size are the same. Rectangular, made of the same lid and body buckled together. The mouth edges are flush, with four notches at the bottom, and the two ends are symmetrical with two ear ears. The bottom of the lid is the same, and the lid and abdomen are decorated with crab patterns. It is 20 cm high, 29.2 cm long and 22.5 cm wide (fig 8).

Square pot two pieces (34, 35), the form and size of the same. rectangle. Sub-abdominal drum, circled feet, flat bottom, long neck. The ears on the sides of the neck are used as squat double animal-shaped rings. The lid is hollow, and the edge is made of a carved lotus petal. The sides of the lid are surrounded by a ring of thunder patterns, and the lid and the mouth of the pot are covered to form a running mouth. The neck and abdomen are decorated with two-week double hooks, filled with cloud thunder patterns, and are demarcated by convex broadband stripes. A layer of lotus petals is decorated with a layer of lotus petals on the neck, and the inner hook is filled with cloud thunder patterns. Height 55, mouth 16.5X13, abdomen 21X18, bottom 20X17 cm (plate 2, 2).

One piece (28). Small mouth, straight edge, flattened and rounded abdomen, animal hoof foot. With lid, chain. The cockroach-shaped beam is bowed, decorated with scales, and bowed and tail. Flowing dragon-like, with its head held high and its neck tied in a circle. There are two convex chord lines on the abdomen. Height 23, abdominal diameter 20 cm (Fig. 4, 6; Plate III, 2) o

Boat one piece (62). Oval, bulging abdomen, slightly retracted mouth, abdomen with animal face binaural symmetry, caliber width 10, length 15.5, height 7.5 cm (Fig. 4, 7; ）。

Tank two pieces (36, 37), the same form and size. Extravagant mouth, folded along the outside, neck, bulging abdomen, flat bottom, plain surface. Height 26.4, caliber 26, abdominal diameter 26.4, bottom diameter 12 cm (Fig. 4, 9)o

One piece (33). Flat mouth, wide edge folded outwards, neck slightly folded, flat bottom, abdomen has four symmetrical animal face rings, animal face decorated with clouds, ring face decorated circle pattern. The neck is decorated with scales and triangular clouds, and the abdomen is decorated with a circle of curved and scaled patterns. Height 37, caliber 78 cm (Fig. 4, 5; Figure IX; Plate III, l)o

One plate (29). Flat mouth, straight edge, flat bottom, animal hoof foot, with feeding animal face and ears. Caliber 38.5, height 1 () cm (Fig. 4, 4).

Dagger one piece (77). Inside ding no. 4. Spoon oval, 9 cm long and 12 cm wide. The shank is volted, hollow, and the end is pierced. Shank length -9, 'diameter 2 cm' (plate III, 3).

(2) Musical instruments

There are brass chimes and stone chimes, a total of twenty-eight pieces.

The chimes are divided into two groups, nine pieces each.

Yong Bell C10-18), the size of the same form, preserved completely. Long Yong, the head of the beast is single-spin, dry ornamental thunder pattern, ingot belt and dance top decorated with cockroach pattern, two drum faces decorated with elephant head pattern, and middle room decorated with two cockroaches. The size is shown in Table 2 (Figure 1 O, left; Plate reference, 4, 5).

Button clock (19-27), the same form is too small. Partially broken. The seal belt is decorated with a cockroach pattern, and the two drum faces are also decorated with a cockroach pattern, filled with thunder patterns, and the size is shown in Table 3 (Picture 1 on the right).

Ten pieces (50-59) were excavated in two stacks, bluestone, partially broken, and the size of table 4 (Plate, 4).

(3) Copper weapons

There are 37 pieces, such as go, spear, and hammer.

Go six pieces, divided into two types.

Type I: Two pieces (68, 69). The aid is slender and curved, sharply sharp, ridged, and the section is diamond-shaped. The beard is shorter, worn four times on the side of the appendix and one on the inside. No. 68 Ge Yuannei is 27 cm long (Figure 11, 1: Plate, 1 left). No. 69 Gone re-cloud pattern, 20.3 cm long, with a goblet attached.

Type II: Four pieces (73-75, 89). Straight and short, ridged, diaphragm three wear, inner one wear. No. 73 Ge Yuannei is 24 cm long (fig. 2; Plate, 1 right). No. 74 Goyuan inner length 20 cm. No. 75 Goyuan inner length 18 cm. Among them, No. 73-75 Gordon is attached to Gosson. The irons are decorated with cockroach patterns. The mouth is elliptical, and the memory is decaying wood marks. Gome 73 is 9.8 cm long (Fig. 11, 3). Gosson No. 75 is 7 cm long (Plate, 2). When the excavation is unearthed, the gob and the gob are in a straight line, with a spacing of 1.2 meters, which should be the length of the secret.

One piece of brass axe (95). It is like a go- shape. Aid straight, with a blunt blade. Inside, the bird is the first snake, with two cockroaches wrapped around the two sides, and a turtle sandwiched between the two mantises. Hu Yuanjun, with pairs of wear, the lower part is decorated with a triangular cloud pattern, the upper two sides are decorated with two beasts, and the middle waist is decorated with a rope pattern. There are decaying wood left in the hair. The length of the aid is 16.3, the length of the chin is 4, and the diameter is 2 cm (Fig. 11, 7; Plate, 3).

The spear two pieces (94a, b) form the same size. The spear body cross-section is triangular, skeleton-shaped, with decaying wood inside. There are pairs of piercings, sharp blades. The total length is 14, and the diameter of the skeleton is 1.5-1.7 cm (Fig. 1_,8) 0

Moment one piece (96). Barrel-shaped, with barbs on it, sharp edges. The sides of the front are decorated with a circle pattern, and the lower part is worn in pairs. Length 7, diameter 1.3 cm (fig——,4)o

Twenty-seven pieces. One of them (47) is in the shape of a stick and is 5 cm long (Fig. 11, 5). The remaining twenty-six pieces (90) are wing-shaped, 5.7 cm long (Fig. 11, 6). These bronze mows, which seem to have been placed in the Ya ship (91), were decayed when they were unearthed.

(4) Copper carriage and horse ware

There are jurisdiction, titles, rings, buckles, etc., a total of thirty-nine pieces.

There are four cases (42-45) under the jurisdiction of chezhao. Oval cylindrical, one end of the lip is rolled outwards, and the lips are worn up and down, and the jurisdiction is attached. The length of the body is 8.5 cm, the diameter of the hub port is 8.2-8.8 cm, and the diameter of the outer port is 4.9-5.2 cm (Plate Wu, 1).

Ten pieces (38-41, 70-72, 78, 79, 82). The two ends are flattened and the two small rings of the middle waist are connected, with a total length of 20 cm. Among them, there are 6 pieces with horns, and the length of the moss is 16 cm (Plate Wu, 2).

Seven ring pieces (83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93). Among them, there are five cross-sectional ovals and two flat-shaped ones. The ring diameter is up to 6.4 cm and the minimum is 5.7 cm.

Ring button four pieces (85). An elliptical ring is welded on a rectangular copper sheet, which is 4.6 cm long and 2.2 cm wide.

Buckle nine pieces (46). Rectangular copper frame with a small hook on one side. Frame length 3.2 cm, width 1.8 cm.

Two-piece hinge (107). Two rectangular copper sheets are connected, with nose buttons, two sides decorated with animal faces and dot patterns, and nail holes in the four corners. Length 3.5 cm, width 3 cm (plate Wu, 6).

Three pieces of mantis hooks (113). The hook is mantis-shaped, pitched and curled tail, 3 cm long.

(5) Jade jewelry

There are Bi, Huang, Jue, etc., a total of twelve pieces. Out of the coffin inside the skeleton.

Bi one piece (97). Yellowish brown with dark spots on the surface and higher periphery ridges. Meat diameter 10, good diameter 6, thickness 0.3 cm (plate Wu, 5).

Peiyu two pieces (98,101) 0 flat strips, perforated in the middle, two sides of the seal cloud pattern. Size 98 pale yellow, length 8, width 1.5, thickness 0.3 cm. Size 101 cyan, length 7, width 1.9, thickness 0.3 cm (plate Lu, 1, ).

Three pieces (102). cyan. , perforated at one end. One is 6 cm long and two are slightly smaller (Plate Wu, 4).

Two pieces (104, 109). cyan. There is a hole in the edge. The diameters are 2.3 and 2.5 cm, respectively.

Juan one piece (100). purple. , perforated at both ends. Length 4, medium width 1 cm.

Three pieces of jade (89, 103, 105) o cyan. Rectangular, perforated at all four corners, 3 cm long and 2 cm wide.

(6) Others

There are lacquerware, small bronzeware, shell and stone gui.

Lacquerware (76, 80, 111) is decayed. Found in the north-east (80), south-south (76) and northwest corner of the rafters (111), it is a lacquer-painted fragment with an unknown number of pieces. Among them, No. 76 is slightly better preserved, resembling a lacquered rectangular box, placed in the north and south, with higher four sides and a concave shape in the middle. The remnants are 1.35 meters long and 0.80 meters wide. The height of the four sides is about 20 cm. On the east side of the box there are two pieces of copper shop (112), which are made of animal face rings (plate Wu, 3), which should be the attachment nailed to this box. The no. 80 lacquer piece is 1.20 meters long and 0.80 meters wide, tied to the vermilion ground for black paint painting, the picture is a dragon pattern that surrounds each other, and the edges are painted with cockroaches and plagiarism (Figure 12, 6, 7; Plates of Land, 3, 4); or as patterns such as cockroaches, cockroaches, and plagiarism (Figures 12, 2, 4, 5). Among them, there are also a few that are patterned with zhu painted on the black ground. No. 111 paint pieces are more widely distributed, and most of them are black painted with triangular moiré and rim patterns (Fig. 12, 1, 3).

Copper fish two pieces (114). The form is the same size. Placed in no. 6 Ding, the fish eye is perforated, 6.5 cm long and 2 cm wide at the mid-waist.

Sixty-nine copper rings (117). Concomitant with bone shellfish, diameter 0.8, height Q.7 cm.

Two pieces of copper sheets (67, 48). It is about the decoration on the wooden maple, thin in texture, broken and out of shape. ’

Six pieces of Shi Gui (81, 106), most of which are in tatters. Bluestone. The largest is 6 cm long and 1.5 cm wide.

Bone shells 1621 pieces (U5)o are mostly scattered in the southeast corner of the mistletoe. Smoothly ground with drilled holes in the back. Maximum length 3, minimum length 1.5 cm (plate Lu, 2 left).

Eight sea shells (116). The southeast corner of the chamber is 2-3 cm long (plate land, 2 right).

Tomb No. 270

Tomb 270 is 20 degrees east-north. The four walls are vertical, the bottom of the mouth is the same size, the length from north to south is 5.7, the east and west are 4.44, and the bottom depth is 9.9 meters. The rammed soil is compacted. The structure of the chamber is the same as that of Tomb 269. It is 2.5 meters high, 5.3 long and 4 meters wide. The base plate is also covered with tin sheets, which are better preserved in the east side wall.

The burial utensils are also a coffin and a bridge, placed in the middle of the mistletoe, with a length of 2.6, a width of 1.7 and a height of 1.1 meters. The coffin is 2 long, 0.65 wide and 0.8 meters high. The bottom of the coffin is also covered with a layer of cinnabar. The coffin contains a skeleton. Save more completely. Lie on your back straight, head to the north, hands crossed over your abdomen. According to the analysis of the skeleton morphology and burial items, the deceased was about female.

The burial items are placed in the same situation as Tomb No. 269 (Figure 13).

There are more than 170 burial utensils. Mostly bronzeware, the vast majority of which are placed in the western part of the mistletoe. The container is in the north, and the instrument is in the south (plate). Most of the ornaments are placed in the coffin.

There are 22 pieces of Ding, 罍, Dun, Gui, Square Pot, Cup, Pan, Boat, etc., a total of 22 pieces.

Ding ten pieces, divided into two groups of two types.

Type I: Five pieces (5-7, 9, 10). Extravagant ears stand on the edge of the mouth, round bottom, deep abdomen, animal hoof foot. Plain noodles. No cap (Fig. 14"; plate-bound, 2). See Table 5 for size.

Type II: Five pieces (1-4, 8). Appended with extraordinarily extraordinariate, rounded bottom, deep abdomen, animal hoof foot. With lid, cover with three ring buttons. The abdomen has a convex string pattern (Fig. 14, 1; plate swastika, 3). See Table 5 for size.

Two pieces (13, 14), the form and size are the same. Flat mouth, folded along the outside, neck, bulging abdomen, round bottom, circle foot, abdomen and shoulder with double animal ear rings, the animal head is retrospective, and decorated with cloud patterns. The abdomen is decorated with a rope pattern and filled with a slender cockroach pattern. The ring foot is decorated with a heavy ring pattern, 30.5 meters high and 32.3 cm in diameter (Fig. 14, 5; Plate, 1).

Dun 2 pieces (19, 54). The mouth is slightly folded, folded along the outside, rounded bottom, three hoofed feet, and the abdomen has double ring ears symmetrically. The top of the three ring buttons, the lid and the abdomen are decorated with a slender crab pattern. The height is 14.6 cm and the abdominal diameter is 19.8 cm.

Two pieces (11, 12), the form and size are the same. Rectangular with the same base cover. Rectangular circle foot, with a gap on each of the four sides of the circle foot. The abdomen at both ends has symmetrical rings and plain surfaces. The cover is 19 cm high, 17.8 cm long and 21.5 cm wide (Fig. 14, 3; Plate Jiu, 4).

Square pot two pieces (15, 16), the form of the same size. rectangle. Bulging abdomen, long neck. There are ears on both sides of the neck, and there are animal-shaped ornaments on the ears. High circle foot, flat bottom. The lid is hollow, surrounded by lotus petals, filled with cockroach patterns, and the four sides of the lid are decorated with a circle of crab patterns, and the lid and the pot mouth are compounded to form a tie. The neck and abdomen are decorated with three circles of crab stripes, and are demarcated by broadband. Pass height 55, caliber 15X19, abdominal diameter 20 X23, bottom diameter 13X15 cm (Fig. 14, 8; Figure 15).

One piece (18). The small mouth is straight along, the abdomen is flattened and rounded, and the three-hoofed feet are. With lid, chain. The mantis-shaped beam is bowed, the front and back feet of the mantis are separated from the shoulders, the first mouth of the mantis is extended forward, and the tail is rolled up. Flowing as a dragon's head, opening its mouth and shrugging its ears, decorating it with scales, its hooves and feet decorated with animal face patterns, and its abdomen with two convex string patterns. Pass height 23.4, abdominal diameter 2. , caliber 10.4 cm (Figure 14, 7; Plate Jiu, 3).

Boat one piece (17). Oval, obliquely trimmed ventrally, flat bottom, symmetrical with animal faces and amphora along the proximal rim. Height 7, caliber 15x21 cm (Fig. 14, 6).

One plate (20). Flat bottom, three-hoofed foot. Attached ears, decorated with animal noodles. Caliber 38.5, height 1 () cm (Fig. 14, 4; Plate Jiu, 5).

One piece (105), mutilated. Ellipse, bandwidth stream.

There are a total of 28 pieces of copper chimes and stone chimes. Among them, the chimes are divided into two groups of seventeen pieces, which are divided into two types:

The chimes are divided into two groups: Yong Bell and Button Clock.

Eight yong bells (21-28). The form is the same, and the size is second. Long Yong, square single rotation, the seal belt and the dance top are decorated with crab patterns, the drum part is plain, the size is shown in Table 6.

Compilation of eleven pieces (38-48). The form is the same, and the size is second. Bluestone, partially broken, and the size is shown in Table VIII.

(3) Copper carriage and horse ware

Four car books (49-52), the same size. Barrel-shaped, one end flat along the outer fold, attached jurisdiction. The head of the jurisdiction is the animal face. Length 4.1, hub diameter 7.6, outer diameter 4.9 cm.

Two pieces of horsebits (53), the same form and size. The two ends are flat rings, the middle two small rings are connected, the total length is 19, the outer ring diameter is 5, and the inner ring diameter is 2 cm.

(4) Ornaments

There are more than 110 pieces of jade, jade ring, agate ring, crystal tube, glass pipe, material bead, etc.

1. Three pieces of Yu Huang (73a, b, 74). Among them, no. 73 is yellow-white, with perforations at both ends and in the middle, No. 73a is 7.5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, and No. 73b is 6 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. No. 74 is cyan, with a bird's head shape at one end and a larger perforation. Length 4.5cm (plate pick, 1)

2. Four pieces of jade ring (67 a, b, 92 a, b, b). No. 67a emerald green, flat section, two sides of the seal cloud pattern. Outer diameter 4.3, inner diameter 2.5, thickness 0.3 cm (Fig. 16, 1; Plate pickup, 2). 67 b cyan, seal rope pattern, outer diameter 4 cm. No. 92a white, outer diameter 1.5 cm. No. 92 b yellow-white, two-sided seal cloud pattern, outer diameter 4 cm (Fig. 16, 2).

3. Four pieces of Jade Dragon Pei (55). Curved shaped, with a moiré on one side and a smooth one on the other, with a small hole at each end. 55a and b are cyan, 55 a is 11.3 cm long and 0.7-1.8 cm wide, and 55 b is 8.5 cm long and 0.7-1.9 cm wide. 55 c, d are yellow-brown, 7.3 cm long (Fig. 16, 5-7; Plate pickup, 4).

4. One piece of Peiyu (61). Cai cyan, long strips, cloud patterns on both sides. Length 7, width 2, thickness 0.2 cm.

5. Two pieces of jade beasts (58). Length 2, width 1.5 cm, two sides of the cloud pattern.

6. Two pieces of jade tiger pieces (63). Pale yellow, length 4, width 1.5, thickness 0.1 cm.

7. Jade pillar decoration 2 pieces (70). Cyan, columnar, surface moiré. hollow. The upper end has a cover and is also decorated with a cloud pattern. Upper end diameter 1.5, lower end diameter 1.3, length 2 cm (plate pick, 3).

8. Three pieces of jade (69). 69a, b cyan, perforated at one end. Same as tomb No. 269. Length 5 and 4.3 cm respectively. 69c white, as a cup shape. Length 5, width 1.5, thickness 0.1 cm (Plate Pickup 1, 3).

9. One piece of jade hairpin (66). White, pointed cone-shaped, with a blue jade carved cockroach at the tip. Length 15 cm (plate pick one, 4).

10. Two pieces of jade pipe decoration (86, 88). Size 86 cyan with a five-sided circle on the surface. Length 3.5, diameter 1 cm. Size 88 white with grooves in the mid-waist. Length 3, diameter 0.5 cm.

11. Three jade beads (85). Size 85a cyan, oval, diameter 1.5 cm. 85b blue, diameter 1 cm. Size 85c black, diameter 1.5 cm.

12. Two pieces of Yu Jue (71). white. No. 71a has a two-sided moiré pattern, diameter 2.5, thickness of 0.5 cm (Fig. 16, 3). 71b plain surface, diameter 3, thickness 0.2 cm.

13. Two pieces of jade pendant ornaments (78). Both are cyan, with a cloud pattern on one side and a smooth side on the other. Rectangle 78a, 4 cm long and 2.5 cm wide (plate pick, 5). 78b arc, length 4, width 2 cm (Fig. 16, 4).

14. Seventeen pieces of jade (57, 59, 68, 75, 87). There are two kinds of cyan and light yellow. Rectangular with perforations on it. Length 3-4.4, width 2.5-3.3, thickness 0.1 cm.

15. Four pieces of agate ring (65). Brownish red, flat section. One of them is smaller, with an outer diameter of 2.7 and an inner diameter of 1.4 cm. The three pieces are larger, with an outer diameter of 3.6 and an inner diameter of 1.8 cm (plate pick, 2 below).

16, agate pipe seventeen pieces (56). Brownish red, thick mid-rise, thin at both ends, perforated in the middle. Length 1.5–4.5 cm (Plate Pickup 1, 2).

17. Twenty-eight agate beads (77, 80). Maroon red. Diameter 0.3-1.5 cm (plate pick one, 8).

18. Eight crystal tubes (60, 82). Transparent crystals, slightly thicker in the middle waist and thinner at both ends. Length 3-9, diameter 0.7-0.8 cm (plate pick one, 5).

19. A crystal bead (81). Transparent crystal, oval. Diameter 1.3 cm.

20. Turquoise beads 168 (64, 72). Ground smooth with perforations in the middle. Diameter 0.1-0.4 cm.

21. Two peacock greenstone beads (79). Flattened. Length 1.5, diameter 1 cm.

22. One bead (84). Green, oval. Perforation, white circles, blue dots. Diameter 1 cm.

23, glass pipe six pieces (83). Green, perforated in the middle. Length 3, diameter 0.3 cm.

24. Five bone beads (76). Two inner fusiform pieces with a diameter of 1.1 cm and three flat round pieces with a diameter of 0.8 cm.

25, a bamboo comb (62), the length of the residue is 5 cm (plate pick one, 1).

26, a piece of bone hairpin (91), the length of the residue is 7.5, the diameter is 0.2 cm.

27, Shi Bi 1 piece (95). cyan. Meat diameter 9.5, good diameter 3.5, thickness 0.3 cm.

28. Two pieces of wood chips (90). Rectangular, 3 cm long, 2 cm wide and 0.2 cm thick.

29. Several pieces of mussel pieces (99), very bad. There are perforations in the four corners.

30. Two pieces of dental ornaments (97). Length 2 cm.

31, bone shells 20 pieces (98). The back has drill holes and is smoothly ground. Length 1.5-3 cm.

(5) Others

1. Two pieces of lacquerware (102, detection 3). Decayed, it seems to be a lacquered wooden box. No. 102 was found on the north side of the wooden rafters, 1.50 meters long and 0.80 meters wide. Vermilion lacquer, black lacquer on the ground painted with crab patterns, triangular cloud patterns and other geometric patterns (Figure 17). 1。 No. 3 was found at the foot of the skeleton inside the coffin, 48 cm long and 42 cm wide. Vermilion lacquer, black paint on the ground painted triangle cloud pattern and other geometric patterns, built-in ornaments and other objects.

2. Seventy-nine pieces of bamboo (89 pieces), shaped like bamboo jane, all broken. There are two types: one is wide, 0.1 thick, and more than 12 cm long, with a straight line on one side and a smooth and unpolished decoration on the other side. The other is 1.2 cm wide, 0.1 thick and more than 7 cm long. One side is carved with a checkered pattern, and the other side is smooth and unprinted (Plate Pick 1, 6).

3. Shi Zhang two pieces (93), cyan. 93a 26 long, 7 lower wide, 5.5 upper width, 0,2 cm thick (plate pick one, 7). Size 93b is 21 cm long.

4. Five pieces (94,101) of Shi Gui and Yu Gui are all mutilated. Among them, three pieces of bluestone are 27 pieces long, 6.5 wide and 0.2 cm thick; one piece of white stone is 4 cm long; and one piece of green jade is 5 cm long.

5. Several pieces of tin sheets (96, 100), broken and out of shape, with nail holes on them, seem to be ornaments on wooden bridges.

Horse pit

Two pits, located at 27. Southwest of the tomb.

Horse Pit No. 1 is 3.3 meters away from Tomb No. 270. By the time it was discovered, the western part of the pit had been damaged and part of the horse skeleton had been excavated. Pit plane rectangular, direction 14. It is 3.2 meters long from north to south and about 2 meters wide from east to west. It is 0.7 meters deep from the existing ground. There are two built-in horse bones, both with the head facing north, one is more complete and the other is broken (Plate Picker, 1, ).

Horse Pit No. 2 is L8 meters south of Pit 1. Also rectangular, direction 20. It is 2.25 meters long from north to south and 1.3 meters wide from east to west. It is 1.3 meters deep from the existing ground. At a depth of about 70 cm, four sections of bone tubes were found, and the ends were smoothly ground, 3-4 long and 3 cm in diameter, which were worn by the horse. The pit contains a horse bone, the head to the north, and is intact (Plate Picker, 2).

On the east side of Horse Pit No. 2, 0.7 meters deep from the current ground, horse bones were also placed, which have been scattered and broken, and only part of the leg bones have been found, the details are unknown.

From the location of the horse pit, it is speculated that the no. 1.2 horse pit seems to be a martyrdom of tomb 269,270.

epilogue

Tombs 269 and 270 of the Changzhi Watershed belong to the same cemetery as Tombs 14, 25, 26 and 126 excavated here in the past.

Regarding the age of these two tombs, because there is no chronological inscription, it can only be compared and analyzed from the shape and pattern of the tomb system and excavated artifacts. The two tombs are juxtaposed from east to west, both are rectangular vertical caves, and the wooden chambers are built inside, which are no different from the tombs in the same cemetery. The excavated artifacts are similar to Tombs 25 and 26, but somewhat different. For example, the copper square pot excavated from these two tombs is not found in his tomb; the excavated I-type ding, with extravagant ears standing on the edge of the mouth, has thin and long hooves; the copper pots excavated from tomb 269 are large in size, surrounded by stolen curved lines on the abdominal wall, rough and cheerful, all with the characteristics of the Spring and Autumn Period. The basic combinations of artifacts excavated from the two tombs are Ding, Dun, Xuan, Square Pot, Cup, Dawn (Jar), Iron, Plate, Chime, Chime, Car Book, HorseBit, etc. The pattern of the bronze ware is decorated with crab pattern, cockroach pattern, stealing curve pattern, elephant head pattern, heavy ring pattern, rope pattern, weeping leaf pattern, cloud thunder pattern and so on. With cockroach pattern and cockroach pattern as the main body, it is the most widely used. The main pattern is mostly filled with thin cloud thunder patterns. From the overall situation of these two tombs, it seems that they may be slightly older than the several large tombs excavated before the watershed.

Compared with the Eastern Zhou tombs and bronze artifacts excavated in other regions, the II-type Ding, Mane, Koshi, Gong, Pan, etc. excavated from Tomb No. 269 are similar to the HI-style Ding and other similar artifacts in the Eastern Zhou Tomb of Hou Ma Ma Village, and the similar gas of the Lotus Crane Square Pot excavated from Xinzheng is the same as the permeable lid, only the crane is missing; the copper square pot excavated from the tomb of Cai Hou in Shou County is also similar to the Yong Bell excavated from Tomb No. 269, the Button Bell and the Yong Bell excavated from the Tomb of Cai Hou, the Button Bell is similar to the "Plaque Qiang Bell" that has been passed down from generations, In addition, the copper square pot excavated from the tomb of Cai Hou in Shou County is also similar to the Yong Bell, the Button Bell and the Yong Bell excavated from the Tomb of Cai Hou, and the Button Bell is also similar to the "Plaque Qiang Bell" that has been passed down. The dragon pattern on the painted remains of the two tombs is similar to the lotus crane square pot excavated from Xinzheng and the ornamentation on the tomb excavated by Cai Hou, and we infer that the age of tombs 269 and 270 should be the late Spring and Autumn period or the early Warring States period.

It is worth noting that large tombs excavated in the watershed cemetery have a common law: the direction is about 20 °; most of the east and west are juxtaposed, 2-5 meters apart. For example, Tomb No. 14 is juxtaposed with Tomb No. 26; Tomb 12 is juxtaposed with Tomb No. 25; Tomb 20 is juxtaposed with Tomb No. 21; Tomb 35 is juxtaposed with Tomb No. 36; Tomb 126 is juxtaposed with Tomb 127; and Tomb 269 is juxtaposed with Tomb 270 for this excavation. This phenomenon should be a popular burial custom at that time. In the two tombs side by side, there are often obvious differences in burial artifacts, one of which has a large number of ornaments without weapons, tombs 26, 25, 20, 36, 127 and tomb 270 excavated this time are both; Tombs 14, 12, 21, 35, 126 and Tomb 269, which were excavated this time, have weapons and few ornaments. According to the observation of the skeleton, the former is female and the latter is male, thus judging that the deceased of the two tombs side by side may be a couple relationship. This burial style can be called a joint burial.

The Changzhi region belonged to the Jin Dynasty in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was called "Shangdang" during the Warring States period, which was a staggered area of the three kingdoms of Han, Zhao, and Wei, with dangerous terrain and an important position in military and transportation. From the three branches to the time of King Zhao of Qin, Shangdang County defended Zhao, and then Shangdang was owned by Qin (259 BC), during which time for more than a hundred decades, the area around Changzhi belonged to Han. Therefore, the two newly excavated Eastern Zhou tombs in the watershed have added a new batch of archaeological data to the study of the history and culture of the Sanjin region, especially the early Korean period. It is worth pointing out that the covered copper dings with livestock from the two tombs are all in groups of five pieces, while the coverless copper dings are five pieces (tomb No. 269) and one tomb with four pieces (tomb No. 270), which is the same as cai houji of Shouxian County, which unearthed Jiuding. Compared with the tomb of Liulige Jia and Tomb No. 60 in Hui County, and the tomb qi of Prince Yu of Qi, Shaanxi County, Houchuan No. 2040, which was excavated, there are significant differences between the number of Dings used, the size of the tombs and the number of all excavated objects. This shows that the identity of the deceased in the two tombs is lower than that of those tombs, that is, they should be lower than the princes and princes, and may belong to the general doctors. Nevertheless, both tombs unearthed sets of musical instruments that were originally used only by high-ranking nobles — chimes and chimes. The same is true of the scale of past excavations in the Watershed, which is similar to tomb 25. The "Eleventh Year of the Duke of Xiang" records that Wei Dai, the grand master of the Jin Dynasty, had the merit of "the princes of Jiuhe", and in this year (562 BC), the Marquis of Jin gave Wei Dai the "half of the music" that Zheng Ren bribed... Wei Dai then began to have the joy of the golden stone." The Book of Rites and Fortunes also mentions that "the Doctor... Vocal music is all there, incivility is also, it is a chaotic country. It can be seen from this that the Chimes and Chimes unearthed from the Eastern Zhou Tombs of Wuding by the Emperor, like the "Eight Dances in the Court" that Kong Lao'er vigorously attacked, were all concrete manifestations of the "collapse of ceremonies" at that time. In this sense, this archaeological discovery helps us to further understand the social changes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period, and is another vivid physical material for studying the history of the ancient Confucian struggle.

Author: Bian Chengxiu Li Fengshan