The lotus pattern forms on yuanqinghua porcelain are rich and diverse, and at the same time there are certain rules.
According to the different decorative styles and specific expressions, they can be divided into geometric lotus petal patterns, folded branch lotus patterns, tangled lotus patterns, lotus patterns, pond lotus patterns, and combination lotus patterns of various animals and lotus patterns, mandarin duck lotus pond patterns that combine birds and lotus pond patterns, heron mandarin lotus pond patterns, fish algae lotus pond patterns and other different forms. For the convenience of research, this paper divides these different forms into three types: geometric lotus petal pattern, folded branch and tangled branch lotus pattern, and lotus and pond lotus.
(1) Geometric lotus petal pattern
In the yuanqinghua porcelain, there is a lotus pattern with the lotus petals as the mother, repeated placement to form a two-sided continuous pattern, because of the image of the lotus petals in nature for deformation and exaggerated artistic processing, some appear square folded, some are left and right outlined pointed, this article is collectively referred to as geometric lotus petal pattern. Geometric lotus petal patterns are usually decorated on the mouth, bottom foot or body of bottles, cans and other utensils, plates, bowls and other utensils, and the number of lotus petals varies with the shape of the utensils, forming a ribbon or ring on the utensils. The geometric lotus petal pattern is a type of lotus pattern with the highest frequency of occurrence in the yuanqing pattern ornament.
Geometric lotus petal patterns can be divided into 2 types according to different shapes: square folded lotus petals and pointed lotus petals.
1. Square fold lotus petal pattern
The general characteristics of the square fold lotus petal type are that the whole is approximately rectangular, the straight side is long and wide, and the right angle of the shoulder is more blunt. This lotus petal pattern is generally more robust, the composition unit is independent, there is a gap between the petals and the petals, and the equidistant arrangement on the utensils, the shape of the lotus petals is generally composed of double lines outlined, the outer line is rough and powerful, the inner line is slender and straight, a small amount of outer line is slender, and the inner line is rough. The interior of the square folded lotus petal type is generally decorated with different patterns, and according to the different patterns of its internal pattern, it can be subdivided into various subtypes, namely the interior weeping lotus type, the interior eight treasures (or miscellaneous treasures) type, the interior cloud head type, the interior cirrus cloud type, the interior Mani bead type, the interior curly grass pattern, the interior folded branch flower type and the flower mouth lotus petal pattern and other forms.
(1) Interior cloud head type
Lotus petal pattern interior cloud head type
Lotus petal pattern interior cloud head, generally mostly in the form of a lotus, interior cloud head, cloud tip head downwards, cloud tail outer roll, the lower part of the cloud head decorated with jewel pattern is mostly used in the feet of yuanqing vases, jars, bowls, pots and other utensils, the outer wall of the za. Rarely seen in the form of a lotus cover, its interior cloud head cloud tip upwards, cloud tail inward, cloud head inside decorated with jewel pattern.
(2) Interior cirrus type
Lotus petal pattern interior cirrus type
Lotus petal pattern interior cirrus clouds, lotus petals have tilt and pitch, cirrus cloud shape also has a variety of changes such as elevation, simplified and traditional, single line sketching and outline filling, etc. The cirrus pattern is mostly decorated in bottles, jars, bowls, pots and other utensils on the foot, the outer wall of the za. The lotus-covered cloud pattern is mostly decorated on the neck of the bottle mouth and the lid of the bottle and can.
(3) Interior weeping lotus type
Lotus petal pattern interior weeping lotus type
Lotus petal pattern interior weeping lotus, lotus petals are mostly in the form of lotus, the interior weeping lotus shape is plump, mostly combined with cirrus pattern, jewel pattern and eight treasure pattern. It is generally decorated on the feet of bottles, cans and other utensils, and a small amount is decorated on the waist and shin of the eight-sided bottle. The lotus form is also found in the waist and shin of the eight-sided bottle.
(4) Interior eight treasure type
Lotus petal pattern interior weeping lotus type
Lotus petal pattern interior weeping lotus, most of these ornaments are exquisitely shaped, well-drawn, in the yuanqing vase, can utensils shoulders, mouth neck, feet, plates, bowls in the center of the center of the decoration is more decorated. The eight treasures are also decorated with pure eight treasure patterns, eight treasures yang lotus pattern and eight treasure folding branch flower interval pattern.
(5) Interior curly grass pattern type
Lotus petal pattern interior curly grass pattern
Lotus petal pattern interior curly grass pattern, lotus petals have a back cover, curly grass shape also has a back, simplified and complex changes, the lotus curly grass pattern is mostly decorated in the bottle, jar and other utensils of the foot, covered lotus curly grass pattern is mostly decorated in the mouth, neck position.
(6) Interior Mani orb type
Lotus petal pattern interior Mani orb type
Lotus petal pattern interior Mani beads, jewels decorated with flame patterns, lotus petal patterns have upward covering, Mani beads and flame patterns also have upward covering, mainly used in the foot and mouth, in the eight-sided bottle waist shin part also has this ornament appears.
(7) Interior folded branch flower type
Lotus petal pattern interior folded branch floral type
Lotus petal pattern interior folded branches of flowers, this form of ornamentation is mainly on the inner wall of the plate, and the folded branches decorated inside each lotus petal are different, and mostly in the form of blue flowers pulling white. Decorate a small amount on the upper abdomen of bottles and jars. In addition, in the eight treasure patterns of the lotus petal interior, there are also forms that are different from the folded branches and flowers.
2. Pointed lotus petal pattern
This lotus petal pattern is in the form of a pointed head, which is more realistic than the square fold lotus petal pattern. The pointed lotus petal pattern as a whole is not as elaborate as the square fold lotus petal pattern, and it is mostly decorated on small utensils, and the number of such ornaments is not as common as the square fold lotus petal pattern. Pointed lotus petal patterns can be divided into 2 types according to the number of lotus petal layers and the method of expression.
(1) Double hook double layer type
Lotus petal pattern double hook double layer type
The lotus petal pattern is outlined in two lines, two layers are superimposed, the overall shape is more casual, and the interior cirrus pattern. Mainly decorated on the feet of utensils.
(2) Double hook single layer type
Lotus petal pattern double hook single layer type
The lotus petal pattern is double-lined, single-layer decoration, and the form is random and sloppy, and this kind of decoration is only seen in the mouth of small utensils.
(2) Folding branches and tangled lotus patterns
In the yuanqing hualien pattern, the frequency of folded lotus patterns and tangled lotus patterns is also very high, and they often occupy more important decorative parts and large decorative areas compared with geometric lotus petal patterns.
1. Folded lotus pattern
The folded branch lotus pattern is an independent folded branch shape, which is composed of an independent stem, flower and leaf interspersed. It is generally decorated in a conformal manner in a relatively small special space. This type of ornamentation can be divided into three categories according to the number of flowers and the different decorative styles.
(1) Single flower type
Folded lotus pattern Single flower type
This type consists of a lotus flower, and the shape takes the form of conformal shape, that is, in the corresponding space, the flowers, stems, and leaves are flipped and interspersed to suit it. This type is seen in the center of the dish, the inner wall of the dish, and the shoulder and abdomen of the eight-sided bottle.
(2) Multi-flower type
Folded lotus pattern Multi-flowered
This type is generally composed of two flowers or three lotus flowers, flowers, stems, leaves in the bending, staggered, suitable for any shape of space. This type is seen in the shoulder abdomen, disc center, and inner wall of large bottles and cans.
(3) Animal wearing flower type
Folded branches lotus pattern Animal wear flower type
This type is a combination of folded lotus and bird animals, and is mostly decorated on the shoulders of bottles and cans, as well as the inner walls of large plates. Some are combinations of animals and folded branches to form a separate picture, which becomes a decorative image of the theme of the vessel, which is mostly found on the shoulders of large cans and various bottles and pot utensils.
2. Tangled lotus pattern
Yuan Qinghua bamboo stone banana flower fruit pattern large plate The inner wall is decorated with tangled branches and lotus patterns for a week
The tangled lotus pattern is a positive and negative intertwined flower, stem and leaf, and the whole is formed by the stem and leaf to form an undulating curve, and the flowers are distributed in a positive and negative manner, and the leaf shape is a gourd-shaped triangle. It is mostly used in the shoulder and abdomen of large bottles and large cans, and the inner and outer walls of plates and bowls.
(3) Put the lotus pattern and the lotus pond pattern
The lotus pattern and the lotus pond pattern that appear in the yuanqinghua have many correlations in their constituent elements, composition form and expression, so they are classified as a type.
1. Put the lotus pattern
Put the lotus pattern
The lotus pattern is a lotus form tied with ribbons, and the whole presents a state of left and right symmetry, generally in the form of blue and white and blue flowers. It is mostly used in the center of the plate, the inner wall of the plate, the pot body and the bowl center.
2. Lotus pond pattern
The lotus pond pattern in the yuanqinghua, some of which are expressed as simple lotus ponds, some are expressed as lotus pond birds and lotus pond fish algae, according to the different combination forms of lotus ponds, lotus pond patterns can be subdivided into 4 categories.
(1) Water wave lotus pond pattern
The inner wall of the plate is decorated with a water lotus pond pattern
This type is composed of water patterns and lotus patterns to form a lotus pond form, of which the lotus pattern has a downward and side view, the water pattern is mostly corrugated and pressed, and the lotus pattern decorated with it has two forms: overhead and side view. This type is seen in the center of the dish, the inner wall of the dish, or the neck of the bottle mouth.
(2) Lotus pond pattern
The heart of the plate is decorated with a lotus pond pattern
The manifestations of this type are simple lotus pond patterns, composed of a combination of one or several clusters of lotus patterns, each cluster adopts a left and right symmetrical style, and some cluster lotus patterns are very similar to the lotus pattern, but the ribbons that knot the lotus pattern are transformed into modified water patterns. This type is mostly used in the center of the dish, the inner wall of the dish, and the abdomen of the shoulder of the large bottle.
(3) Lotus pond mandarin duck pattern
The inner sole of the bowl is a lotus pond mandarin duck pattern
This type consists of a lotus pond and a mandarin duck pattern. The lotus pattern also has a difference of one or several clusters, each lotus pattern generally takes the form of left and right symmetry, and the Mandarin duck also has the difference between left and right relative and front and back. It is more common in the abdomen of the center of the plate and the bottle and can. This type is the most frequent of the lotus pond pattern, and it is also the focus of previous research on yuanqing pattern ornamentation.
(4) Lotus pond fish algae pattern
The center of the plate is decorated with lotus pond fish algae pattern
This type shows lotus ponds, algae, and swimming fish in a more realistic way. Among them, the lotus pattern and fish pattern are particularly realistic, the roundness of the summer lotus leaves, the fullness of the petals, the fatness of the buds, the brokenness of the autumn lotus leaves, the fortitude of the petals, and the strength and thinness of the wings are all vividly expressed. This type of ornamentation is decorated with themed ornamentation on the belly of a large jar or the center of a large plate.
In summary, it can be clearly seen that the lotus pattern in the yuanqing pattern decoration is not only numerous, but also the expression methods and forms are rich and diverse, not only can be divided into different types according to different decorative techniques and materials, but also each category can be divided into different types according to different decorative techniques and forms of expression. In addition, on the same utensil, there are sometimes different types of interactive use at the same time, which makes the expression of lotus patterns on yuanqinghua porcelain more abundant. Behind this extraordinary diversity of quantitative presentation and expression is likely to contain deep social and historical factors.