introduction
Viticulture is an important achievement in the introduction of foreign crops in China. Since the Xia and Shang dynasties, China's wild grapes have gradually taken shape, covering the four main levels of ecological culture, institutional culture, behavioral culture and ideological culture. Grape culture has a profound impact. Ancient and modern grape culture is rich in connotation and has a long and splendid history. Many factors in social, cultural and other fields influence the development of grape culture, and traditional Chinese eating habits and cultural etiquette hinder the consumption of wine. Ancient Chinese grape culture has an important historical place: Chinese grape culture has not always lagged behind the West. It has a profound impact on China's economy and social culture; an important contribution to the history of grape culture in the world; the development, cultivation and innovation of contemporary Chinese grape culture, the development and maturity of grape tourism; it provides cultural support for the development of a new model of China's grape industry.
grape
First, the various stages of Chinese grape culture
The development and evolution of ancient and modern grape culture can be divided into six stages: the beginning stage, the formation period, the heyday period, the prosperity period, the middle recession period and the transition period. If extended to modern times, it could also include a period of revitalization. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, especially since the reform and opening up in 1978, China's grape culture, especially the grape growing and winemaking industry, has shown a general situation of revitalization and development.
(1) Initial
Prehistoric primitive societies and the Xia Shang era were the beginning of Chinese grape culture. China is one of the origins of the world's grape genus. Wild grapes are collected and used in prehistoric times. It is located in Jiahu Village, Beiwudu Town, Wuyang County, Henan Province, about 9,000 to 7,000 years ago, more than 5,000 years ago. In the early years of the Shang Dynasty, the copper-stone combination era, the Liangzhu culture period of Yuzhu, Pinghu, Zhuji, Huzhou and other places, as well as the Maqiao culture period. The period of copper and stone combination is 4600 years ago, and the ruins of ancient cities in two towns and regions, as well as the ruins of Yangzhuang in Zhumadian, Henan Province, were excavated around 2100 BC. In the Xia Shang era, the cultivation of grapes and their brewing techniques were introduced to Xinjiang in the west through Central Asia. Viticulture, with cultivated grapes as the main body, has also begun to sprout in western Xinjiang.
Ancient utensils for cultivating grapes
(2) Formation period
The Period from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qin and Han Dynasties was the formative period of Chinese grape culture. Grape culture was originally formed during this period, and during the Eastern Han Dynasty, grape culture began to spread back to the western region, which can be divided into two stages: one stage is the spread of grapes from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States. The period in the northern region of Western Xinjiang; the other is the grapes of the Qin and Han dynasties. Xinjiang's expansion in the western region and the initial development of customs. During this period, not only grapes and winemaking were planted, but also historical books, poems, grape pattern murals and winemaking utensils were recorded from Xinjiang in western Xinjiang to the hinterland of the Central Plains.
(3) Heyday
The development and evolution of Chinese grape culture, from the formation period to the development period, has directly entered the heyday. The Wei Jin to Sui and Tang dynasties were the heyday of Chinese grape culture. This period consisted of two phases: one was the expansion of grapes in the capitals of the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the remarkable development of grape culture, and the emergence of grape ice wine. The second is the rapid development of mainland grapes in the Sui and Tang dynasties, the emergence of grape shochu, and the prosperity of grape culture, which spread to neighboring countries and regions. The grape culture of this period is the heyday of the in-depth development of ancient Chinese grape culture, especially the winemaking technology, which has a far-reaching influence in China and occupies an important position in it.
Taste the grapes
(4) Boom period
The Five Dynasties and Ten Prefectures of the Yuan Dynasty were a prosperous period of Chinese grape culture. This period can also be divided into two phases: one is the extensive expansion of grapes during the Liao, Song, Western Xia and Jin Dynasties of the Five Dynasties, especially in the Jiangnan region, where the economic component of grape culture increased significantly. Second, the localization of grapes in the Yuan Dynasty continued to expand, and the grape economy and trade were booming. The expansion of grape cultivation in Gangnam, the expansion of tribute trade and wine consumption, and the extensive agricultural medical work and geomorphology associated with grape culture are the characteristics of this period.
(5) Medium-term
From the Ming Dynasty to the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it was the middle age of Chinese grape culture. During this period, grape culture was still developing slowly, with preliminary summaries and systematic knowledge and experience. For example, the Materia Medica has a relatively concentrated summary and set of grapes. The poems and paintings on the grapes and their inscriptions, the blue and white porcelain of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the ink painting techniques, etc. are also eye-catching.
The aroma of grape winemaking
(6) Transition period
In modern times, grape production has begun to embark on a large-scale road, and extraterritorial factors of grape culture have once again flourished. This transformation has continued into modern times. In modern times, represented by Zhangyu Brewing Company, a comprehensive introduction was made from grape varieties to winemaking technology, equipment, talents, etc., which promoted the modern transformation of China's grape planting industry, winemaking industry and Chinese grape culture.
Second, the nature and characteristics of Chinese grape culture
The characteristics of Chinese grape culture mainly include the following four aspects:
(1) Sustainable development
The "Compendium of Materia Medica" records: grapes are named Pu Peach and Grass Dragon Ball. The smell is sweet, flat, astringent and non-toxic.
Grapes are one of the oldest plants in the world. Sixty-five million years ago, fragments of grape stems and leaves and fossil seeds were found in the geological layers of the Northern Hemisphere. China is one of the origins of the world's grape genus. In the prehistoric period, the Jiahu ruins in Wuyang, Henan, the sites of the Liangzhu culture period, the ruins of The Yuhang, Pinghu, Zhuji, Huzhou, Zhejiang and other places, the ruins of the Maliang culture period in the ancient town of Rizhao, Shandong, and the Yangzhuang ruins in Zhumadian City, Henan, have excavated the wild grape cultivation in China.
After the xia and shang periods of viticulture and grape production spread through Central Asia and spread to Xinjiang in the west, China's grape culture continued until the late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. The localization of ancient Chinese grapes is a slow and special historical process. It is still in the development stage of Localization of Chinese grapes and has not yet been completed. Although the development of ancient Chinese grape culture is slow, it continues to develop. On the material level, the cultivation and processing of grapes is uninterrupted, and the related culture on the spiritual level is becoming more abundant, leaving a splendid cultural heritage.
Grape juice
(2) Integration
Chinese grape culture is one of the typical representatives of the integration of Chinese and Western cultures. Viticulture is an important achievement in the introduction of foreign crops in China. The introduction of grape seedlings was originally a localization process, and in ancient and modern China, there have been many ways to introduce, spread and integrate grape culture based on this. At first, it was mainly Eurasian Grassland Road and Southwest China South Asia Road. During the Han and Tang dynasties, it was mainly the Northwest Silk Road. After the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were three roads: sea road, grassland road and land road. Correspondingly, the spread of Chinese grapes was mainly from west to east, from north to south, from the Beijing area to the surrounding area. In modern times, there is a new momentum in the development from coastal cities to inland. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, this exchange formed an interaction, and China's grape culture began to spread to the West and radiated to neighboring countries and regions. Recently, represented by Zhangyu Brewing Company, a comprehensive introduction was also made from grape varieties to winemaking technology and equipment, which promoted the modern transformation of China's grape growing and winemaking industry.
(3) High degree of richness
China's grape culture is very rich. In terms of content, China's grape culture covers a wide range, covering the four main civilization levels of material, system, spirit and ecology, involving political, economic, social, cultural, ecological and other fields. As far as the inheritance carrier is concerned, there are a variety of grapes, including excavated and preserved grapes, grape processing equipment, etc., excavation documents, such as archaeological excavation documents and books that record and inherit grape culture, documents handed down, stone carved relics, ceramics, etc., there are also glassware, paintings, sculptures, silk, gold and silverware, copper mirrors, etc.
wine
(4) Unbalanced
The imbalance of Chinese grape culture is mainly reflected in two aspects: one is the imbalance of regional development, and the other is the imbalance of the degree of development of cultural connotation. In ancient times, Xinjiang in the west was the center of Chinese grape cultivation and brewing. In the history of Chinese grape culture, whether from the production of grape raw materials or from the excavation of related cultural relics, Xinjiang in the western region was the center of ancient times, and Turpan was its core. The capital region since the Qin and Han dynasties is an important area for the development of Chinese grape culture, and Liangzhou and Taiyuan in the Hexi Corridor are also important grape producing areas. During the Southern Song Dynasty, grape cultivation in Jiangsu and Zhejiang increased. In modern times, Yantai has become a new center of Chinese grape culture.
(5) Marginalization
Despite the long history of Chinese grape culture, it has always been on the margins in the entire history of Chinese civilization. Grapes and wines existed in the economic and social life of ancient and modern China, but they only occupy a certain place in the local area and have limited influence on a national scale. In ancient China, grapes did not occupy an important place in fruits. Not only has wine become mainstream in wine, but it is not even a tribute. Although the Chinese grape culture has left a rich and splendid cultural heritage, although it is a spiritual civilization in horticultural crops. This level has a profound impact on culture, but in the cultural heritage left by the entire Chinese civilization, only the components are small, and the impact on the whole is also very limited.
vine
Third, the historical status of Chinese grape culture
Ancient Chinese grape culture has an important historical position, which is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
(1) China's grape culture is not always behind the West
When discussing the historical position of Chinese grape culture, we must first eliminate the claim that Chinese grape culture is always lagging behind the West. Some scholars believe that the development of ancient grape and wine production on the mainland has always lagged behind that of the ancient West. This can be said to be a common impression of Chinese grape culture.
In fact, the development of viticulture and winemaking in the West is also a slow and tortuous process. For a long time, the scale of cultivation and vinification of grapes was very limited, and viticulture and winemaking techniques were also very simple and backward. In ancient times, the drinking of European wine was very limited. The wines are of poor quality and taste poor. When drinking, mix it with grape juice, honey or cheese and wheat flour to improve the taste of the wine. By the 4th to the 4th century, grape production in Europe was even more sluggish and the winemaking declined. In the sixth century, with the rise of Islam, West Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, North Africa and some European regions; in the First Half of the Thirteenth Century, the Black Sea Coastal Region, in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century, eastern Europe, and other regions, brewing began to disappear. After entering the ninth century, viticulture and vinification in Europe was revived, and the history of growing and making grapes in the Americas dates back to the second half of the 16th century. It was not until the 18th and 19th centuries that European viticulture and vinification techniques made great strides and the associated culture began to flourish. But since the second half of the 19th century, vine lesions have pushed the destruction of European viticulture to the brink of destruction.
Medieval Europe
Judging from the above historical stages of Chinese grape culture, in some historical stages from the Wei jin to the Sui and Tang dynasties, the development of Chinese grape culture has always been at the forefront of grape production in the world, and the development of grape culture is actually in a leading position. This also confirms the important historical status of Chinese grape culture from the side.
(2) Profound impact on China's economy, society and culture
1 The main impact on agriculture and economy, including rational use of land resources, rich horticultural crop varieties, adjustment of regional crop structure, breakthrough in brewing technology, the formation of grape growing industry, wine industry and related industries, expansion of economy and trade, etc. The main impact on society and culture, including the diet structure, the rich varieties of melons and fruits, the prosperity of fruit wine; food culture, the formation and development of grape culture, the rise of wine fashion; the improvement and beautification of the ecological environment; Promote cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.
(3) An important contribution to the history of world grape culture
China has made an important contribution to the development of grape culture in the world. This important contribution is reflected in the transformation and creation of grape culture, including changes in viticulture techniques, the transformation of varieties, changes in processing methods and changes in wild grapes, as well as changes and creations of grape culture at the socio-cultural level. Specifically, it is mainly China that is one of the origins of grapes in the world. Wild grapes in China have rich resources and are one of the important breeding materials or resources for cultivating grapes.
Wineries
(4) It plays an important role in the development, cultivation and innovation of contemporary Chinese grape culture, as well as the development and maturity of grape tourism. At this stage and for a long time to come, one of the main tasks facing the continental grape industry is to promote the development and maturation of the wine market and further develop grape tourism by discovering, cultivating, disseminating and building grape culture.
conclusion
In summary, ancient China and ancient china have a long and splendid grape culture, which we can better understand and understand from the following aspects: grape culture has a narrow and broad meaning. In the narrow sense, the concept is mainly about behavioral culture and ideological culture, which mainly uses the cultivation of grapes as plants and their products, or mainly refers to the grape culture at the level of spiritual civilization. In a broad sense, it mainly refers to the culture of viticulture as a plant and its products, covering the four levels of civilization of material civilization, institutional civilization, spiritual civilization and ecological civilization, involving political, economic, social, cultural ecology and other fields. Chinese grape culture is mainly a concept in a broad sense. The development and evolution of ancient and modern grape culture can be divided into six stages: the beginning stage, the formation period, the heyday period, the prosperity period, the middle recession period and the transition period.
Fruit oil painting
Ancient Chinese grape culture has an important historical position. China's grape culture has not always lagged behind the West. It has had a profound impact on China's economic and social culture, and has made important contributions to the history of world grape culture and the development, cultivation and innovation of contemporary Chinese grape culture. The development and maturation of grape tourism plays an important role, providing cultural support for the development of a new model of China's wine industry.
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Compendium of Materia Medica