One day in September 1945, Chiang Kai-shek, the president of the Kuomintang, was sitting in the president's office and was watching with a mocking face as Zhang Zhizhong constantly complained to himself, and every time Zhang Zhizhong complained, Chiang Kai-shek was particularly happy, because what he needed was this result, what was the negotiation, that was to serve politics, and I was now hanging out mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, that is, waiting for them to ask for forgiveness from me, wanting to wait with me, why?
Just when old Chiang Kai-shek was triumphantly slandering Zhang Zhizhong in his heart for being pedantic, Chen Cheng, a general of his concubine lineage and chief of staff of the Kuomintang Ministry of National Defense, hurriedly walked in and whispered a few words into Chiang Kai-shek's ear, and Chiang Kai-shek stood up at once and scolded angrily: "A bunch of waste! ”
He could no longer take care of Zhang Zhizhong chattering in his ear, frowning and walking back and forth, when suddenly, he stopped and asked Chen Cheng, "Who commanded the communist army?" Chen Cheng respectfully replied, "Yes."
Liu Bocheng, commander of the Jinji-Hebei Luyu Military Region, and Deng Xiaoping, political commissar.
”
"Didn't they open the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China in Yan'an?" How could it have arrived so quickly
Long rule?
Chiang Kai-shek asked doubtfully.
Chen Cheng replied: "It was a US transport plane that sent them to an airstrip of the communist army in Changning, accompanied by more than 20 senior Chinese generals, some of whom were taking a boat to the northeast." ”
"What? What the? Chiang Kai-shek shouted angrily, "Who allowed them to use transport aircraft to transport the leaders of the communist army?" Who gave them the power? After a pause, he suddenly remembered again, even more annoyed:"
What about rain farmers?
What about Dai Kasa? What do they eat for? ”
1. Chiang Kai-shek went down the mountain to pick peaches, who took the lead?
After Japan announced its unconditional surrender on August 15, 1945, Chiang Kai-shek was anxious.
There was no way, Japan's announcement of surrender was something that had been expected long ago, but Jiang Someone did not expect it so quickly, thinking that the Great Japanese Empire could sustain itself and crush the whole people. However, as soon as the Soviet Red Army entered the northeast under the command of Marshal Malinowski, the Japanese Kwantung Army, which claimed to be the strongest fighting force, was defeated like a mountain, and 670,000 people were wiped out, and the last capital of Emperor Hirohito of Japan was gone, and he had to quickly announce unconditional surrender and no longer be crushed.
However, little Japan surrendered, Chiang Kai-shek he was angry, why did he first tell himself a whisper, just like this, his troops are still on vacation in the southwest, the territory seized by little Japan is still 18,000 miles away from himself, if he waits for himself to rush over, the territory will have been seized by the Chinese Communist army long ago, but people stay under the nose of Little Japan every day, just waiting for them to finish, if this is accepted by the communist army, he will still be a fart president?
What to do? Chiang Kai-shek hastened to order his own unformed troops to advance to the Japanese-occupied areas as soon as possible and accept the surrender of the Japanese army; on the other hand, he also ordered that the Eighth Route Army led by Commander-in-Chief Zhu De and the New Fourth Army, led by Chen Yi, be stationed on the spot and not accept the surrender of the Japanese army. S. Truman said that the people were the commander-in-chief of the Allied forces, and it was not okay not to listen to him. The Americans seemed to be the commander-in-chief of China, and for this reason Chairman Mao, Zhu De, and other CCP leaders were very angry.
What is even more infuriating is that Jiang Ren also ordered Okamura Ningji, commander-in-chief of the Japanese Army's Chinese Dispatch Army, and those puppet troops that they could only surrender to the Kuomintang army and were not allowed to surrender to the Eighth Route Army led by the Communist Party, otherwise they would look good, and he even promised that as long as they did not surrender to the Eighth Route Army, they would maintain law and order well before the arrival of the Nationalist army, that is, if the Eighth Route Army dared to come and receive you, they could resist, then the history of the massacre of Chinese people and the history of any traitors would not be investigated.
This makes people angry; you run to the rear to live happily and happily; our Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army have risked their lives every day in the enemy-occupied areas to fight against the Japanese devils, sacrificing many outstanding fighters; when it comes to victory, you are enjoying the fruits of victory with great swagger, and we are not allowed to accept the surrender of the enemy. No, your orders don't count, we don't listen to your shameless commands.
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China immediately ordered that we should ignore him, and that those who should be received should be accepted, and if the Japanese puppet army did not obey the order, it would be resolutely annihilated.
At this point, Old Mr. Jiang was in a hurry, the Eighth Route Army was in the Japanese and pseudo-occupied areas, if so, they would not have to be accepted by them? So he asked For Truman and the president's envoy
George Carterett
General Marshall asked them to help send planes and warships to transport troops to North China, especially to the northeast, and the large troops of the communist army had not yet arrived, and they wanted to occupy the northeast before them. Therefore, in order to safeguard the interests of the United States in China, the greedy Truman and Marshall not only helped Chiang Kai-shek transport troops on a large scale, but also sent the US Army, including the US 1st Marine Division, to occupy major coastal cities and ports from Guangzhou Bay to Qinhuangdao to compete for Chiang Kai-shek's territory.
The Kuomintang Chiang Kai-shek's move of transporting troops in full swing day and night made the CPC Central Committee and Chairman Mao feel that the situation was serious, and chiang kai-shek really wanted to eliminate himself. Therefore, Chairman Mao, Zhu De, and other CPC leaders ordered the units in the anti-Japanese base areas to take up arms and divide the northeast, east China, Jinji, Luyu, and other places into strategic areas to defend the liberated areas and the fruits of the victory of the War of Resistance.
However, although the number of the Eighth Route Army in North China was not in the minority, from the second half of 1943 onwards, most of the leaders of the anti-Japanese base areas under the leadership of the Communist Party of China were transferred back to Yan'an to participate in the rectification study and the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of China. In the northeast, although the Chinese Communist Party led the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Army, there were also many, but because of the Japanese devils and the aisin Kyora
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Puyi's puppet Manchukuo was swept up and massacred, and the leadership of many troops was devastated, and an outstanding leader was most needed there to integrate them into a powerful force.
The Eighth Route Army resisted Japan
According to historical records, the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in The United States of America
Held from April 23 to June 11, 1945, but why these
What about the leaders of the anti-Japanese base areas who were going to Yan'an in 1943? There is no way, the Eighth Route Army has no warships, no planes, relying on the two feet of the 11-way car, passing through the Yellow River natural danger, the Loess Plateau, the Jinnan Mountain ditches and bumps, the better can ride a horse, but also constantly cross the enemy-occupied area blockade line, it can be described as dangerous, so even from Shanxi to Yan'an, about 800 kilometers of road, generally have to walk for several months or even half a year.
This was the anti-Japanese armed forces of the Communist Party of China at that time, and they all worked so hard and went through all kinds of hardships at the meeting, let alone other things.
When the COMMUNIST generals in these anti-Japanese base areas returned to their original garrisons from Yan'an, the yellow broccoli was cold.
2. The US military observation group swung the oolong and enthusiastically helped.
What to do? Chairman Mao and other leaders of the CPC Central Committee have opened their minds, discussed for a long time, and tried their best to do everything they can, but they are all helpless, there is no way, the family foundation is not good, we have to constantly tangle.
A crowd of people is helpless, and the opportunity has come.
One day in late August 1945, a transport plane of the US Military Observation Group happened to fly from Xi'an to Yan'an. After Ye Jianying, whom Mao Zedong called "Ye Sanzuo," got this news, he suddenly had an idea, and he quickly consulted with Chairman Mao and other central leaders on whether he could use the plane of the US military observation group, so that it would be much faster.
Chairman Mao immediately instructed Ye Jianying and Yang Shangkun to first consult with the people of the US military observation group, and the first was whether their plane was a transport plane, could they transport people? Second, are they willing to help us?
Speaking of this US military observation group, in fact, there is still a history.
Think of the President of the United States at that time, when the Pacific War just broke out
Franklin Delano
In order to avoid a two-front operation, Roosevelt needed the Chinese theater to hold Japan to the ground and prevent the Japanese army from freeing up troops to deal with itself, so he desperately hoped that all the forces in the Chinese theater would unite to oppose Japan and not engage in any friction, so he specially sent General Joseph Stilwell to China to implement the US policy toward China.
However, President Roosevelt thought so, and Chiang Kai-shek did not think so, and still seized it
Franklin M.
President Roosevelt's weakness is that if you don't support me, I will make peace with Japan, which makes Roosevelt very angry and helpless, and finally has to transfer General Stilwell back to China.
However, this Stilwell was very dissatisfied with Chiang Kai-shek's decadence, incompetent, and perverse anti-communist policies in the past few years, which actually affected the anti-Japanese policy of the United States, so he showed admiration for the Communist Party of China and the anti-Japanese armed forces under its leadership, which had been leading the Chinese military and people behind enemy lines to actively resist the war.
Therefore, he sent two secretaries of the US Embassy in China, Davis and Xie Weisi, to strengthen contacts with Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, and other permanent representatives of the CPC in Chongqing, and hoped to send a delegation to Yan'an to investigate and learn about the anti-Japanese situation of the Eighth Route Army.
On January 15, 1944, Davis twice submitted a report to the White House proposing to send observers to the areas controlled by the Chinese Communists, which was finally adopted by Roosevelt, because at this time, the pilots of the US bombing of the Japanese mainland often fell to our anti-Japanese base areas, and they received selfless help from the Eighth Route Army and the people of the anti-Japanese base areas, and they also needed to communicate well with Yan'an in order to retrieve these US pilots.
In this way, a very peculiar phenomenon appeared. This one
After coming to Yan'an, the 18-member US Military Yan'an Observation Group, including Bao Ruide, Xie Weisi, and Lu Deng, actually established a very good friendship with the Chinese Communists
The Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army were born and died in order to rescue American pilots
I was moved by the feat.
They found
The Communists were a true anti-Japanese force, and Chiang Kai-shek's regime had indeed thoroughly undermined the anti-Japanese regime, and on February 4, Stilwell also reported to Marshall, chief of staff of the United States Army, that Chiang Kai-shek had used 500,000 troops to encircle the Eighth Route Army led by the Chinese Communists in northern China.
After observation, they even concluded that the Communists could"
It is much more useful to us than Chiang Kai-shek
"，"
Can be an effective ally of the United States
"。 They think"
China was on the verge of Chiang Kai-shek's transfer of power to the Communists
"The Communist Party will become the ruling force in China in recent years" because the Communist Party has taken root in China, and "China's destiny certainly does not belong to Chiang Kai-shek, but to them", and suggests that the US government fully support the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.
In this case, even though President Truman and Marshall were strongly supporting Chiang Kai-shek in waging a civil war, the U.S. military observation group did not realize this. Therefore, when Ye Jianying and Yang Shangkun, secretary general of the CPC Central Committee, gently asked them whether they could transport some commanders on the plane for them, the head of the US military observation group did not even ask his superiors for instructions, and did not hesitate to ask who was taking the plane.
3. The generals took a broken plane and smiled.
When Ye Jianying and Yang Shangkun discussed this news again, everyone felt that the risk was really not small, because the people who wanted to send it back this time were the elites of our party and our army, and there could be no "just in case.", otherwise, it would be difficult to explain the party, the army, and history. The Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao thought about it again and again, and finally believed that although this was a huge risk, it was the only way to quickly enter the strategic zone and gain the strategic initiative.
In order to ensure security, the CPC Central Committee took many unknown preventive measures, especially in the case of many overt and covert Kuomintang agents in Yan'an at that time, and these measures were very necessary. These measures, including who were on board the plane, no staff officers and guards, and no other comrades to send them off, were all absolutely confidential, and many generals were given temporary notices the night before, and they hardly knew that they were going to fly to the front.
The Party Central Committee repeatedly instructed Ye Jianying and Yang Shangkun: There is no mistake!
On the morning of August 25, a tattered old U.S. military plane stopped at the Dongguan Airport in Yan'an, built with cattle and stones. The aircraft provided by the US military is a Douglas transport aircraft, green color, two propellers, the hatch is short, according to General Yang Dezhi later recalled, due to long-term use, the door has not been closed tightly, the propeller at take-off also depends on people to push, it is said that the flight technology of this US military pilot is really superb. Under the small window of the aircraft cabin are iron seats, the cabin plate is curved, and passengers sit on stools on both sides of the fuselage, sitting down straight, unable to lift their heads. However, the biggest advantage of this aircraft is that it can land as long as there is a large flat land.
Douglas transport aircraft
At 9:00 a.m., after Ye Jianying and Yang Shangkun personally went to the airport to inspect the condition of the plane with the US military pilots, 20 important leaders, including Liu Bocheng, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yi, Lin Biao, Bo Yibo, Teng Daiyuan, Chen Geng, Xiao Jinguang, Yang Dezhi, Deng Hua, Li Tianyou, Jiang Hua (Huang Chunfu), Nie Heting, Chen Xilian, Chen Zaidao, Wang Jinshan, Zhang Jichun, Song Shilun, Fu Qiutao, and Deng Keming, came to Dongguan Airport one after another. These people who have experienced the bloody rain and wind are happy one by one, joking with each other, without the slightest fear.
After Ye Jianying and Yang Shangkun checked the parachutes they were wearing one by one, Yang Shangkun's wife Li Bozhao proposed to take a group photo for everyone, and Chen Yi said humorously: "If we want to get, if we fall down, we will use this photo to hold a memorial service in the future!" ”
At this time, Huang Hua, who was then the liaison officer of the US military observation group in Yan'an, had to go to the airport to check the situation every time the US plane arrived and left Yan'an. On this day, he came to the airport as usual, and was very surprised to see so many leading comrades at once. Huang Hua was a little nervous in his heart, because some of the passengers knew Russian, but no one understood English, and he was worried that if there was an emergency in the flight, our responsible comrades and the US pilots would not be able to communicate, which would be very dangerous.
Therefore, he proposed random action to Yang Shangkun and accompanied them to fly to the Taihang Mountains. Yang Shangkun said: "Your suggestion is very good, then please take a trip." But there are only 20 parachutes, you don't have this, it's very dangerous. Huang Hua said, "It doesn't matter." ”
So he boarded the plane and became the 21st passenger. It turns out that Huang Hua did play a role in the plane. During the flight, there was a section of the road where the plane suddenly rose and bumped very much, and everyone did not know what was going on, so they asked Huang Hua, and after Huang Hua talked with the US military pilot in English, he told everyone: "Now that we have crossed the Tongpu Railway, the Americans said that there may be Japanese anti-aircraft artillery positions in this area. This dispelled everyone's worries.
The plane bumped all the way, and finally arrived at the Changning Temporary Airport in Licheng County, southeastern Shanxi, after more than 4 hours.
Changning Airport is located in Changning Village, Dongyangguan Town, Licheng County, Shanxi Province, which is a temporary airport built in August 1944 in the Jinji-Hebei Luyu Border District to facilitate the take-off and landing of US aircraft. It is said that the airport is actually a runway made of loess, there is no common airport facilities such as command, navigation, fire protection, etc. Every time the plane lands, the only sign used to guide the plane to land is a pile of lit firewood.
Marshal Ye Jianying
On August 24, Li Da, commander of the Taihang Military Region, received a telegram from the central authorities requesting a pick-up call, saying that a group of important chiefs were going to arrive on the morning of the 25th, and he immediately led a cavalry platoon to Changning in the night to prepare firewood, fire, lunch, boiling water, watermelon, and so on. At noon on the 25th, on both sides of the airstrip of Changning Temporary Airport, more than 30 soldiers of the Eighth Route Army held guns and lit three piles of firewood on both sides of the runway. Billowing smoke, straight into the blue sky, issuing a landing signal to the plane.
After circling around the fire, the transport plane adjusted its direction and flew towards the "runway.", and with a gust of wind and the dust that stirred up the plane's landing, a US military transport plane landed smoothly at Changning Airport.
Li Da immediately ran towards the plane, the cabin door was open, and the "passengers" on the plane fished down from the cabin. As the dust cleared, Li Da was stunned, only to see that the first person to get off the plane was Liu Bocheng, who was followed by Deng Xiaoping, Lin Biao, Chen Yi, Bo Yibo, Teng Daiyuan, Chen Geng, Xiao Jinguang, Yang Dezhi, Deng Hua, Li Tianyou, Jiang Hua, Nie Heting, Chen Xilian, Chen Zaidao, Wang Jinshan, Zhang Jichun, Song Shilun, Fu Qiutao, Deng Keming, and 20 others, as well as Huang Hua, and this "passenger" lineup was also too luxurious! They are all "godly" figures in our army who stand tall in the sky, stand alone, and are like "gods."
When the telegram of the plane arriving at its destination safely reached Yan'an, a stone in Ye Jianying's heart finally fell to the ground and was immediately relayed to Mao Zedong, who, upon hearing about it, relaxed his mind and decided to fly to Chongqing to start so-called Chongqing negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek.
4. Chiang Kai-shek was defeated in the Shangdang Campaign and scolded the Perfect Army for scolding Dai Kasa.
This changning top-secret airlift lasted only four or five hours, and the whole process from planning to realization was only a few days, but no one would have thought that it was this seemingly ordinary flight completed by the US pilots, in fact
A strategic airlift played an extremely unusual role in the subsequent decisive battle between the Kuomintang and the Communists and in the evolution of China's modern history.
It was precisely this airlift that enabled the Communist Party to complete the transportation task, which would have required two months of arduous trekking, to be completed within half a day. These bravest and most warlike generals of the CHINESE Communists arrived in the theater one step ahead of the enemy, quickly assembled the main force, organized the field corps, calmly and freely selected the battlefield and fighters, put the enemy in a passive and unfavorable situation, and then won the battle.
In September 1945, when Jiang Ren was still adopting a sharp attitude in Chongqing and was eagerly attacking the Liberated Areas on a large scale, Liu Bocheng, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Geng, Chen Xilian, and Chen Zaidao, who had just disembarked from the plane, rushed from Licheng To Chi'an Village, Xiangxian County, Hebei Province, from Licheng Starry Night, and immediately deployed the Shangdang Campaign, which was final
Shi Zebo, commander of the 19th Army of Yan Xishan's army, was captured, and Peng Yubin, deputy commander-in-chief of the 7th Group Army, was killed in battle, causing most of the main jin army of Yan Xishan, who had dominated Shanxi for more than 30 years, to suffer casualties and serious injuries, and had to ask Hu Zongnan, commander of the First Theater, to send troops to assist him in the battle with our army for Shanxi.
When Chiang Kai-shek complained that the US military should not help the Chinese Communists transport commanders, and hated dai Kasa for not being angry and not getting this information in time to carry out a plane crash, in fact, he was far from thinking backwards, and he had almost no foresight.
Because after this airlift, Chen Yi and others went to East China and began to unify the command of the two major field armies of Shandong and Central China; Lin Biao quickly rushed to the northeast battlefield to command the Northeast Field Army and began to deploy the Liaoshen Campaign. Thus began the magnificent War of Liberation, and Chiang Kai-shek's end came after this top-secret airlift.
Later, of the 21 passengers carrying the plane, 3 became marshals of the republic, and 14 later became founding generals above lieutenant general...