▲Qin bronze longsword
In 1993, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses No. 1 pit of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin in Shaanxi Province was excavated
Collection of the Mausoleum Museum of the First Emperor of Qin
Today
In Nanyang, Henan,
There is a very harsh sentence:
This man is very Qin,
It means that this person is vicious and inhuman.
This sentence basically represents
More than two thousand years ago, the Qin people evaluated the Martingale.
Don't be surprised,
Read on to the article.
▲ Shang martingale portrait
01
The counterattack of the Qin state
The State of Qin, originally a small frontier country, has always been looked down upon by the countries of the Central Plains, and has also been nicknamed "Qin Yi", and the princes do not notify the State of Qin when they meet and do not take it to play.
The counterattack process of the Qin state will not be repeated, as can be seen from several maps.
In 356 BC, the State of Qin initiated the Shang Martingale Transformation Method and began a counterattack along the way.
Three attacks on the State of Wei, recapture the land of Hexi, capture Bashu, and rapidly expand the territory.
In 307 BC, he defeated Korea and the Chu state.
In 278 BC, the capital of the Chu state was captured, and the king of Chu had to move east.
In 260 BC, the Battle of Changping crushed the State of Zhao, and the State of Qin officially became the undisputed first power among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, and none of the six eastern kingdoms dared to stand alone against the State of Qin.
Marked by the Battle of Changping, the trend of armed unification has become clear, 100 years after the Shang Martingale Transformation Law.
During these 100 years, the Qin state attacked the city strategically, and people no longer called it "Qin Yi", but changed it to "Qin of tigers and wolves".
The strength of the Qin state began with the Shang martingale transformation method, which is almost a historical public theory, but the history books do not tell us, how do the Qin people evaluate the Shang martingale?
02
The Qin people hated Shang Martingale
There were two famous reformers in the Qin state: Baili Xi and Shang Martin, who helped Qin Mugong become one of the five hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period, and Shang Martin made the Qin state the only hegemon of the Warring States. However, the Qin people's evaluation of the two was diametrically opposed.
When Bai Lixian died, "the men and women of the Qin Kingdom wept, the children did not sing, and the servants did not pestle"; when the Shang martingale was split by the car, only the historical record of "the Qin people did not pity" was left.
"The Shang Jun returned, the Hui King's car was split, and the Qin people did not pity." —— Warring States Policy
Many people believe that the system of the Qin state is advanced, it makes the Qin state stand out in international competition, and the change of law strikes at the old nobles, through the military knighthood system of "profit out of a hole", providing a channel for the commoners to rise. At first glance, it is beneficial to the common people, and they should be grateful to shang martingale.
If this is the case, then how can the Qin people not have the tragic end of the emotional intelligence martingale? Not only was he torn apart by the car, but his entire family was killed.
Bai Qi's military exploits were outstanding, and he was eventually given death by King Zhaoxiang of Qin, and the "History of Bai Qi Wang's Biography" records: "Then commit suicide, death is not his crime, and the Qin people pity him." Bai Qi, known as the "human slaughter", once slaughtered 400,000 pawns of the Zhao State at one time, such people were missed by the Qin people, but the hero of the rich country and strong army, Shang Martin, was not sympathetic.
Shang Martin's merits are greater than Bai Qi's, and the ending is more tragic than Bai Qi's, after all, Bai Qi's entire family was killed. Since the Qin people sympathized with Bai Qi, there were ten thousand reasons why they should also sympathize with Shang Martin.
It is a fact that the Qin state is strong, but later generations have ignored the core idea of the Shang martingale transformation method:
For the first time, the state and the people are opposed, and the wealth and strength of the country are based on the poverty and ignorance of the people.
The so-called equality of the Qin military knighthood system provides a channel for the commoners to rise, and cannot hide the bloodline hierarchy. The knighthood system is only a supplement to the bloodline system, not a substitute for the bloodline system.
Therefore, Mr. Li Xueqin said in the "Ten Lectures on Ancient Chinese Civilization":
"Some works believe that the social system of Qin is more advanced than that of the Six Kingdoms, and we cannot agree with this view. Judging from the fact that the Qin people quite generally retained barbaric slavery relations, the truth is rather the opposite. ”
▲ Qin Tao Li shot samurai figurines
Collection of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
In the Warring States period, there was not much difference in the economic strength and scientific and technological level of various countries, and in addition, no country could occupy an absolute advantage in territory and population, so if the Qin state wanted to win in military competition, it could not do increments, and could only start on the stock.
Therefore, the essence of the martingale transformation method is to strengthen the control and oppression of the people by the state, so that as much of the people's power as possible can be used by the state. The military expenditure of the Qin state was high, but the tax burden, conscription and military service borne by the people were very heavy, and there was almost no personal freedom and spiritual supply.
It can be said that the 150 years of the Shang martingale transformation method until the end of Qin were the era when the qin people who were forced to have nowhere to escape.
The heavy tax burden of the people of the Qin State has been recorded in many documents, such as Dong Zhongshu's "thirty times that of ancient times", such as Jia Yi's evaluation of the Qin State in the New Book:
"Qin can't divide the land of size, he wants to do his best." Losing will come from the sea, a penny is endowed with ears, ten dollars are costly, and the light can be caused, and there are very few who gain from the high, and the people are very bitter. ”
The people pay 10 yuan, and only 1 money goes to the state, and the state receives very little, and the people are miserable.
The strict control of the Qin people's people, "History of shangjun lie biography": "Let the people sit for five, and sit together." Those who do not tell the adulterer are beheaded, and those who conceal the adulterer are punished together with the enemy. Those who fight for personal gain are punished with a severity or severity. Those who are profitable and idle and poor at the end of the matter think that they are receiving. ”
Ordinary people practice Shiwu organization, and are not allowed to live in groups and sit together in violation of the law. Those who do not voluntarily report the crime are punished by beheading, and those who harbor the crime are punished equally with the surrender of the enemy. Fight and make trouble in private, and punish accordingly according to the severity of each. Those who engaged in commerce and handicrafts, as well as those who were lazy and poor, were punished as official slaves by the whole family.
The State of Qin advocated "the country is rich and poor governance" and "the people are foolish and easy to rule", and regarded the poetry and etiquette of benevolence and wisdom ("six lice") as things that endangered the country and should be eradicated.
In short, the core of the Qin state is to strengthen the control and absorption of the people.
▲ Warring States ~ Qin Gilded Gold And Tiger Pattern Copper Ornaments
The site of the Qin handicraft workshop at Changling Station was excavated
Collection of Xianyang Museum
Therefore, although the counterattack of the Qin state began with shang martingale, the Qin people hated shang martingale to the bone. Every decree of the Shang Martingale Transformation Law implemented the four words of "feelings of rebellion against the people", and for more than ten years, the people of the Qin State complained about him.
The Chronicle of Shang Junlie records a conversation between Zhao Liang and Shang Martin, in which Zhao Liang said: "Xiang Qin does not take the people as a matter, but builds a great Ji Que, not for merit." The master of the prince who was tortured, and the mutilation of the people was punished by a horse, which was a resentful animal disaster. "As the minister of state of Qin, he does not benefit the people, and uses harsh punishment and cruel methods to harm the people, which is to accumulate resentment and accumulate disasters."
Zhao Liang also said that Shang Martin "spoiled the religion of the Qin state and the grievances of the animals", and what you did was to accumulate the resentment of the common people.
The Qin people used a poem by Wei Guo, "Xiang Rat", "Xiang Rat has a body, people are rude, people are rude, why not die." "Why didn't the curse martingale die?"
Many people with historical impressions naturally think that the people of the Qin State should thank Shang Martingale, but in fact, on the contrary, they hate Shang Martin to the point of gritting their teeth.
In the six countries, you can also grind foreign workers, fish for three days, dry nets for two days, and if you really can't do it, you can attach yourself to the nobility, and you can pay less taxes and leave more grain. But the Qin people can't do it, they don't have their own leisure time, they can listen to music, they can read books, there are just a few kinds, they are a screw in the empire, what they do and think every day, has been planned. If you don't obey, break your leg.
The national strength of the Qin state is strong, but the people are too bitter.
People don't hate you!
At that time, the people of the Qin State used their feet to vote to explain everything.
▲Qin armored samurai figurines
Pit 1 of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin was excavated
03
The Qin fled the Qin state
Even though the Qin state used harsh punishment to prevent the people from leaving, there were always Qin people who risked their lives to flee the Qin state.
In the unearthed Yuelu Qinjian "Four Kinds of Prisons and Equal Forms", there are many cases of people fleeing from Qin to Chu.
For example, there was a case in which the Qin government arrested 14 people. Among them, 4 were Qin people who crossed the border and "smuggled" to the South County of Chu State; the other 10 were civilians of South County, Chu State. In 279 BC, after the Qin state occupied Nan County, the 14 people fled to the chu land further east.
In fact, the Qin State formulated a severe punishment and cruel law to restrict the people's travel, which is already "no silver three hundred and two here", if there are not always people who want to leave, why use punishment to restrict it?
▲Qin Che Ma Tu mural
The No. 3 Palace of Xianyang Palace in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, was excavated
Collection of Shaanxi Archaeological Research Institute
Yuelu Qin Jian recorded a young man of the Qin state named "Xue" who forged the letters of the general Feng Wuxuan, wanting to borrow money, buy clothes and weapons from Huyang Shaoneiguan, and then "go to the state of Jing", that is, flee to the Chu state.
In addition to fleeing to the Chu state, there were also Qin people who fled to the State of Wei, yuelu Qin Jian "Wei Thieves Killing An, Yi and Other Cases" Jian 164 recorded that a Qin man bought a large knife, planned to kill people and rob money as a road fare, and wanted to "die wei" and flee to the state of Wei. After being caught by the State of Qin, he was sentenced to the punishment of "磔", that is, the execution of the limbs cut apart.
Judging from these materials, the Qin people's escape process is often accompanied by some illegal and criminal activities, and it can also be seen that these Qin people cannot bear it.
Because of the flight of a large number of Qin people, the rulers of the Qin State specially formulated the cruel "Law of Death". Yuelu Academy's collection of Qin Jian 2088 records that those who hide fugitives are guilty of the same crime as the fugitives.
Qin Jian recorded in 2009 that the fleeing Chengdan Gang was arrested and stabbed on his face, even if he turned himself in, he would be flogged a hundred times. Pregnant female servants are bound with large iron torture devices.
Qin Jian recorded in 1997 that Chengdan, who was herding horses, escaped and was captured, and he had to cut off his left leg and continue to be Chengdan. Men and women flee, their families are sentenced to relocation, and grass-roots cadres are fined if they do not report.
In addition to fleeing alone, Qin Jian also recorded the "mass death", that is, the collective flight of the Qin people.
Yuelu Qin Jian also recorded that if the Qin people were allowed to flee to the "barbarian" tribes outside the border pass, from those who provided information to those who fled, they would all be sentenced to chengdan gang labor with tattoos on their faces. If it was a barbarian tribe that fled to the interior of the border pass, the person who provided the information would be sentenced to Chengdan gang with a tattoo on his face.
Judging from these records, it not only reflects the severe punishment of the Qin state for the problem of fleeing, but also reflects the frequent escape of the Qin people. Not only did some individuals flee, but also collectively; not only to the Six Kingdoms, but also to some barbarian tribes that preferred to flee to the border passes and could not tolerate the cruel rule of the Qin state.
Are these Qin people unpatriotic? Of course not, the concept of the state of the ancients two thousand years ago was not as popular as it is today. They fled the Qin state for only one reason: "Qin shi is relative and the people are suffering." ”
The life of the people of the Qin Kingdom is not good.
▲Qin turtle deer goose pattern wadang
Excavated from Qin Xianyang Palace No. 1 Palace
04
Foreigners are reluctant to be Qin min
At the beginning, I used a map to visually show the gradual expansion of the territory of the Qin Kingdom, but it is not enough to look at the map, because the map cannot tell people a fact:
The State of Qin was able to occupy the land, but could not effectively acquire the population of the land.
The Book of ShangJun and the Book of The People of Shang records the words of a Qin minister during the Battle of Changping:
"Since Wei Xiang, the field battle has not been won, the defense of the city will be pulled up, the small and big battles, the three Jin Dynasty died in qin, innumerable." If he does not obey this, Qin can take his land, but not his people. ”
Since King Xiang of Wei (318 BC), large and small wars, the Qin state will be victorious in the battle of Bike, and the land ceded by the Three Jins to the Qin state is innumerable. Even so, they did not yield because the Qin state could only take their land, not their people.
Is this really the case? The State of Qin is the world's largest power, and the "Destiny of Heaven" to unify China is how can no one be willing to be a Qin citizen?
But this is indeed the case, the strength and prosperity of the Qin State and its outstanding military achievements have not been recognized by the "international community", and they are not willing to be Qin people.
In 262 BC, two years before the Battle of Changping, the State of Qin invaded the Shangdang region of Korea, and the Shangdang Commandery of Korea sent people to the State of Zhao for help, on the grounds that "none of its people want to be Qin, but are willing to be Zhao." In the end, the Shangdang returned to the Zhao State, and the people did not flee.
In 260 BC, the Battle of Changping broke out, and Su Dai, the Zongheng family, asked to see Fan Sui, the chancellor of the Qin state, and persuaded the Qin state to retreat:
"Qin tried to attack Han, besieged Xingqiu, trapped the party, and the people of the party were all zhao, and the world was not happy for the qin people for a long time." Now that Zhao is dead, the north is into Yan, the east is into Qi, and the south is into Han and Wei, then the people of Junzhi are not geometric. ”
The Qin army besieged Xingqiu and Shangdang, and as a result, the people of the Shangdang all ran away to the Zhao State, and the people of the world did not want to be the people of the Qin State for a long time, if the Zhao State was destroyed now, then the Zhao people in the north would definitely run to the Yan State, the Zhao people in the east would definitely flee to the Qi State, and the Zhao people in the south would move to Han and Wei.
Fan Sui and Bai Qi were political enemies, and Su Dai's purpose was to split the relationship between the two and impress Fan Sui with actual interests, so as to achieve the purpose of retiring. Therefore, Su Dai's words must be in line with the truth, after all, Fan Sui, as a politician, did not come by accident. Su Dai's statement that "none of his people want to be Qin" was in line with the actual situation at that time.
▲ Qin Pottery Pattern Large Tile
In 1993, the ruins of Huangshan Palace in Xingping City, Shaanxi Province were excavated
Collection of Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology
Two years after Su Dai met Fan Ju, that is, in 257 BC, another Qi stateman Lu Zhonglian issued an oath of "Righteousness is not Emperor Qin". At that time, the Qin army besieged the Zhao capital Handan, and some people persuaded Zhao to honor King Qin Zhao as emperor. Lu Zhonglian, who was visiting the Zhao kingdom, stood up and said, "Pi Qin, abandon etiquette and righteousness" The Qin state is a place where etiquette is abandoned, "captive its people", and treat the people as prisoners, "then even if you go to the East China Sea and die, I can't bear to be a people!" "I Lu Zhonglian would rather jump into the East China Sea and die than be a citizen of the Qin Kingdom."
The words of Su Dai, Feng Ting, and Lu Zhonglian may be more or less prejudiced against the Qin state due to their different positions, but there will be no such problem in the "Book of Shang Jun, The Book of The People", which is a political essay written by the minister of the Qin State to the King of Qin, and the core purpose is to persuade the King of Qin to be kind to the people in order to attract the people of the six countries to defect to the Qin State. The original words are:
"The feelings of the people, the one who wants it, tian zhao, and the Jin zhi has nothing to believe, and Qin Zhi yu will also believe." In this way, those who are not Western, Qin Shiqi and the people suffer. ”
People want nothing more than their own farmhouses. It is a conclusive fact that the land houses in the three Jin countries were not distributed enough, and it is also a fact that the number of field houses in the Qin state was too large. But even so, the people did not want to come west because the Qin people were very bitter.
The minister also criticized the governing policy of the "weak people" of the Qin state:
"The reason why the Three Jins are weak is that their civil affairs are happy and the restoration is light. The reason why Qin is strong is that its civil affairs are bitter and the lord is heavy. ”
The reason why the countries of the Three Jin Dynasties were weak was because the government there allowed the people to pursue happiness and gave the people titles without rent and military service at every turn, and the reason why the Qin state was strong was because the government here forced the people to bear hardships and stand hard work, and rarely exempted from rent and military service and gave knighthoods.
It is precisely this harsh government that makes "Qin able to take its land, but not its people." ”
The "Leimin Chapter" believes that after the Battle of Changping, the military superiority of the Qin State has been established, and now it is time to be better for the people, so it is recommended that the King of Qin promulgate preferential policies to attract the people of the six countries, exempt three generations of servitude taxes, do not levy them to participate in the war, and reclaim the land for ten years without taxation. In this way, "enough to create a million husbands", it will certainly attract a large number of people into Qin.
Obviously, the minister's words were plain, and the Qin state not only did not implement the policy of benefiting the people, but instead absorbed Han Feizi's foolish people's ideas and went further in "people's suffering".
▲Qin Yunwen jade goblet
In 1976, the ruins of Qin'apan Palace in Weiyang District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, were excavated
Collection of Xi'an Museum
After the Qin state occupied the Chu land, the people of the Chu state also fled the "claws" of the Qin state.
Yue Lu Qin Jian mentioned earlier in "Four Kinds of Prisons and Other Forms", in the case of the Qin government arresting 14 people, 10 people were ordinary people in The Southern County of Chu State. In 279 BC, after the Qin state occupied Nan Commandery, they fled to the chu land further east.
In another case, when the Qin army attacked the place of Jingluxi (near Dongting Lake) in the Chu state, it captured a 22-year-old man named "Duo". After interrogation, it was found that this "many" had "died" with his mother ten years ago, from Nan County, which had been occupied by the Qin army, to Chu land further south.
Whether the Qin army occupied the Three Jins region or occupied the Chu state, their people chose to move east, south or north, that is, they did not move west into Qin. So far, whether it is the written materials handed down from generation to generation or the excavated Jian Mu, only the people of the Six Kingdoms are reluctant to be Qin people, and there is no record of the people of the Six Kingdoms fleeing into the Qin State.
▲The situation of the Warring States in 260 BC
The people's voting with their feet is enough to illustrate the opposition between the state and the people in the Qin regime.
The State of Qin implements strict household registration management for its own people, can not move around casually, need to pay attention to the text, once found "illegal" to leave, it is a felony. The people of the Qin Kingdom did not have to be elected, but the people of the Six Kingdoms had to choose, and as long as there was a glimmer of possibility, they were not willing to be Qin people.
Therefore, when we assume that the people of the Warring States should be envious of the Qin State even if they are not "unable to arrive and yearn for the superpower Qin State", the reality is that they are "snapping" and punching their faces.
Let alone envy, it is too late to escape!
They avoided the Qin state for only one reason: the people of the Qin state had a bad life.
If you return to the Warring States, do you want to go to the Six Kingdoms to be at ease, or are you willing to be proud to be a screw in the Qin Kingdom all year round?
▲Qin Horse Figurines
Collection of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shi Huang
05
brief summary
In the final analysis, the goal of the Qin system is obviously not the interests of the people, but the "imperial hegemony" of the imperial power and the minority people around the imperial power.
Therefore, those who flowed into the Qin Kingdom were all dignitaries that the King of Qin admired, and it was very likely that they would become officials, so that the ordinary people would not be foolish to be cannon fodder!
▲Qin Kneeling to shoot pottery figurines
BY| said the little stir-fry
Figure | arterial shadow network
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Edited | Shanxi Evening News All-Media Editor Nanlijiang
Audit | Fang Tianji
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