Leisurely and long-term rhetoric, deep patriotism

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The Qing Dynasty scholar Jiao Xun's Yi Yu Shu Lu (易余籥錄) volume 15 said: "Yu Yu wanted to go down from Chu Sao to the Ming Dynasty, and wrote it as an episode. The Han Dynasty took its endowment, the Wei, Jin, Six Dynasties to sui recorded the five-character poem, the Tang recorded its legal poems, the Song specially recorded its words, the Yuan recorded its songs, and the Ming recorded its eight strands, and the generation returned the victory of its generation. This is a brilliant summary of Chinese literature by the Qing dynasty that "one generation has a generation wins", of which "Chu Sao" is Chu Ci, which is usually considered to be another literary peak after the Book of Poetry.

1

The emergence of Chu Cizhi is closely related to the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland

Chu Ci, "Shu Chu Language, Chu Sheng, Ji Chu Di, Ming Chu Wu", is a new poetic style with strong local characteristics that was born in the Chu State in the late Warring States period. The first chu cihua was created by the great poet Qu Yuan, followed by the Chu people Song Yu, Tang Le, Jing Cha and so on. Descending to the Han Dynasty, this body became more prosperous, and the literati "Famous Chapters Succeeded works, commonly known as 'Chu Ci'", and "Chu Ci" became the common name of a specific poetic style. When the Western Han Dynasty became emperor, Liu Xiang collected the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and their imitators and compiled them into the book "Chu Ci", so "Chu Ci" became the title of the poetry collection and is still used today.

Lu You said in "Even Reading Old Manuscripts with Feeling": "If you have the help of the country and the mountains, will you have poetry before Xiao Xiang?" "The emergence of Chu Ci is closely related to the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland. Wang Fuzhi, a thinker in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, said, "Chu, Ze Guoye." To its south, the intersection of Yuan and Xiang, and the mountain country also. Di Bo Kuangyu, with the remote affection, and forced to use the dragon to cut the ghost, so there is no end to the push, and the sky is full of hair, the light and strange atmosphere of the rivers and mountains, can not be hidden", telling the influence of Chu's magnificent and strange mountains and rivers on Chu Ci's creation.

Liu Shipeiyun, a master of traditional Chinese studies, "The land of the south, the water is vast, the people's livelihood is boundless, and there is still nothingness... (Qu Yuan's text) Narrative Jiyou, Dust And Super-Objects, Absurdity and Strangeness", pointing out that the geographical environment of Jingchu gave birth to Chu Ci's romantic and fantastic imagination. Liu Xun, a famous literary critic of the Southern Dynasty, once sighed: "If it is a mountain forest and a high soil, the Aofu of Shiwen Si ... Qu Ping (Qu Yuan, Ming Ping, Zi Yuan) So can he understand the wind, the one who complains, or the help of the Jiangshan? It is precisely because of the help of magnificent rivers and mountains, supplemented by the noble sentiments and genius creation of Qu Yuanren, that Chu Ci was born.

It should be noted that although Chu Ci belongs to the cultural specialties of the Chu State, the exchange of culture between the north and the south, the integration of nationalities and the stirring of the spirit of the times also play a vital role in its production. Pi Xirui, a master of classics in the Qing Dynasty, once said: "After three hundred articles, those who have obtained the will of "Wind" and "Ya" are only Qu Zi Chu Ci. Tai Shi Gongyun: ""National Style" is lustful but not obscene, and "Xiao Ya" is slanderous but not chaotic. If "Leaving trouble", it can be said that it is both. ’...... (Chu Ci) actually has the relics of "National Style" and "Xiao Ya". "It's a really lofty observation.

On the surface, Qu Fu did not quote the Book of Poetry or the words of Confucius, and it seems that he was not influenced by the Central Plains culture represented by the Book of Poetry, but in fact, Chu Ci's method of taking the Book of Poetry is not in the superficial form but in its inner spirit. Qu Yuan's "faith is suspicious, loyalty is slandered" but still searching up and down, his heart is concerned about his home and the world, and his sorrow and anger form poetry, "calling the text small but its finger is huge, and the class is far away from righteousness", which is the inheritance and promotion of the elegant spirit of the "Book of Poetry". As for Chu Ci's writings, they were deeply influenced by the winds of the Warring States. In order to achieve the purpose of lobbying, the Zongheng family often repeatedly organized the language, and most of their words were bold and imposing. In this regard, Qu Yuan, who had served as chu envoy for many times to "deal with the princes", was no stranger. Try to look at the "Summoning Souls" and "Great Moves", "the evil of the four sides of the outer Chen, the beauty of the Chu kingdom on the inside", the ability to do everything possible to collect the text, the immersion of the wind of vertical and horizontal is obvious.

"Literature and art are the clarion call for the advancement of the times, which can best represent the style of an era and the most able to lead the atmosphere of an era." The ancestors of the Chu state migrated south from the Central Plains and settled in Jingchu for generations, and it had long intended to keep a distance from the princely states of the Central Plains. A typical example is that in the fourth year of the Reign of Lu (656 BC), the Marquis of Qi, The King of Chucheng, sent envoys to Qi Huan and said: "The king is in the North Sea, and the widow is in the South China Sea, but the wind and horses and cattle are not the same." In this regard, the famous historian Mr. Tong Shuye explained: "Qi is in the north of Shandong, Chu is in Hubei Province and southern Henan, and there is a difference between 'Beihai' and 'South China Sea', 'wind and horses and cattle are not in harmony', which proves that the concept of 'tianxia' at that time was very small, and it was definitely not the same as after the Warring States." ”

However, with the continuous deepening of cultural exchanges and ethnic integration, by the middle and late period of the Warring States, the Chu state had "swept away from Yuan and Xiang in the south, around Ying and Si in the north, from Baoba and Shu in the west, and from Tan and Pi in the east", and people even had the saying that "the Emperor of Qin was horizontal, and the king of Chu was in the middle and the east". At this time, the Chu people began to abandon the narrow regional consciousness of the past, and tried to watch "The Summoning of Souls" "The East can not hold some ... Ten days out, flowing gold and stones" "The south can not stop." The inscription black teeth "The harm of the West, the quicksand is thousands of miles" "The north can not be stopped." It can be seen that the Chu people's cognition of "the world" is no different from that of the Han Dynasty who "went from black water to the East Sea, the sun of Hengshan to Shuofang, and passed through a few miles". If we look at Chu Ci works such as "Leaving the Troubles", "Summoning the Soul", and "The Great Move", it is not difficult to find that after hundreds of years of cultural exchanges and national integration, by the late Warring States period, the pursuit of political clarity, the yearning for peace and stability, and the desire for territorial reunification have become the common cultural psychology of the Chinese nation, and a unified multi-ethnic country is already about to come out.

02

Chu Ci not only coexisted with the United States in the Warring States era, but also complemented each other.

It also stains the hereafter infinitely

Regarding the profound influence of Chu Ci on Chinese culture, Lu Xun pointed out in the Outline of the History of Chinese Literature that "it is even more than three hundred or more." Taking Qu Yuan and his representatives as an example, it is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

The first is the patriotic spirit that illuminates the eternal and touching hearts. In "Leaving the Troubles," "Don't Be Forced to Look Forward to the Mountains," "Fear the First Sound of the Pelicans," and "Fear the Misfortune of the Rest of Your Body, fear the Defeat of the Emperor's Public Opinion," Qu Yuan is always worried about the future and destiny of the motherland and the people. "The Emperor is selfless and selfless, and the people are wrongly assisted." Fu Wei Shengzhe used this to go down to the soil" "Pi Yao Shun's Geng Jie Xi, who obeyed the tao and got the way." This is the historical experience that Qu Yuan has obtained after "looking ahead and looking back at the people's plans" -- only by practicing moral integrity diligently and caring for Li Shu can we win the support of the people, and arrogance and lasciviousness will only end up in the end.

Qu Yuan hoped that the King of Chu would learn that "xia jie's often disobedience is a disaster." The tragic lesson of Hou Xin Zhi Shu Xi, Yin Zong's use but not long", imitate the ancient sage path of "Tang, Yu Yu and only respect Xi, Zhou Discuss the Tao and Mo Cha", "Lift up the talents and teach the ability, follow the rope ink and not quite". Unfortunately, Qu Yuan's political views threatened the interests of the old nobles of the Chu state, coupled with his loyal and loyal personality, he was repeatedly rumored and framed by Yin Zilan, Shangguan Dafu, and the favored concubines of the King of Chu, and as a result, Qu Yuan, who was "loyal to the king" and "devoted to the king but not him", "opposed to the masses and became a "stranger to the crowd", and was increasingly alienated by the king of Chu until he was exiled. At this time, Qu could have found another way out. As we all know, the middle and late period of the Warring States period was an era of extremely frequent flow of talents, and the use of Qin and Chu and Chu was an extremely common phenomenon. But Qu Yuan has a sincere and deep love for every grass and tree of the Chu people, Chu land and even the Chu state, and he adheres to the principle of "straight and doing things, and going to the past without being deposed?" Why go to the country of parents" concept, insisting on breathing with the motherland and sharing a common destiny.

When a strong enemy invaded and the land fell, Qu Yuan was painfully determined and then he sang a song, "Sincerity is both brave and martial, and in the end it is strong and invincible." The body is dead and the spirit is the spirit, and the soul of the son is the ghost." Qin Chu fought, YingDu fell, and on the way to exile, he was still most worried about the suffering of the people, "The impure fate of the emperor is the emperor, and the shock of the people is what?" The people were scattered and lost, and Fang Zhongchun moved east." The demeaning is complete, the mountains are high and the waters are wide, but the distance does not hinder Qu Yuan's attachment and love for his homeland, so that the dreams and souls go to each other, "but the vast expanse of the Yin Road is far away, and the soul dies overnight." Even when his heart was extremely dead, and he intended to sink himself to awaken the world, he still thought in his heart, "When the bird flies against his hometown, the fox will die on the first hill." Lin Yunming's "Chu Ci Lantern" "Qu Yuan's full spirit is always worried about the country and the people", what a firm, pure, and lofty patriotic feeling! After thousands of years of cohesion and countless times of stimulation, it has long become the common social and psychological identity of all Chinese sons and daughters, and this feeling and strength have supported us through the long night countless times, and also helped us achieve new glory again and again!

The second is the ethics of "independence and non-migration" and the courage to dare to uphold the truth in the face of adversity. Qu Yuan wrote "Ode to Oranges" in his early years, and the orange tree "is independent and does not move, is it not gratifying?" Deep and difficult to migrate, it is not necessary to ask for anything. The quality of Su Shi's independence, horizontal and not flowing" is clearly the master's own way. In middle age, Qu Yuan's heart was extremely painful, "the emotion is depressed but not up, and it is also hidden." The heart is depressed, and mocha yu is in love. In this case, some people advised Qu Yuan to "punish those who punish those who are in the soup and blow the whistle, why not change this zhiye", since "the whole world is cloudy and I am alone, everyone is drunk and I am awake, and I am sober, so that I can see and let go", then we should float with the world and go with the flow. Qu Yuan's answer was, "The people's livelihood is happy, and Yu Du is good at repairing." Although I have not changed my mind, I can be punished in my heart" "I would rather go to Xiangliu and be buried in the belly of the river fish." Ann can be white with the whiteness of haohao, and be covered with the dust of the world."

Qu Zi could not bear to abandon the old kings and people of the old country and "die far away to alienate himself" in disregard, and he could not "observe with his body and receive the Wenwen of things", and he was in complicity with the world, then only Zhao Zhi "fu qing innocent to die straight". Qu Yuan's spirit of "independence in the Su Dynasty" and vowing to defend the truth to the death has inspired countless benevolent people and heroes; Li Bai's "Jiang Shang Yin" lamented that "Qu Ping's words are endowed with hanging sun and moon, and the Chu king Tai Xie is empty of hills"; Zhang Yuan's "Qu Yuan" indignantly laments that "the Chu kingdom is full of intoxication, and there is only one spirit in the awakening"; Lu You's "Two Songs of Lamentations" laments that "the spirit of "Leaving the Troubles" is not exhausted, and the zhishi are full of tears"; until modern times, Lu Xun Yuyun "wished that the cold stars were not noticed, and I recommended Xuanyuan with my blood", and Qu Yuan's spirit became the home of the hearts of the people who settled down in the past generations.

The third is the courage to criticize reality and the spirit of unremitting exploration. Qu Yuan "believed and doubted, loyal and slandered", so he vigorously attacked the pouring of the world's tao, "turning white and thinking black, falling up and thinking it is down." The Phoenix Emperor is dancing, and the chickens are dancing. In this absurd world of black and white upside down, "the wings of cicadas are heavy, and the thousand juns are light; the yellow bell is destroyed, the tile kettle thunders; the slander is high, and the sage is nameless." Qu Yuan did not shy away from pointing out that the faintness of the King of Chu was the source of the political darkness of the Chu State, "forgiving cong to the unknown and hiding the shackles, so that the slander will be gained day by day." He sighed that it was not the right time, "Tang Yu has been long ago, and he is not admirable", and even has the sad doubt that "both the ice heart is clean and clean, and the heavens are not heard".

Wang Shizhen's "Preface to the Collection of Poems in Huizhong" says: "The Husband's "Departure from sorrow" is not unfaithful to jun, but its words are shy; Birch's is not filial piety to his father, but his words are hurt. He is unfortunate and the change of the country is also. Yuan Xingpei said in the "History of Chinese Literature" that Qu Yuan's "spirit of tenaciously and unyielding criticism of reality for the sake of ideals has long broken through the Confucian principles of self-preservation, gentleness and generosity, etc., added a deep and fierce atmosphere to Chinese culture, and cultivated the courage of Chinese scholars to take the initiative to assume historical responsibilities." This is a major contribution of Qu Yuan and his rhetoric to the national spirit."

In addition to criticism, Qu Yuan has always sought a solution to the problem. The protagonist of "Leaving sorrow" goes to heaven and earth, repeatedly travels through history, reality and the celestial realm, and "is also good in his heart, although he dies nine times, he still has no regrets." "Tianwen" puts forward a total of 172 questions, involving the generation of all things in the universe, the rise and fall of historical personnel and the realpolitik of the Chu State, which is a comprehensive summary and reflection on the astronomical, geographical, historical and philosophical knowledge of the pre-Qin period. "The road is long and the road is long, I will seek up and down", in the "nine days to collect the moon" and "catch turtles in the lower five oceans" have become a reality today, it is still necessary for us to constantly relive Qu Yuan's curiosity about the unknown world and the spirit of tireless exploration, which is the inexhaustible source of strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and continuous take-off.

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