Author: Chen Erhu
First, take the initiative to turn to Nurhaci
After posting an article by Hong Chengzuo, a friend asked me, who was the Fan Wencheng who persuaded Hong Chengzuo?
Fan Wencheng (1597-1666), also spelled Xiandou (名斗), was the seventeenth grandson of Fan Zhongyan, a famous minister of the Northern Song Dynasty.
His sixth ancestor Fan Yue, who served in Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, in the early years of the Ming Dynasty, was sent to the garrison of Shenyang, the capital of Liaodong Province, because of the crime, the Fan clan began to flourish in Liaodong, and later moved to Fushun, and his great-grandfather Fan Yi was a former soldier Shangshu.
According to the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", "Wen Cheng was a good reader, Yingmin was calm and resolute, and he and his brother were also students in Shenyang County. In the third year of the Mandate of Heaven (that is, the forty-sixth year of the Ming Dynasty, 1629 AD), Taizu (Nurhaci) was both Fushun and Wencheng and Wencheng jointly praised Taizu. Taizu Wei Wencheng, and Yu, Jizhi, known as the great-grandson of Shu, Gu said of Zhu Belle: "This name is also a good encounter". ”
in Nurhaci
That is to say, this Fan Wencheng and his brother took the initiative to come to Nurhaci, this Fan Wencheng has an extraordinary temperament, majestic and tall, mighty and resolute, agile and learned, so that Nurhaci liked it at first sight, he stayed by his side as an aide, and could write and be able to fight, quite appreciated, from the third class of the first class to the second class of the first class of the first class of TheRa Zhangjing (the meaning of the leader).
Nurhaci died, Emperor Taiji succeeded to the throne, Fan Wencheng was more importantly used, the military state could not decide on major matters, and Emperor Taiji would say: "Why not discuss it with Fan Zhangjing." ”
In the seventh year of Tiancong (1633 AD), in order to meet the needs, Emperor Taiji created the Eight Banners of the Han Army, and wanted to choose one person to be the flag master, "the first tweet of the court to promote Cheng Ren Gushan Erzhen", that is to say, to let him be the lord of the Eight Banners of Han. Emperor Taiji said: "Fan Zhangjing is comparable to the victory, but Gushan is an army ear, and the capital of the Fang Is the heart, and it is not discussed." ”
In the winter of the ninth year of Tiancong (1635 AD), Fan Wencheng vigorously persuaded Emperor Taiji to be called emperor: "Now open the will of Heaven, meet the hearts of the people, receive honorific titles, and determine the appropriate state and government." Therefore, the Emperor Taiji turned the spring of the year, and officially ascended the throne as emperor, changed the name of Yuan Chongde, and changed the name of the country to Qing.
(Huang Taiji)
Second, set the policy to enter the customs
In the first year of Chongde (1636 AD), Emperor Taiji was proclaimed emperor, with Fan Wencheng as a member of the Inner Secretariat Academy, becoming the only confidant of Emperor Taiji, although not a minister of parliament, but almost all major things were involved in confidentiality and decision-making, and all the edicts were drafted by Fan Wencheng, which showed that he trusted him and had the right to speak.
Fan Wencheng put forward many major suggestions and strategies for the manchu rulers, such as recruiting Ming generals, moving the surrounding areas, and marrying Mongol tribes.
Throughout Fan Wencheng's life, the greatest achievement was to suggest that the Manchu regent Dolgun enter the customs and enter the Central Plains, achieving the unification of the Manchu Qing dynasty for more than two hundred years.
In the first year of Qing Shunzhi (1644), Fan Wencheng keenly saw that the world was in chaos and the timing was once in a lifetime, and promptly wrote to the regent Dolgun to propose a major decision to directly enter Shanhaiguan.
In his confession, he emphasized:
First, now is the best time to enter the Central Plains.
He analyzed the general situation in the world: Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong occupied the western region, other peasant armies surrounded the south, soldiers and horses instigated chaos in the north, our division conquered its eastern side, and was attacked on all sides.
Second, the main opponent of the Qing Dynasty's entry into the customs was not the wretched Ming Dynasty, but the peasant rebel army with Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong, who should adjust its strategy and clearly understand its goals.
Fan Wencheng believes that the people of the Central Plains have suffered from war and turmoil, suffered extremely much, and have no one to rely on, thinking of the Lord, in order to live and work in peace and contentment. Ming was already terminally ill and irreparable, and the peasant army ravaged the Central Plains, just as Qin lost its deer and Chu and Han chased them away. Although China competed with the Ming Dynasty for the world, in essence, it mainly wrestled with the peasant army.
Third, change the old habits of the Manchus to plunder, strictly enforce military discipline, and establish a good image for the Qing Dynasty.
Fan Wencheng pointed out: For today's consideration, our dynasty should appoint capable people to appease the people, so that all people near and far will come to attach themselves, and the rabble-rousers such as the peasant army will surely belong to me. And the king of the Ming Dynasty knows that the strength of our dynasty is not what it used to be.
in Dolgun
Fourth, recruit rebels, disintegrate the Ming Dynasty, and appoint officials who have surrendered.
Fan Wencheng analyzed: Whether those who have been subdued or those who have not yet submitted and need to be appeased, they must strictly enforce military discipline and not commit any crimes in the autumn, and they must also vigorously publicize the fields that did not defend the inland in the past and the troops that are now advancing into the Central Plains. And if the official remains in his office, and the people restore his profession, and record his merits, and if he is not informed, then the north of the great river can be passed on.
Fifth, the Qing army garrisoned the existing city and sent troops to directly attack the capital.
Fan Wencheng said: Straight to Yanjing, or camera enterprising, when entering the border, west of the Great Wall of Shanhaiguan, choose a strong city, and guard it as a gateway. I'm teaching back and forth, and I'm very convenient.
The tyrant of the Dorgon generation, read Fan Wencheng's suggestion, adopted it all, and quickly marched his army directly to take Shanhaiguan.
It can be said that Fan Wencheng's foresight and Dorgon's decisive actions gave the Manchu Qing a head start. Shanhaiguan defeated Li Zicheng in the Battle of Shanhaiguan, forcing Li Zicheng to withdraw from Beijing before he could sit firmly, and the Qing army occupied the Beijing Division, and entered the city of Beijing to leave a very good impression on the common people, if li Zicheng sat and moved the country, the situation would be difficult to reverse, and the world did not know whose world it was.
Third, to be able to endure is learning
Fan Wencheng can kill the enemy in battle, can make decisions when he gets off the horse, knows how to endure humiliation and bear heavy burdens, and can bend and stretch. His wife is very beautiful, handsome and virtuous, graceful, and more charming than Manchu women.
Duo Duo, the Prince of Yu (Dorgon's brother), had always looked down on Fan Wencheng, and when he found out that his wife had fallen into the country, he forcibly brought her from the Fan family back to the palace for his enjoyment.
Fan Wencheng was very angry in his heart, which was to openly wear a green hat for him and make him lose face, but Fan Wencheng knew very well that he could not compete with Duoduo's reasoning, so as not to provoke fire and burn himself, offending Duoduo in exchange for a full door to cut off, and people were imperial relatives. Just let Huang Taiji know about this matter.
Emperor Taiji was very serious about him, and when he heard that he was furious, he summoned Duo Duo to a good reprimand, asked Duo Duo to apologize to Fan Wencheng, sent back Fan Wencheng's wife, fined him silver and two thousand taels, and cut off one-third of Duo Duo's cattle record.
Huang Taiji also comforted Fan Wencheng more than once, saying that Duo Duo did not understand things and should not hate him.
Fan Wencheng said that it was all right, swallowed his breath, and his heart reached this point, did he really become a "saint"?!
Fan Wencheng introduced Han culture into the Manchu Qing, promoted the cultural integration and national unity of the two nationalities, emphasized putting people first, reduced the taxes of peasants, and made indelible contributions to the development process of history, and also made him always on the cusp of the storm and was full of controversy, some people called him the first traitor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and a rebel; some people called him the first manchu qing courtier, a stock guard.
He called himself "the great clear flesh of the great bones", which shows that he has been suffering from the torment of the soul, the pain is indescribable, he bears all kinds of insults, and the reputation of "insulting the ancestors" is the so-called greatest moral shame, which is a heavy shackle. However, the torrent of history is often not diverted by the will of man, and he has not been able to "worry about the world before the world, and enjoy the happiness of the world after the world" as his ancestors did, "if you can't worry about the country, then worry about the people", so that the people can get out of the war as soon as possible and live a peaceful and happy life.
If we are freed from the narrow concept of nationality, the Chinese nation is a divine land where many ethnic groups reproduce and develop together, and the northeast in which the Manchus and Manchus live are an inseparable part of China. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming government was corrupt, peasant revolts sprang up, and the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains.
Fan Wencheng is well versed in the way of the officialdom, knows how to "protect himself with wisdom", does not take credit for himself, does not participate in power struggles, and is cautious everywhere to avoid "shocking the lord with high merit" in order to "settle down and avoid disasters".
Fan Wencheng was the emperor of the Four Dynasties, and Shunzhi hung the portrait of the founding father to the Purple Light Pavilion, and he ranked first, and was known as the founding hero of the Qing Dynasty and the leader of the Wenchen.
Fan Wencheng died in the Kangxi Dynasty, lived to be seventy years old, and was buried in Hongluo Mountain, Huairou County, Beijing.
The young Kangxi Emperor personally inscribed the four characters of "Yuanfu Gaofeng", which can be described as extremely glorious.
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