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In the history of the development of literati painting, Shen Zhou, one of the "Four Houses of the Ming Dynasty", is a pivotal figure.
Shen Zhou (1427~1509), also known as Qinan, was a native of Changzhou (present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu). The founder of the "Wumen School of Painting" in the Ming Dynasty, famous for his landscapes, flowers and birds, is not only the main leader of the Wumen School, but also the banner painter of the literati painting of the Ming Dynasty. Shen Zhou lived in seclusion in Wumen for generations, and his grandfather Shen Chenggong was good at appreciating landscape paintings, was a good friend of the painter Wang Meng, and hid Wang Meng's masterpieces. His father, Shen Hengji, also liked to write poetry and paint, and was also a student of Du Qiong. Shen Zhou inherited his family's education, and at the age of 15, he revealed his literary talent and profound knowledge, but he did not respond to the examination, built a "bamboo residence", chanted poetry and painting, traveled to the forest springs, was rich in collection, traveled widely, and spent a leisurely life.
Ming Dynasty Shen Zhou's "Landscape Map for Zhu Qi", Zhejiang Provincial Museum Collection
Shen Zhou's landscape paintings trace back to the five generations of Dong Yuan and Ju Ran, who have recently studied the "Four Families of the Yuan", and have dabbled in Huang Gongwang, Wang Meng, Ni Zhan, and Wu Zhen, especially Wang Meng and Huang Gongwang. The early work of the 41-year-old (Chenghua Dinghai) "Lushan Gaotu" clearly has Wang Meng's penmanship. After middle age, he began to seek change, and the "Tiger Hill Sending Guest Map" painted by the 53-year-old (Chenghua Gengzi) has gone from complicated to simple, but the method is still cattle hair. Then to the "Lake and Mountain Good Fun Map" in the year of Yi Wei (1485), the landscape is completely his own face, and Shen Zhou was already 58 years old. Huang Gongwang's Qiu, Wang Meng's Dot, Ni Yunlin's Jian, and Wu Zhen's Run, all of which were skillfully absorbed by him, thus forming a painting style dominated by coarse brushstrokes and landscapes, which became unique.
Shen Zhou's thick brush landscape, with a thick pen, a magnificent ink color, rough and simple, emphasizes calligraphy with a pen, and pursues the interest of literati painting. Some of the fine works of rough brushes include the "Cao'an Map" collected by the Shanghai Museum, the "Zhitian Garden Map" and "Cangzhou Fun Map" collected by the Forbidden City in Beijing, and the "Landscape Map for Zhu Qi" collected by the Zhejiang Provincial Museum.
Shen Zhou's fine-brush landscape paintings do not survive much, such as the "Songpo Pingyuan Map" in the collection of the Guangzhou Art Museum, the "Resurrection Map of the Garden Tree" in the Collection of the Wuxi Museum, and the "Zhihe Map" in the Collection of the National Palace museum in Taipei.
Ming Dynasty Shen Zhou", "Resurrection Map of Garden Trees", Wuxi Museum Collection
In these fine brush landscapes, because most of them are the works of He Shoufenghe, most of the characters are depicted in subtlety, and the landscape dyeing is also more neat. Shen Zhou's green landscape paintings are very few, only a few in the Shanghai Museum's collection of "Diagram of Stopping Boats in the Clouds" and "Diagram of Green Mountains and Mangroves" in the collection of Tianjin Art Museum.
Ming Dynasty Shen Zhou's "Map of Green Mountains and Mangroves", Collection of Tianjin Art Museum
Shen Zhou has some antique works, which are also very exciting. For example, the Capital Museum collects "Imitation ni Yunlin Landscape Map", which is completely Ni Yunlin thirsty, the composition is minimalist, loose and scattered, there is no dust, and it is indeed as the title of the introduction "Ishida Yipin".
Ming Dynasty Shen Zhou's "Imitation of Ni Yunlin Landscape" In the collection of the Capital Museum
The Forbidden City in Beijing collected "Imitation of Huang Gongwang Fuchun Mountain Residence Map", painted by Chenghua Ding Weinian (1487), at this time Shen Zhou was 60 years old, although it was an imitation, but it clearly revealed the brushwork of Shen Zhou's thick brushstroke, and the inscription in the tail was: "It is in the sense of appearance, the object is far from distorted, and the paper is confused." "Huang Gongwang's "Fuchun Mountain Residence Map" was once Shen Zhou's old collection, which was lost due to the loan of foreign titles.
In addition to landscape painting, Shen Zhou also worked on flowers and birds, which had a great influence on the later Wen Zhengming, Tang Yin, and Chen Chun. Shen Zhou's flower and bird paintings are mainly divided into three categories: one is the ink sketch, such as the "Flower and Fruit Diagram" in the Shanghai Museum collection, and the "Peony Diagram" in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
Ming Dynasty Shen Zhou 'Peony Diagram' Collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing
There is also a category of boneless color, such as the "Panasonic Furong Diagram" of the University of Michigan Art Museum in the United States, the "Lying Tour Atlas" collected by the Forbidden City in Beijing; some works are obviously sketching, such as the "Three Pine Diagrams" collected by the Nanjing Museum.
Ming Dynasty Shen Zhou's "Lying Tour Atlas", beijing Palace Museum collection
Shen Zhou's flower and bird paintings mainly came from family studies, and his father Shen Hengji was good at painting flowers and plants, but very few were preserved. Shen Zhou once wrote two flower poems inscribed by his father, one of which is "Title Ancestor Painting Xuan": "The ancestors wrote Yi male grass by hand, and the green leaves and yellow reefs are as pleasant as possible." Shen Zhou himself also painted Xuancao, and when he was 40 years old, he composed "XuanCaoTu", which was inscribed with the inscription "My mother loves Xuancao, a thousand flowers in front of the hall." "The Anhui Museum has a painting of Shen Zhou's Chun Xuan, which can be used as a reference.
Ming Dynasty Shen Zhou "Chun Xuan Tu" Collection of Anhui Provincial Museum
In addition to Shen Zhou's flower and bird paintings influenced by family studies, the Southern Song Dynasty painting monks often had a great influence on him. The Forbidden City in Beijing has a volume of Fa Chang's "Ink Sketches", followed by Shen Zhou's inscription "A volume of Muxi in the Wu Gong family... Do not apply color, arbitrarily splash ink, as if it were alive. ”
In terms of calligraphy, Shen Zhou also has deep achievements. Early learning Zhao Mengfu, after copying the "Song Sijia", after middle age, huang Tingjian, especially love Huang Tingjian big characters, like to use wolves to swing books, sharp and stretching lines, the middle palace tightens and four dimensions of opening, deep Huang Tingjian a wave of three folds and escapement methods, long apostrophe, very strong and strange, vertical and horizontal opening and closing, and landscape painting majestic style is very similar.
Shen Zhou loves thin books in terms of calligraphy aesthetics, and he once has two handwritten calligraphy manuscripts of the famous poet and hermit Lin Kui of the Song Dynasty, and inscribed the poem "I love Weng Shu thin and hard". According to Ming Dumu's "Allegorical Compilation", Shen Zhou once collected four pieces of Huang Tingjian's calligraphy, which provided good conditions for him to copy Huang Tingjian's calligraphy. In fact, not only did Shen Zhou like Huang Tingjian's calligraphy, but his disciple Wen Zhengming also left a lot of Huang Tingjian-style calligraphy in large characters. Shen Zhou became obsessed with the yellow body after middle age, and at the level, it can be said that he is one of the few people who have obtained the charm of Huang Tingjian's calligraphy. The inkblots passed down from generation to generation include the "Falling Flower Poetry Scroll" and the "Scroll of The Beard".
Shen Zhou's paintings were all the rage, and at that time, some people competed to imitate and fake them. Zhu Zhishan once said: "The pieces are out of the way, and the copies have been seen at noon, and they are everywhere in the day, and there are more than ten books." Wang Jun also said, "Mr. Gao is extremely intelligent and approachable, or sells it with fakes, and is happy to do so." It can be seen that Shen Zhou is a good gentleman, and at the same time, his fake paintings are often seen. At present, there are also a small number of Shen Zhou paintings in the collection of domestic and foreign museums that are controversial for counterfeits.
In recent years, although the number of Shen Zhou calligraphy and paintings in the domestic auction is not much, it is sometimes auctioned, and the price is not cheap. In 2016, Kuangshi International Autumn Auction "Painting Xi Poetry Painting" was sold at a high price of 20.125 million yuan, guardian Hong Kong Autumn Auction "YouZhang Gongdong Tu" was auctioned for 20.23 million yuan, and 2016 Hong Kong Sotheby's Autumn Auction "Nine Duan Jin book" was sold for 14.92 million yuan. In 2017, Beijing Kuangshi International Spring Auction "Qiushan Ce cane Roll" was sold for 5.06 million yuan. However, there are also some streaming auctions, such as the 2016 Beijing Poly Autumn Auction "Seven Duan Jing album" 6.8 million to 8.8 million yuan streaming auction, the 2016 Guardian Autumn Auction "Shanshui Siduan Jin" 12 million to 18 million yuan streaming auction, and the 2017 Guardian Hong Kong Spring Auction "An Lao Ting Tu" estimated at 12 million to 18 million Hong Kong dollars. The most bizarre thing is that in the Rongbao 81 small auction in April 2017, a Shen Zhou landscape painting "Songya Summer Escape Chart Axis" with an estimated value of only 400,000 to 600,000 yuan was auctioned for 11.27 million yuan, 30 times higher than the estimated price!
Looking back at the Shen Zhou calligraphy and painting auctions at home and abroad in recent years, it can be said that there are more fakes and less, and the means of counterfeiting are also various. There are imitations of Chen Banding's inscription to sign the old collection, the transaction price is more than 3 million, the painting is too bad not to say, Shen Zhou's inscription poetry calligraphy is even more outrageous, ugly. Some of the end of the painting have more than a dozen inscriptions, but the painting is not Shen Zhou's, and it is a waste of effort. There are imitations of the "multi-paragraph brocade" album style, but in vain appearance. There are also imitation gold note fans, but most of them are crazy and rough.
In fact, in recent years, the vast majority of Shen Zhou's lots on the auction field are coarse brush landscape paintings, authenticity is still relatively easy to distinguish, Shen Zhou's thick brush landscape, first wrinkles and then points, superb brushwork, especially the ink method is dry and proper, calligraphy is even more vigorous, the pen has a thousand jun, and it is difficult for counterfeiters to imitate.
Ming Dynasty Shen Zhou's "Tiger Hill Love Farewell Map" Collection of Wuxi Museum
Shen Zhou's coarse brush landscape, although it can be summarized by the four words of "rough and simple and bold", but this is a lifetime of pen and ink kung fu cultivation, the more concise the pen and ink, the more you see the painter's skill, the boldness is not crazy, not angry, this is true and false at a glance.
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