Although they are not the heroes of modern times, they are also conscientious in their posts and use their knowledge to make contributions within their capabilities. In the turbulent years of Japan's invasion of China, they all adhered to discipline and discipline, and they never became traitors under coercion and inducement. 】
Text/Feng Xuanyi
Yu Qiuyu wrote in his famous essay "100,000 Jinshi":
The imperial examination system has been implemented in China for 1,300 years, from the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Song and Yuan dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, and has been closely accompanied by the history of Chinese civilization. The direct result of the examination was the selection of more than 100,000 jinshi and more than a million people. This huge community, of course, will also be mixed with many boring or despicable people, but on the whole, it is the basic contingent of Chinese officials, including a large number of extremely outstanding and highly literate politicians and administrative experts. Without them, there would be no important parts of Chinese history.
However, after more than 1,300 years of history, the imperial examination system was seriously unsuitable for the development needs of society in the late Qing Dynasty. In April 1903, Yuan Shikai, then the governor of Zhili and the minister of Beiyang, wrote in the recital:
The imperial examination will not be abolished every day, that is, the school cannot be revitalized every day, the scholars will never have practical learning, the country will never save the people at the time, and China will never be able to enter the rich and strong, that is, it will never be able to compete with all countries.
Such a view may seem too extreme today, but at that time it was the consensus of people of insight. Finally, the Qing court made up its mind to abolish the imperial examination.
The last imperial examination in history was in 1904. In this year, a total of 120 people were born in the first class and the third person, 120 people were born in the second class, and 150 people were born in the third class, for a total of 273 people. Below, Xiaobian will take stock with you about those cattle people in the Jiachen family.
Figure 1: Liu Chunlin
Let's start with the three of the first division.
The first place in the first division, that is, the champion, is called Liu Chunlin. He was also the last emperor in the history of The Chinese Imperial Examination.
Liu Chunlin zhongzhuangyuan, there is also a bit of luck, why say so? Let's first look at the production process of this element. At this time, the head of the imperial court was Cixi. At that time, the list and examination papers were reported, and Cixi read the top ten, and the first person in the list was Zhu Ruzhen. Cixi said that Zhu's surname was the surname of the former dynasty, which was unlucky, and Zhu Ruzhen was a Guangdong native, and Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and other revolutionary parties were fellow countrymen, and Zhuangyuan could not point him out. The second place was Liu Chunlin, and Cixi felt that his name had a good meaning, and that a long drought and a long drought could bring good luck to the Qing Dynasty. Looking at Liu Chunlin's answer sheet, this word is well written, and he is a person directly subordinate to the revolutionary party and has nothing to do with the revolutionary party. In this way, Liu Chunlin won the title, and Zhu Ruzhen occupied the list.
Liu Chunlin was born into poverty, his father worked as an errand boy in Jinan and Baoding provinces, and his mother worked as a maid in the prefect's house. At the age of 6, Liu Chunlin was sent to his hometown by his parents and raised by his brother-in-law. After passing the examination, he was awarded the hanlin academy according to the custom, and the following year he was sent by the Qing court to study at Hosei University in Japan, and returned to China two years later. After the Xinhai Revolution, Liu Chunlin successively served under Yuan Shikai, Li Yuanhong, Feng Guozhang, Xu Shichang and others, and served as deputy secretary of the Presidential Office and acting secretary of the department, and director of the department directly under the provincial education department. In 1920 and 1921, he twice represented President Xu Shichang to Qufu, Shandong Province, to preside over the Confucius Dacheng Festival ceremony, and became famous.
In 1928, Liu Chunlin resigned from the government and concentrated on reading and writing.
After the Japanese army occupied Peiping, under the pressure of the Japanese, the traitor Wang Yitang wanted to use Liu Chunlin's former title as a signboard and invite him to serve as the mayor of Beijing and the minister of education of Manchukuo, but he strictly refused. Zheng Xiaoxu, the prime minister of the puppet government of Manchukuo, also invited Liu Chunlin to take office in the name of Manchukuo, but he also sternly refused. Zheng Xiaoxu and Liu Chunlin were both famous calligraphers, but Liu's patriotic and righteous deeds of not being a slave to the country were praised by the Chinese people. The Japanese and puppet authorities were so angry that they sent japanese puppet troops to raid Liu Chunlin's home, drive him away with a bayonet, and loot the treasures of calligraphy and paintings he had collected over the years. On January 18, 1944, Liu Chunlin died of a heart attack in Beijing at the age of 72.
Figure 2: Zhu Ruzhen, the last list eye
The second place of the first class: Zhu Ruzhen was born in 1870, zi yutang, Guangdong Qingyuan people, famous calligrapher
After being named, he was taught edited by the Hanlin Academy according to the custom. The following year, he was sent to study at Hosei University in Japan. After returning to China, in order to draft the commercial law of the Qing Dynasty, he was ordered to go to various commercial ports to investigate modern commercial operations. In 1910, the Qing Dynasty held the first judge recruitment examination, and Zhu Ruzhen served as the chief examiner in Guizhou. After the Xinhai Revolution, Zhu Ruzhen served as the "South Study Walker" in Puyi's small imperial court for 13 years. He moved to Hong Kong in 1929. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, it actively cooperated with anti-Japanese groups to carry out activities such as anti-Japanese fundraising and charity performances. Hong Kong fell at the end of 1941, and Zhu Ruzhen returned to Beijing in 1942, where she died of illness in the same year at the age of 72.
Figure 3: Quotient in old age
The third place in the first division is also often said to be Tanhua, called Shang Yanjun.
The name is unfamiliar. Shang Yan zi zaoting, born in 1875, from Panyu, Guangdong. After he was elected, he was given the editing of the Hanlin Academy according to the custom, and thereafter he was engaged in the editing and proofreading of national history. After the establishment of the Republic of China, he served as the secretary of the Ministry of Finance of the National Government and the financial commissioner of Jiangxi Province. After 1949, he successively served as the director of the Jiangsu Provincial Museum of Literature and History, the deputy director of the Chinese Literature and History Research Museum, and the deputy director of the Guangdong Provincial Museum of Literature and History. He died in Guangzhou in August 1963 at the age of 88.
The above is the life of the Jiachen family, the eye of the list and the tanhua. Although they are not the heroes of modern times, they are also conscientious in their posts and dedicate themselves to the best of their ability with their own knowledge. In the turbulent years of Japan's invasion of China, they all adhered to discipline and discipline, and they never became traitors under coercion and inducement.
Second class, 120 people from the Shijin clan. Today's Xiaobian focuses on introducing three of you.
First place: Tan Yanmin.
Figure 4: Tan Yanmin (1880-1930)
Tan Yanmin was born in 1880, the character Group Nunnery, the number of Fearless, Hunan Chaling people, he together with Chen Sanli, Tan Si and called "Huxiang Three Princes", and Chen Sanli, Xu Renzhu, Tao Jucun and called "the four princes of the Restoration". Famous calligrapher, known as "modern Yanshu everyone". A lifetime of delicious food, once created a group of Hunan cuisine. After becoming a junior, Tan Yanmin was awarded the title of editor, but soon returned to Hunan to run the school. During the Wuchang Uprising, Tan Yanmin served as president of the Senate of the Hunan Military Government and minister of civil affairs. After entering the Republic of China, he served as the overseer of the two Guangdong armies, and three times served as the overseer of Hunan Province, the governor and the commander-in-chief of the Xiang Army, and was awarded the rank of general and the grand marshal of the army. Tan Yanmin was closely related to the Soong family, and he was the introducer of Soong Mei-ling and Chiang Kai-shek. He served as Chairman of the National Government of Nanjing and President of the Executive Yuan. On September 22, 1930, he died in Nanjing. After his death, the Republic of China government held a state funeral for him, which can be described as unique.
Figure 5: Pu Dianjun
Second place: Pu Dianjun.
Pu Dianjun was born in 1875, a native of Guang'an, Sichuan. After entering the army, he was appointed as the chief of the school and was sent to Japan to study in 1905. After returning to China, in 1909 he was recommended as the chairman of the Sichuan Consultative Bureau in Sichuan. Pu Dianjun was the main leader of the Baolu Movement, and in June 1911, he established the Sichuan Baolu Comrades Association on the basis of the Consultative Bureau and the Sichuan-Han Railway Company and served as its president, launching the Baolu Movement. In October of that year, after the success of the Wuchang Uprising, Sichuan declared its independence, and Pu Dianjun was appointed as the governor of the Sichuan military government of the Han Dynasty. After that, he served as the deputy secretary of internal affairs of the Beiyang government. He gradually faded from politics and died of illness in 1934 at the age of 59.
Figure 6: Shen Junru
Third place: Shen Junru.
Shen Junru was born in 1875, the character Bingfu, Hengshan, a native of Jiaxing, Zhejiang. After becoming a soldier, he studied in Japan, returned to China to participate in the Xinhai Revolution, and did his part to overthrow the Qing government. Later, he participated in the struggle against the Beiyang warlords. In 1912, he joined the League. He was a member of the National Assembly, the chief prosecutor of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Guangdong Military Government, and the provost of Shanghai University of Law. In 1935, together with Soong Ching-ling and others, he initiated and organized the National Federation for the Salvation of the Nation from all walks of life, actively carried out the anti-Japanese salvation movement, angered the authorities and was imprisoned, as the leader of the famous "Seven Gentlemen" of the National Salvation Congress, and was one of the founders of the Democratic League. After 1949, he was hailed as "a shining example of patriotic intellectuals." He died in Beijing in June 1963 at the age of 88.
The third class, given to the same jinshi, a total of 150 people, focusing on two.
First place: Bai Baoduan. Bai Baoduan, born in 1874, zishuzhuang, no. 澹庐, directly under the province of Xincheng County.
He was appointed as the head of the imperial household. After the founding of the Republic of China, he successively served as the governor of Pinglu, Tianzhen and other counties in Shanxi. He resigned in the winter of 1924 and has since been idle at home, making a living in pen and ink. After 1949, he worked in the Museum of Culture and History of the Palace Museum in Beijing, and wrote "The Usurpation of Words". He died on May 3, 1955, at the age of 81.
The second place, Chen Huanzhang. Chen Huanzhang was born in 1880, a native of Yanzhou Township, Gaoyao County, Guangdong Province.
The first time I saw this name was in Lu Xun's letters. On September 25, 1927, Lu Xun wrote in a letter to Tai Jingnong: "Or what I am cheap is that I am Chinese, relying on the word 'China', then, it is no different from Chen Huanzhang's ph.D. in the United States doing "Confucius Financial Management", and I also feel funny." "
The person Lu Xun ridiculed was None other than Chen Huanzhang, who was born in the late Qing Dynasty. Chen Huanzhang was a disciple of Kang Youwei, and after becoming a junior scholar, he was ordered to enter the Jinshiguan and learn modern law and politics. At the end of 1905, the five ministers went abroad to investigate politics, and Chen Huanzhang followed Dai Cihong to the United States. He studied English at Cook College, then at Columbia University in 1907 to study political economy and philosophy.
Figure 7: Chen Huanzhang
In 1911, at the age of 31, Chen Huanzhang received a doctorate in philosophy from Columbia University. His doctoral dissertation was "Confucius Financial Management". The book is a serious academic work, not as "funny" as Lu Xun said, the whole book of more than 600,000 words, is "the first economic work officially published in the West by Chinese", after publication caused a sensation, Keynes once praised it as a "erudite and pleasant book", Max Weber listed this book as a reference when writing "Confucianism and Taoism". Chen Huanzhang also became the only person who had both the status of a jinshi and a doctorate. In 1926, at the age of 46, Chen Huanzhang went to Southeast Asia as a missionary, and later established the Confucius Institute in Hong Kong, where he became the dean. In October 1933, Chen Huanzhang died of a stroke in Hong Kong at the age of 53.