Rejuvenating the country through science and education and strengthening the country with qualified personnel has always been the first driving force for the country's development and progress.
The exam can test the candidate's true learning and talent, and whether there is a situation of fishing in muddy waters.
"There is a house of gold in the book, and there is a beautiful jade in the book."
From Song Zhenzong Zhao Heng's "Inspiration"
Today, let's take a look at how people in ancient times took the exam.
The basis and upgrade of the examination system
Western Zhou: Shiqing Shilu system
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the law of examination was the Shiqing Shilu system.
Commonly known as the hereditary system, as a prince will be equal to the right to directly inherit, eliminate the interview, directly become an official.
Case of the volume
Warring States: Military merit knighthood system
During the Warring States period, it was stipulated that no examination could be used, but the standard of assessment was to look at military merit.
What about military merit?
Military merit refers to: "Go to the battlefield to kill the enemy, expand the territory, defend the dynasty at that time, and then when you come back, you can become an official." At this time, the Shiqing Shilu system still existed, which meant that the children of the poor people who went to the battlefield to kill the enemy were all poor people, and the children of the bureaucracy would still be able to enjoy unique privileges, which could be directly hereditary.
Western Han Dynasty: Inspection system
During the Western Han Dynasty, it was relatively fair on the surface, and it was necessary to take an exam, but it was necessary to have a recommender (commonly known as a recommender), and only after passing it could it be qualified for the exam.
The recommendation standard is said to be a good quality such as moral character, filial piety, public opinion and style evaluation, but the ancient ordinary people's family does not mean that they can get the real public opinion, in fact, it still depends on the family background, the final decision is still in the hands of those few people, and the ordinary people's family is almost not enough to even the threshold of the examination.
Small copy
Wei and Jin Dynasties: Nine Pins Zhongzheng System
During the Wei and Jin dynasties (directly guarding the door, collectively referred to as family background), people were divided into nine levels, and if the family background was good, even if they did not understand the Four Books and Five Classics, they had the opportunity to become officials; if the family conditions were not good, they had to suffer for a lifetime.
There is no cold door in the upper product, and no Hao family in the lower product. It is difficult to get takako out of the cold door.
--------------- from the Wei and Jin dynasties.
Sui and Tang Dynasties: The imperial examination system began
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, partial fairness was truly achieved (the examination system refers to the selection of officials according to the results of the written examination)
The imperial examination system has an epoch-making and far-reaching impact, and as far as the whole world is concerned, it has a leading ideology.
"Asagiri Tian Shelang, Twilight Heavenly Son Hall."
------------- from the Sui and Tang dynasties
In the Tang Dynasty, the candidate's information was not pasted, and the examiner looked at the student's paper to read the paper. Unfair phenomena abound.
Song Dynasty: Examinations were given names, examination papers were sealed, and transcriptions were arranged
In order to be fair, the Song Dynasty opened this wave of operations of pasting names, which is also the earliest dynasty in history, and set the sealing line of the examination papers. (The test paper sealing line has been continued to this day).)
In order to reduce the frequency of cheating by candidates, the Song Dynasty even arranged transcriptions, the purpose of which was to reduce the phenomenon of bending the law for personal gain.
Ming and Qing dynasties: Eight shares to take the soldiers
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the scope of the examination was limited to the Four Books and Five Classics.
Four Books: "University", "Zhongyong", "Analects", "Mencius";
Five Classics: Book of Poetry, Book of Shang, Book of Rites, Zhou Yi, Spring and Autumn.
Ming and Qing Dynasty examination paper diagrams
The imperial examinations of the Ming and Qing dynasties were held once every three years, and they were to participate in the township examinations, meeting examinations, and temple examinations one after another.
The township examination is an examination held at the provincial administrative level and is usually held in August. The candidates in the township examination became lifters and gathered in the capital in the spring of the following year to participate in the examination held by the Ministry of Ceremonies.
Those who will pass the examination are called jinshi or gongshi, and can take the highest level examination, that is, the palace examination presided over by the emperor himself.
The first place in the township examination is called Xie (jie) Yuan, the first name of the examination is a member, and the top three of the first class admitted to the temple examination are the well-known champions of the people. If you all get the first place in the township test, the meeting test and the temple test, it is often said that the three yuan and the first.
However, if you want to take the exam, you need to pass the child exam to get on the show talent, (the child exam is the most junior exam at the level of the imperial examination, including the county exam, the prefectural exam and the hospital exam. ）
For ancient times, the imperial examination was an indispensable step for entering the body.
The Ming and Qing dynasties were bound to the eight strands of text.
The advantage is to reduce the cost of study for the poor, like Huang Zongxi in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, who suggested that the eight shares should be reformed and the scope of examinations should be expanded.
In addition to the Four Books and Five Classics, it is also necessary to examine the Seven Books of the Martial Arts and the aspects of historiography (for example, all the sons and hundreds of families must be examined)
The Seven Books of the Wujing contain: "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Wuzi's Art of War", "LiuTao", "Sima Fa", "Sanluo", "Wei Jizi", and "Li Weigong's Question".
The imperial examination system is a great reform and innovation in ancient Chinese history. The employment system has been improved so that the families of the poor can enjoy the same conditions of struggle, and learned talents have the opportunity to serve at all levels of government, which has also promoted the development of culture and art.