Tip: Quelling the Zhang Ge rebellion, cracking down on ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang, and safeguarding national border security are major events of great significance in China's anti-aggression history in modern times. But there is one point in the middle, which makes people somewhat puzzled, that is, Zhang Ge has developed from a few hundred people to more than 10,000 people at the peak, why can he "toss" for seven years? It is clear that he took advantage of the anti-Qing sentiment and religious influence of the various ethnic groups in southern Xinjiang. After the rebellion was put down, the Qing court adopted many administrative measures to maintain stability in Xinjiang, such as implementing an appraisal system for ministers at all levels, strengthening the management of Burke, and increasing the garrison. There is a very important point in this, that is, to reiterate that imams and so on must not interfere in politics.
We found Yang Fang in the history books, he was a native of The Songtao Hall of Guizhou, a famous general in the late Qing Dynasty, and the first person to be enfeoffed in Guizhou. In his resume, he had the experience of entering Gansu with the army, and in 1815, he was promoted to the viceroy of Gansu. In February of the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), Yang Fang was ordered to lead 40,000 troops with Yang Wei's general Chang Ling and Counsellor General Yang Yuchun to quell the rebellion of The Hui chief Zhang Ge and capture Zhang Ge. The Daoguang Emperor was overjoyed, and the emperor proclaimed him a third-class Marquis of Guoyong, gave him a purple rein, rewarded him with a peacock plume, and was promoted to the rank of imperial bodyguard, plus the title of prince Taibao, like the Purple Light Pavilion.
At this time, Zhang Ge had been making trouble in Xinjiang, China for many years. Draft History of the Qing Dynasty The biography of Yang Fang recounts that Zhang Ge was captured: Fang rushed day and night, chased to the Kar Tiegai Mountain, and annihilated him from riding. Yu Thief embraced Zhang Gel to climb the mountain, abandoned the horse, and Fang led Hu Chao, Duan Yongfu and others to capture him. Tiegai Mountain is the Karatek Mountain in the southwest of present-day Aheqi County, Xinjiang. Aheqi County, which belongs to the county under the jurisdiction of Kyzyl-Su Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, is located in the hinterland of the southern pulse of the Western Tianshan Mountains, located in the alpine mountains. Ah He is said to be an ancient Jurchen word meaning "slave who has been summoned by man" (仆仆). "Jin Shi Jin Chinese Xie Personnel Affairs": "Ah He, ren slave also." "During the Qing Dynasty, this place was once under the jurisdiction of Dzungar, and its name was Turman.
Zhang Geer was a "noble" man, but he was captured here, and although those who followed him surrounded him and ran higher up the mountain, he still did not run away.
Who is Zhang Geer? People seem to be able to say it in one sentence: his grandfather was Yamato Chobranen, and his grandfather's brother was Xiaohe Zhuohuo Jizhan. His two grandfathers fought against Daoguang's grandfather Qianlong, rebelled, and were destroyed by Qianlong. As Grandpa's grandson, he also did not do the Daoguang.
Branedun is also called Polonidu, the son of kashgar Uyghurs, the White Mountain sect of Islam and Dolma hamut. In 1696, Mahamut took advantage of the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate kaldan of the Chinese Qing Dynasty to establish an independent regime in present-day southern Xinjiang, and in 1700, the Mahamut regime was attacked by the Dzungar Khanate's government, Alabutan, and the whole family was taken captive in Ili. This, of course, included Branedun and his younger brother Huo Jizhan.
In the autumn of 1758, General Zhaohui, known as "China's first anti-Xinjiang independence man", commanded 4,000 troops to attack Yeerqiang, known as the Blackwater Battalion, and was besieged by Daxiao and Zhuo, and held out for Three Months. In January 1759, Qing reinforcements arrived, breaking the size of the large and zhuo army. Daxiao and Zhuo fled to Kashgar and Yarkand respectively, and the Qing army divided its forces to take Yeerqiang and Kashgar directly. Big and Small fled to the Badak Mountains. The King of Badakshan, Suletansha, killed Dahe and Zhuo's residence, and at the same time sent envoys to show his submission to the Qing Dynasty. Branedun's son Samusak fled to the Khanate of Kokand, and later Samsak and his son Zhang Geer planned several more attempts to restore the country with the support of the British.
Statue of Yuanxun Zhaohui of the Purple Pavilion, Painted by Shen Zhen, collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing.
Badak Mountain is a small country, and the history books say that it is located in "more than a thousand miles west of Yarkand, on the right side of the Onion Ridge ... There are cities and valleys, tribes flourish, and there are more than 100,000 households." Because yamato was dedicated to the Qing army, it once became a vassal of the Qing Dynasty, and now belongs to Tajikistan and Afghanistan.
Zhang Ge's father was Samsak, who fled to Kokand and had three sons, the second son being Zhang Ge. Kokand was a feudal state in Central Asia, with the core area in the Fergana Basin, including the cities of Kokand, Andijan, Margilan, and Namangan. The main inhabitants are Uzbeks, followed by Tajiks, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. The territory included parts of present-day southern Kazakhstan, eastern Uzbekistan, and parts of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
In this land, Zhang Geer became an ambitious dreamer.
Because of geography, Kokand needed Chinese trade, but at that time, there was always a consciousness in the upper echelons of the Qing court, that is, in the process of trade, there would be some bad people mixed in, rather than letting bad people mix in, it was better to close. After Samsak fled to Kokand, the Qing court spent 10,000 taels of silver every year to let Kokand Khan monitor him.
Ten thousand taels of silver is not a small amount for a person, but it is insignificant for a country. With the Qing Dynasty's surveillance remuneration, Kokand still wanted to do business with the Qing Dynasty, but the Qing court never agreed, Kokand used Samsak as a kind of chip, and from 1817 onwards, Kokand Khan repeatedly made a request for trade privileges in Kashgar (present-day Kashgar) on this condition, claiming that if the Qing court did not agree, they would let go of Hezhuo and his family. The Qing Dynasty was somewhat angry, canceling some of the privileges given to their emissaries when they came to China, and stopping their rewards for tea and money.
Kokand Khan felt very faceless and offered to send two "Aksha hales" (literally translated as "gray and white bearded", that is, the elder) who had no judicial authority to be stationed in Kashgar, but this was also rejected by the Qing court. Kokand Khan used The Son of Samsak in Kokand, Zhang Geer and Babu Ding, to release Zhang Geer, who claimed to start a holy war.
Babuding was the youngest son of Samusakh, who later died prematurely, and Samsak's eldest son, Yusufu, became an imam in Bukhara. Zhang Ge in the middle obviously had nothing to do, so he thought of "inheriting the ancestral inheritance".
Kashgar today
But what capital is there? In addition to Kokand's support, Zhang Geer can only use the family background.
Hedra is an Islamic honorific title for a person of prestige. The Chinese "History of yuan" and "history of Ming" are translated as "fire bearers", and qing dynasty historical texts are mostly translated as "Hezhuo". It is also translated as "Hoga", "Huaer", "Huazhe", "Tiger", "Hejia", "Hujia", "Hoxha" and so on. Persian transliteration, the interpretation mainly refers to: lord, sir, chief, official, eunuch, eunuch, rich man, rich man, merchant, teacher, elder, old man, etc. The term was originally an official title of the Samanid dynasty of Persia, and later evolved into an honorific title for the powerful and the people of status. The introduction of the word into Uyghur began in chagatai and has a long history of use and has become a basic vocabulary of Uyghur. In modern Uyghur, the word is interpreted as "master", "master", "owner", "treasurer"; after adding bol to form a verb, it has the meaning of "lord", "lord", "master", "hegemony".
Through the somewhat lengthy explanation of the word Hezhuo, it is not difficult for people to see that Zhang Ge, as a member of the Hezhuo family, still has a certain appeal. In 1824, Zhang Ge organized a force of hundreds of Kyrgyz people and began to harass the Qing border. In 1825, he met a very stupid and brutal Qing court official. During the engagement, the Qing court official with more than 200 cavalry did not catch Zhang Ge, but brutally killed the women and children in a Kyrgyz camp. This inhumane and unwise thing created an opportunity for Zhang Ge to develop and grow. The reason is that after an elder of Kyrgyz saw it, he gathered a cavalry team of 2,000 people on the grounds of "unpopularity" and surrounded and killed the Qing court official and more than 200 cavalry under him.
The name of the Qing court official was Bayan Batu, a Manchurian White Bannerman, Guo Jiashi. Daoguangjian was promoted to the commander of the Blue Flag Protectorate and was the deputy minister of Kashgar. After the fall of the whole army, he was rightfully killed by the Kyrgyz. The Elders of Kyrgyz then informed Kokand Khan, the rulers of Uratiyube, the chiefs of Kunduz, the heads of the various Kazakh branches, and the chiefs of Kyrgyz that this was the best opportunity for them to invade China and seize the six cities (Aksu, Ush, Kucha, Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan), and Zhang Ge gathered an army of more than 500 people composed of Kashgars, Kokands, Kyrgyz, and Kazakhs.
Kashgar Old Town
In 1826, Zhang Geer invaded again with this army. In the battle with the Qing army, although Zhang Ge lost nearly 400 people, after they were surrounded by the Qing army, they successfully broke through with arquebusiers and other weapons. The Qing forces withdrew to the city of Kashgar to set up a defense, but did an equally unpopular thing - executing Achimu Burke (the highest ranking official among the Qing Dynasty's Xinjiang Hui burkes, in charge of the Muslim affairs of a city) and many city residents who were believed to be sympathetic to the invaders. This gave Zhang Ge outside the city a chance to grow and develop, and soon his team expanded to 10,000 people. At the same time, Zhang Ge robbed a lot of valuable goods outside the city, became his "successful" help, and vented his hatred for the Han people together with the troublemakers.
In this way, in the uprising and repression, the two sides are clearly caught in a vicious circle of national vendetta.
The man who killed in the city was called Qingxiang, the Tibetan clan, the Mongolian Zhengbaiqi man, and after Bayan Batuu was killed, he took his place. The historical records record his counterinsurgency after taking office: Qingxiang ordered the deputy minister Shul Hasan and the leading minister Wuling Ah to suppress it, the night thunderstorm, Zhang Ge broke away, and the white hat returned to the crowd. Zhang Gefu attacked Kacheng from the united tens of thousands of people along the great river, and Qingxiang dispatched each battalion of Ka soldiers into three battalions, so that U ling'a and Mukdenbu divided them into two battalions to meet the battle, and they were not in the battle.
After this, there is an "interlude" between Zhang Ge and Kokand Khan: first Zhang Ge turned to Kokand for help, about four cities were destroyed, divided and plundered, and cut the city of Ka in return. Seeing that the officers and troops were helpless and remorseful, the Kokand chieftain was angry, and thought that his troops had not yet attacked the city, and they were seeking to lead them; Zhang Ge pursued them, and collected thousands of them, so he became strong. This means that Zhang Ge at first felt that he was not strong enough, so he asked Kokand for help, and together they invaded and occupied the cities of Kashgar, Ingishal, Yarkand, Hotan, etc., promising to share the plunder in the future, and ceding Kashgar to Kokand in return.
After receiving the request for help, Kokand Khan personally led an army of about 10,000 people to meet Zhang Ge, but Zhang Ge saw that Kokan khan did not have a follow-up army, and he regretted it a little, and Kokan khan was very angry, feeling that it was better to fight alone than to merge with Zhang Ge. The two broke up. However, Kokand Khan commanded the army to attack the city and had to retreat more than twenty days later. Zhang Ge took the opportunity to pursue and persuaded some of Kokand's army to join his camp and become stronger.
More than two months later, the Qing army stationed in Kashgar city had no supplies and water, and Kashgar city was captured by Zhang Ge. Qingxiang, who had executed a sympathetic city dweller who sympathized with the invaders, committed suicide in the city. The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty says: "In August, the city of Kaka was besieged for seventy days, the city fell, and Qingxiang died. The soldiers fled in the night but were slaughtered by the Zhang gel army that was pursuing them, and some Of the Muslim soldiers who did not flee surrendered to Zhang Ge, including more than 400 Dungans.
After entering the city of Kashgar, Zhang Geer began to show off: he sent prisoners to Bukhara, Kundushi, Balkh, Kifa (Khiva) and other places to show off among the Kazakhs, in order to expand his influence. Subsequently, he captured the cities of Kashgar, Ingishal, Yarkand, hotan, etc., proclaimed himself The Sultan of Sayyid Zhangger, and restored the feudal rule of Hezhuo.
At the beginning of 1827, the Qing court ordered the general Ili Changling to mobilize the Qing army in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan and other places to meet at Aksu and organize a full-scale offensive. The force, of about 20,000 men and with scarce logistical supplies, was supported by the local Uighurs and was assured of victory. At that time, 3,000 rebels were holding Keerping (present-day Keping), about 250 miles southwest of Aksu, and the southwest of the area was through Balchuk (present-day Bachu) and Kashgar, which was the only way for the Qing army to march. The aforementioned general Yang Fang raided and captured the area, opening the passage to the west. At the same time, Khotanese Boke Yimin also led more than 2,000 local people to defeat the rebels and retake Khotan.
Zhang Geer, seeing that he was no match for the Qing army at all, began to flee to the mountains, and Watson said in his "Minutes of Tataria and Khotan in China": "His soldiers took away 'assets of great value', which they snatched from the residents of the Six Cities area when the Qing army was about to arrive." ”
At the same time, "the richest and most important White Mountain sympathizers moved with them to the territory of Kokand". The Qing army unsuccessfully searched for the Pamir, arranged a garrison of 8,000 people in Kashgar, and then sent a message to all neighboring rulers asking for Zhang Ge's extradition. Kokand Khan was somewhat frightened when he saw this situation, and sent emissaries to "explain the situation" to the Qing army, claiming that he had not helped Zhang Ge, and said that if the Qing court paid money, Kokand was willing to help capture Zhang Ge, but Zhang Ge was actually hiding in Kokand. The Qing court was so angry that it simply cut off trade between the six cities in Xinjiang and Kokand.
In 1828, Kokand Khan felt that Zhang Ge had little use value, spread false news of the retreat of the Qing army, and bribed Zhang Ge's Kyrgiz father-in-law, Thayirak, to return to Xinjiang with 500 people. As a result, Zhang Geer found himself deceived, and with the help of the Kyrgyz, General Yang Fang captured him. Later, he was taken prisoner by Qing generals to the Qing Emperor in Beijing, and the Qing court executed him (dismemberment of limbs, an ancient type of torture, that is, cut into many small pieces).
A rebellion was thus put down, and Zhang Ge's failure had his own reasons: at that time, the Montenegrin faction was dependent on the Qing court, and the Baishan faction supported Zhang Ge, but after controlling southern Xinjiang, Zhang Ge "killed living beings, and was tyrannical a thousand times more than before and Zhuo", which was completely contrary to his propaganda into Xinjiang. He condoned massacres, looted burkes' homes, and fabricated property inventories, paying most of the confiscated public and private property as salaries to the Kokands in his army, much to the disappointment of the supporters of the White Mountain Faction.
Quelling the Zhang Ge rebellion, cracking down on ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang, and safeguarding state border security are major events of great significance in china's anti-aggression history in modern times. But there is one point in the middle, which makes people somewhat puzzled, that is, Zhang Ge has developed from a few hundred people to more than 10,000 people at its peak, but why can he "toss" for seven years? It is clear that he took advantage of the anti-Qing sentiment and religious influence of the various ethnic groups in southern Xinjiang. After the rebellion was put down, the Qing court adopted many administrative measures to maintain stability in Xinjiang, such as implementing an appraisal system for ministers at all levels, strengthening the management of Burke, and increasing the garrison. There is a very important point in this, that is, to reiterate that imams and so on must not interfere in politics.
Pamir Plateau
The pictures in this article are from the network, thanks to the original author!