Aristotle Aristotle 384 BC – March 7, 322 BC
Aristotle, one of the great philosophers, scientists and educators of ancient Greece, the culmination of Greek philosophy. He was Plato's student and Alexander's teacher. Later generations called him "the most knowledgeable man", and as an encyclopedic scientist, he contributed to almost every subject.
In 335 BC, he opened a school in Athens called Lucion, known as the School of Escape. Aristotle's work constructed the first broad system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic and science, and politics.
If we put together all the textbooks of science and engineering, what would be the name? I think it's "Criticism of Aristotle."
When I was in school, every time I heard the name Aristotle, I used it as a negative example, as a foil for Darwin, Galileo, Newton and other colleagues.
If you don't open your eyes, aristotle was a very great all-rounder for the time alone.
Part of the Academy of Athens Plato and Aristotle
His master, Plato; his apprentice, Alexander. This jianghu status must be at least equivalent to Guo Jing in the novel (better said than IQ).
He is bogu, through the present, there is nothing he does not know. The word "physics" was invented by him. He has written 170 academic works, including Meteorology, Cosmology, Ethics, Political Science, Rhetoric, Poetics, Heaven, Creation and Destruction, and Soul.
It was only in his time that science had only developed a short time ago, and many devices and scientific theories had not yet appeared, so his worldview was still very rough. There was a great conflict with real science later.
Aristotle's worldview, for example, goes something like this: Natural change arises from the object itself (incomprehensible). He believed that all things were composed of four basic substances, earth, air, wind, and fire, in different combinations, each of which had an intrinsic tendency to move.
Rocks fall to the ground and rain falls into the sea, and in Aristotle's view, this is because the earth and the sea are the natural habitats of those substances. - Rocks make up the earth, rain makes up the sea, and there seems to be nothing wrong with it. Also, for example, wood burning, human aging, birds flying, apples hitting Newton's head, these are all natural changes.
The opposite of natural change is violent change, and the movement of violent change is imposed from the outside. For example, throwing stones to knock down the plane, forcibly tearing the devil in half, and Lu Zhishen pulling out the weeping willows, these are all violent changes.
Although these views sound funny now, aristotle really can't be blamed. Aristotle, like a professor, has begun to observe the world, but not in our present quantitative way, but in a qualitative way. Because of his time, there were no tools such as stopwatches that could make precise measurements. So it was impossible for him to calculate that the acceleration of gravity was 9.8m/s2, so there was the classic thesis that Galileo had proved wrong: the mass of iron balls fell fast.
Galileo reasoned this: a heavier lama came from the south, pulling five pounds of fish in his hand; a lighter mute man from the north, with a trumpet pinned to his waist. The lama in the south who pulled the shrew wanted to exchange the shrew for the dumb horn on the north side, and the dumb man did not want to exchange the horn for the lama's ray, so the lama stole the dumb horn. The mute began to chase after the lama who had stolen the trumpet. When the lama ran to the edge of the cliff and fell, he happened to be hugged by the mute and fell down together.
So the question arises: before they fall down and find the martial arts secrets in the cave, is it the lighter mute who falls to the heavier lama, and the two of them slowly fall down together, or the heavier lama and the lighter mute become a whole, and then "wow-pop"?
In addition to the assertion that the above reasoning is based on contradictory results, Aristotle has many claims that have proved to be wrong.
Aristotle said, "All matter in the world is made up of four elements—earth, air, wind, and fire." For example, when wood burns, it becomes fire and gas. Atoms or whatever, do not exist. ”
Mendeleev said, "Rip! The elements that make up the substance are hydrogen helium lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen fluorine neon sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chloride argon potassium calcium ... Forget it, you don't understand it, take a look at my periodic table. ”
Mendeleev
Aristotle said: "An object that has not completed its natural motion, it will only move if a force is applied." ”
Galileo said, "So, you explain why shells can fly in the air?" "Because nature hates vacuum, shells fly in the air because there are tiny particles in the air that push it to move." "Do you believe such a ridiculous theory?" "Force is not the cause of maintaining the motion of an object, but the cause of changing the motion of an object."
Galileo
Aristotle said, "A wise God created all life, and man is the highest point of the blueprint for life." Things that are different from humans are deformed. Woman...... It's a flawed man. ”
Robert Hooke said: "According to my research, even very simple creatures have organs as much as we do. Give you a copy of the Micrograph to take a good look at. Leeuwenhoek said, "I prove that Hooke is right. ”
Robert Hooke
Aristotle said, "I speak of common sense, and everyone knows it." What everyone believes is true! Those who destroy this belief will have a hard time finding a more reliable faith. ”
Planck said: "I used to think so, but then I found out that it was not true: even What Newton said was wrong, and our world is made up of atoms that we don't believe in at all. ”
Schrödinger said: "The cat is dead or alive, just because you observe it, and if you don't observe, it is both dead and alive, a superposition of dead and alive." ”
Planck
Did Aristotle know that his theory was not perfect? He knew.
He once said: "My physics is only the first step, and therefore a very small step, although it takes me a lot of thinking and hard work." One must look at it with the eyes of the first step and evaluate it with tolerance. You, my readers or the audience of my lectures, if you think that as an opening I have done everything I can... I will recognize my achievements and forgive me for leaving the rest of my work to others. ”
If Aristotle had known that science had developed into quantum theory, he would have been pleased.
—— Source: A Brief History of Thinking: From the Jungle to the Universe
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