"With Haochu Shangren to see the mountain to send Jinghua relatives to die" Tang Liu Zongyuan
"The sharp mountains on the shores of the sea are like swords and swords, and autumn is full of sorrows." If you want to incarnate into a hundred billion, scatter on the peak and look at your hometown. ”
The opening poem is the second time that Liu Zongyuan was degraded and served as a poem in the liuzhou assassination period, at this time, Liu Zongyuan was already in his 40s and had to be white. Looking back at his life, great sorrow and great joy, great ups and downs, repeated interspersed with interweaving, always when he saw hope, he shot him down to the bottom in a flash.
At this moment, the once proud feelings of a thousand people and the admiration of thousands of people have long disappeared. The relatives and friends around him have suffered from the death of his own troubles, and Liu Zongyuan has already struggled out of grief and turned it into a sad background that cannot be erased in his heart. However, only this homesickness cannot be erased, cannot be dissolved, day after day, and the sorrow is broken.
In 773, Liu Zongyuan was born in Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty. The Liu family of the "Hedong Liu Clan" is a branch of the "Guan Long Group" of datang. Of course, after experiencing the "Wu Zhou" period and after the "Anshi Rebellion", the Liu family has long ceased to be the scenery of the past, and successive generations have not had the opportunity to enter the center of the Tang Dynasty, only doing some official positions in various prefectures and counties, barely supporting the dignity of the "Hedong Liu Clan" as a Hao clan.
Liu Zongyuan's mother, also from the Hao clan, was the "Fanyang Lu Clan" in the "Five Surnames and Seven Hopes" at that time. Such a door, origin, and the current situation of the entire family at that time determined that Liu Zongyuan had a heavy responsibility from birth, and he had to do his best for the re-rise of the family.
In his early years, Liu Zongyuan spent time with his mother in Chang'an. At the age of 9, a "rebellion in Jianzhong", Tang Dezong was forced to flee Chang'an, and then, Liu Zongyuan and his mother moved around with their father as an official, seeing the suffering of the people along the way and the tragic situation of displacement, which allowed him to see the chaos of the "Fanzhen" for the first time, which brought deep disasters to the entire Tang Dynasty and the people.
If it is said that the mother of the long-term worship buddha has laid the tone in Liu Zongyuan's personality, then the upright personality and honest and positive official character of his father Liu Zhen play a crucial role in Liu Zongyuan's future growth.
In 793 AD, 21-year-old Liu Zongyuan, a high school scholar, for a while, became famous in all directions. In the 40s, jinshi has become the norm in the Tang Dynasty, how difficult it is, we look at the jia island who did not pass the exam and was only a 46-year-old jinshi, and wrote a poem under the pride, probably understand, "The spring wind is proud of the horseshoe disease, and the chang'an flowers are seen in one day."
More importantly, among the tongke jinshi, Liu Zongyuan got to know his lifelong best friend, Liu Yuxi, who was only one year older than him. The two shared honor and disgrace, life and death knew each other, "Liu Liu" and the name, will be in their later lives, like two towering trees standing side by side, supporting half of the Tang poetry.
Shortly thereafter, due to the death of his father Liu Zhen, Liu Zongyuan returned home to guard the funeral. I believe that at this time, he should be very clear that his father is gone, and the heavy responsibility of the family and the family has fallen on his shoulders, and he has the responsibility to carry all this. At the same time, the smoothness of the fledgling also made him look forward to his future.
Subsequently, Liu Zongyuan was transferred to the capital in October 803 as a minor official, and in October 803, he was transferred to the capital city of Yushitai and was given the post of inspector of yushi. It was quite coincidental that liu yuxi and Han Yu, two later heavyweights of the Middle and Tang dynasties, were also in charge of this imperial history in Yushitai. This Tang Dynasty's imperial history platform is really luxurious.
Three people working together, similar in age, and all equally talented, naturally came together. They are all young people, who can't drink poetry and wine in the world, talk and laugh about the prince, and the fame and fortune are natural in their view, as straight as probing for things.
At that time of the Tang Dynasty, the "Anshi Rebellion" was less than 40 years old, as if overnight, the prosperity suddenly fell to the bottom, and then fell into a continuous "Fanzhen" chaotic struggle. The whole society suffered from a series of military disasters, chaos in all directions, and the seemingly infinite prosperity of the prosperous Tang Dynasty was smeared with a layer of sacred, unrealistic brilliance in people's remembrance, as if everything was possible, and it was not too difficult to do.
Han Yu is like this, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi is of course, but young people, who has no idea to be reckless. What's more, behind each of these three people, there are also a large number of supporters, supporters, saying that they are the three dazzling "new stars" at that time, which is not too much. However, the viciousness of fate may be late, but it must not be missed, how much ability you have, how much suffering you will bear, this is the cost of life.
Han Yu's debasement ended the most joyful time of their lives that the three of them spent together. However, Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi were not too late to be sentimental at this time, and they were entering the "highlight" moment of life together, and they were marching forward with great ambition and pride.
In 804, Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi were both appreciated and valued by Wang Shuwen, the "conspirator" of the Crown Prince's Mansion, and entered the core circle of the Prince. In January 805, Emperor Dezong of Tang died, and the crown prince Li Xuan ascended the throne as Emperor Shunzong of Tang. Subsequently, as the core team of the prince, Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi were repeatedly promoted, and in the blink of an eye, they entered the power center, holding heavy power, and the "Yongzhen Innovation" then made a grand appearance, as fast as the wind.
At this moment, for Liu Zongyuan, the expectations of generations of the family, the expectations of parents, and the ambitions of individuals seem to be realized in the blink of an eye, so fast that they have almost no sense of reality, so fast that they have to make themselves doubt. He is being admired by thousands of people, full of ambition to recreate the glory of the Tang Dynasty and build the world of Peace, which is not exactly what everyone is looking forward to, and there are friends like Liu Yuxi who support each other, and there is Tang Shunzong and other people behind him.
The path of lack of ideal illumination is indeed no light to speak of, but ideals alone are not enough, far from enough, no matter how beautiful your ideals look. Or, how beautiful he once was, how sad it will end. The "Eternal Virginity Innovation" lasted 146 days and ended, coming like a wind and going like a shooting star.
Immediately after that, wave after wave of blows followed, and Tang Shunzong abdicated and died of illness the following year. The core team of innovation was all demoted from Beijing, known in history as the "Second King and Eight Simas", and Wang Shuwen was additionally executed. On the document, add small words, "Never hire".
Turning hands into clouds, overturning hands into rain, the ups and downs of fate, so dramatic, as if it was not yet time to feel the taste of success, in a trance to Yongzhou in the remote countryside, made a nominal "Sima "Sima ", always supervised by people. From the former doorway to the current fear that everyone avoids him, even the people in the family are reluctant to contact him, worried about being involved with him, what happened? Liu Zongyuan also had no time to taste it, and the hurricane of fate was preparing to attack and come violently.
Degraded to Yongzhou, supervised everywhere, not to mention, the family was arranged to live in the broken temple, the living conditions plummeted, and hardships and sorrows followed. Before the death of his wife, he did not recover from the sentimentality, and then due to the unadaptability of the living environment and climate, Liu Zong's elderly mother and daughter died one after another. Under the continuous heavy blows, Liu Zongyuan almost collapsed, and then suffered a series of fires, accumulating poetry manuscripts for many years, not one in ten, and he was almost burned to death.
Family broken, people die, ideals shattered, the future is slim, at this time Liu Zongyuan, fell into the lowest point of life, described as withered, all thoughts are gray. "Jiang Xue", which is known as the "lonely passage through the ages", was written at this time.
"A thousand mountain birds fly to extinction, and thousands of people disappear."
Lonely boat, fishing alone in the snow of the Cold River. ”
Later generations have commented that this poem is a "hidden head poem", written is "ten million lonely", in fact, whether it is hidden head is not important, the point is that at this time, Liu Zongyuan's eyes and middle heart, there are only these left. Why is it that the glory of the Tang Dynasty is still there, but now it has fallen into a field where smoke is everywhere, the people are miserable, and even the emperor cannot protect himself? Why, with all his heart to serve the country, he fell into a situation where his old mother and daughter were unable to save it? A song of "Jiang Xue", rather than being lonely, is more like saying that it is completely cold and heart-dead.
In the desperate situation, it was his friend Liu Yuxi who gave Liu Zongyuan rare encouragement and comfort. Although he was also demoted to Sima in Langzhou, the situation was not necessarily better than Liu Zongyuan, but worried about the misery of his friends, Liu Yuxi did his best, with optimism and heroic mentality, wrote a poem "Autumn Words" and sent it to Liu Zongyuan.
"Since ancient times, autumn has been sad and lonely, and I have said that autumn is better than spring.
A crane in the clear sky lined up on the clouds, and it led the poetry to the blue sky. ”
In the poem, Liu Yuxi is as heroic and optimistic as ever, as if he has not been affected in any way, and his exuberant vitality and passion have come to his face, jumping on the paper, and he is really worthy of the name of "Shihao". At the same time, Liu Yuxi also vaguely told Liu Zongyuan that the so-called "never hired" matter is not completely hopeless, or it is necessary to cheer up and wait for the situation to change. Perhaps, it is the optimism and deep friendship of friends that helpEd Liu Zongyuan gradually get out of the frozen trough and struggled to survive this most difficult period.
Since he was standing on the sidelines, Liu Zongyuan took advantage of this sudden extra leisure to walk into the mountains and rivers of Yongzhou and the township people. As his mood gradually calmed down, Liu Zongyuan made a profound reflection on his own path to the court and his life, began to realize the frivolity and impracticality of the past, and self-deprecatingly named the place where he lived and walked in Yongzhou in a series of poems as "Yuxi", "Yushan", etc., all named after the word "Yu". A "Record of Little Stone Pond" roughly describes the change in Liu Zongyuan's mentality during this period.
Furthermore, in the process of continuing to go deep into the folk, through the understanding of the life of the villagers, Liu Zongyuan began to notice that the hardships of the people in this world are far beyond his imagination, compared with his own little misery, almost not worth mentioning. "The Snake Catcher Says", then broke through the air.
A deep understanding of the hardships of the people not only gradually resolves liu Zongyuan's grief of being deeply trapped in his own destiny, but also introduces his original reflection on his family origin into a more grandiose, breaking through his own limitations and standing in the perspective of time and space history, and establishing a new pattern of re-examining the fate of his home country. In Yongzhou, Liu Zongyuan realized that he had broken the cocoon into a butterfly, a "feudal theory", and the stone broke the sky and turned out to be born.
In "On Feudalism", Liu Zongyuan focuses on the origin, development, and change of the feudal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty from the perspective of "potential", that is, objective law, and the process of changing into the County System of Qinhan County, refuting the absurd theory that under the chaos of the Tang Dynasty at that time, some of the literati who were struggling to find a way out of the predicament tried to restore the "ancient system" of the Western Zhou, that is, not only in fact, but also in name, to recognize the absurd theory that the feudal town was divided into a country.
At first glance, this restoration of the "ancient system" is nothing more than an acknowledgement of the fait accompli, and only the price of "nominal" can largely resolve the tension between datang and fanzhen. In fact, a huge loophole in this statement is that there is no "name", and no matter how fierce the clan town fighting, it is only a conflict at the warlord level, and once the name is changed, this is a war between countries, and the nature will be completely different.
What's more, the form of war will also change, the fierce general war between countries in the Warring States period will reappear in the land of China, and the cultural unity that has been achieved at great cost since the Qin and Han Dynasties may be broken again, thus causing insoluble antagonisms and deep hatred between regions. Driving this kind of historical reversal will push the entire country and the nation into a place of no return.
Liu Zongyuan's "Feudal Theory" stands at the height of history, starting from the objective law of social development, and points out to the point that the root cause of the dilemma at that time in the Tang Dynasty lies in the warlords, and trying to change the domain into a country in order to seek peace is tantamount to seeking skin with the tiger. Later generations listed this article as the first argumentative essay in ancient times, not without reason, he not only cut to the point of the times, the writing is sharp and strong, but also the pattern is broad, the momentum is magnificent, and it is rare for ancient texts. Even from today's point of view, the rigor of its logic, the profundity of its thinking, and the dust and smoke of time spanning thousands of years in this "Feudal Theory" still cannot cover up his brilliance.
In January 815, Liu Zongyuan was ordered to return to Beijing. After 10 years, the "Eight Simas" of that year were simultaneously commanded, and it seems that the suffering of this fate has finally come to an end. It seems to be true. During the period of being degraded, his friend Liu Yuxi also rose greatly, and the poetry of the two had long been spread all over the world, and at this moment, when they returned to the capital, "Liu Liu" and called it by name, which was extremely prosperous. Fragrant cars and fine wine, the door is like a city, and it is as if the suffering of these 10 years does not exist, and everything should be so.
Indeed, it is true that as it was 10 years ago, the difference is that this time the storm came faster. Out of concern and fear that the "Eight Simas", especially "Liu Liu", would return to a huge momentum, taking advantage of their unstable footholds, the hostile forces in the court once again joined forces. Less than February after returning to Beijing, the "Eight Simas" were once again demoted from Beijing.
With a basin of cold water, Liu Zongyuan's pride and ambition that were easily rekindled, and he always felt that he was ashamed of his parents' expectations, and he instantly disintegrated and was shattered by the ruthless reality. Outside Chang'an City, the two brothers met and walked together, although they were accompanied by their good friend Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi, who was optimistic all his life, at this time, he couldn't help but feel like water.
One was degraded to Liuzhou, the other was Lianzhou, and the two brothers who traveled all the way walked together walked to hengyang city, on the banks of the Xiang river, and finally they were going to be separated. The two smiled and met, and when they had the opportunity in the future, they would be a farmer who lived next door to each other. In fact, they both knew that at the age of nearly 40 and a half, it was difficult to say whether they would have a chance to meet in the future. For 20 years, the two know each other, life and death are trusted, and there are too many common pasts, which are worth remembering. However, how can we look back on this situation?
In 815, on June 27, Liu Zongyuan arrived at the official residence of Liuzhou Assassins. The same is degraded, compared to the last time, this time it is much better, at least there is no need to live in the broken temple. The name is Assassin Shi, which is equivalent to the post of Taishou, although it is only a name that has been stripped of a lot of real power, it can still do some practical things, and it is always much stronger than the previous "Sima " who is supervised by others.
Liu Zongyuan, who arrived in Liuzhou, quickly picked up his mood and threw himself into local affairs, doing his best to improve the local people's livelihood.
One of the most well-known things is that the local customs of Liuzhou borrow money to mortgage their children, and when they can't repay it, they are allowed to sell slaves. Liu Zongyuan hated this deeply, and tried his best to save many people by using his own official money, calling for donations, and so on. Moreover, he also decreed that those who were unable to pay their debts as slaves could be paid with labor money. Subsequently, this method was highly recognized and promoted in neighboring states and counties, and it is said that more than 1,000 people were rescued in a short period of time.
In addition, because Liu Zongyuan's poetry was already famous at this time, the family's attitude towards him also improved, and some people even followed him to Liuzhou to study and take care of his life. Since Hengyang and Xiangjiang are nearby, almost all those who have the ambition to go to Liuzhou to worship him under the door to seek guidance and study.
The living conditions of the Liuzhou period are relatively different from the Yongzhou period. Later, in the "Liu Hedong Anthology" compiled and published by Liu Yuxi, most of the poems are from the Yongzhou period, after all, although it was sad at that time, it was also very idle. The hardships and idleness of the Yongzhou period gave Liu Zongyuan the opportunity to open up the pattern and reached the highest point of his life in the field of poetry, but he did not stop here, seized the limited opportunity, he still wanted to do more practical things and solve some practical difficulties for the people. As he sighed when he first arrived in Liuzhou, "Is there no chance to make real achievements in the remote and wild wilderness?" ”
The busyness of affairs seems to dissolve many complicated moods, but it is this homesickness, like gangrene attached to the bone, day by day, with the gradual deterioration of physical health, strong enough to be contained. In the opening poem "Looking at the Mountain with Haochu Shangren to Send Jinghua Relatives", Liu Zongyuan left people's eyes, the landscape is full of homesickness, "If you can transform into a hundred billion, scatter the peak and look at your hometown" sentence, use the Buddhist scripture "to transform into a hundred billion body", straight to the point of a sad intestine, wrote to teach people full of tears, can not bear to read it.
On November 8, 819, Liu Zongyuan died of illness in Liuzhou at the age of 47. At this time, because of his great fame and ability to handle local practices, the edict calling him back to Beijing was on the way...
Liu Zongyuan's life is undoubtedly imperfect, the encounters in the world are too harsh on him, the ups and downs of life, the life and death experienced, he is far beyond ordinary people. And when he broke through himself and opened up the pattern, he was down-to-earth, and he saw that he could go further and achieve the great cause of a generation of founding sects was not out of reach, and his life came to an abrupt end. Fate, when it really regards people as grass, can't it be opened?
Or, we should not feel so unfair to Liu Zongyuan, think of the "Hedong Liu Clan", hundreds of years of Huanghuang family hao clan, out of countless dignitaries and dignitaries, but anyone remembers their names? Since Liu Zongyuan, the word "Hedong" has become his exclusive, the name of "Liu Hedong" has resounded for thousands of years, and history is, after all, just.
Han Yu wrote a small matter in the "Liu Zi Hou Epitaph", when he was demoted from Beijing for the second time, Liu Zongyuan heard that his friend Liu Yuxi had been degraded to Bozhou, and hurriedly wrote to say, "Liu Yuxi's mother has a high life expectancy of 80, and The bozhou is dangerous and cannot go with him", at this time, he is also a degraded official, in fact, he is not qualified to go to the book, for this reason, he said, "I only wish to be able to exchange degraded land with Liu Yuxi, if I aggravate my own guilt, although I will not hate it."
There is an old saying, "A soldier is poor and sees righteousness, and the wooden mallet is fragrant from itself", which is true