#Zhangjiakou Oral Notes #Zhangjiakou Literature and History: Zhangjiakou railway workers, in the workers' movement of the 1920s, insisted on the climax of the struggle
China's conscious workers' movement came after the birth of the working class's own party, the Communist Party of China. As a result of the imperialist economic aggression against China, the first deployment was a transportation network to serve the aggression, and after the birth of the Communist Party of China, it also paid special attention to the work among the traffic workers. Therefore, the development of the Chinese workers' movement is characterized by the fact that it is first mobilized from the railway workers, and then influenced and promoted by the workers of all walks of life.
In October 1920, under the leadership of Li Dazhao, a communist group was established in Beijing. In November, the popular tabloid "Labor Voice" edited by Deng Zhongxia was launched with the purpose of guiding the workers' movement. In the following year, the comrades of the communist group gradually began to carry out revolutionary propaganda and organize the workers' movement among the railway workers of the Beijing-Han, Jinpu, Zhengtai, Jingshan and Jingsui lines in the name of "advocating education for the common people". Changxindian founded the "Labor Tutorial School", in which revolutionary students organized by the Beijing Communist Group preached to the workers why they suffered, why they wanted to unite, why they should fight imperialism, warlords, bureaucrats, capitalists, and the theories of the working class's political parties and trade unions, so that Marxism-Leninism spread widely among the workers along the railway. Following "Labor Voice", the Beijing Communist Group, with the purpose of introducing the situation of working people at home and abroad and publicizing and organizing the workers' movement, was edited by Luo Zhanglong (Xiao Ming and Chen Weiren worked in this magazine). All this had a profound impact on the railway workers in Zhangjiakou, Jingsui Road. Many workers have already heard about it: there was a "poor party" in the Soviet Union that worked for the liberation of workers; Changxindian had a workers' own "heavenly kingdom", a club (i.e., a trade union); there was also a workers' own May Day labor day in the world; and on May 1, 1921, a thousand-person march was held in Changxindian. Therefore, the workers of Jingsui Road sent representatives to visit the Changxindian Club. Some workers have read or listened to the propaganda of "Labor Voice" and "Workers' Weekly" and know that workers must struggle against imperialism, warlords and capitalists in order to survive and be liberated. At this time, the Beijing Communist Group began to contact the workers on Jingsui Road. Since then, the political life of the workers on Jingsui Road has made a new beginning.
In 1921, there was a reactionary political group on China's railways called the "Department of Transportation", headed by Liang Shiyi and Ye Gongqi. Although the cabinet of the Beijing government has changed frequently, the chief of transportation is almost always the head of the department, which is full of railways and has deep roots in power. The national railways have become the private property of the family, and they are insatiably sucking the blood and sweat of the workers. At that time, the salaries of workers on Jingsui Road were extremely low, with small workers 2 cents and 5 cents a day, general workers 5 cents 5 cents, craftsmen (that is, skilled workers) were only 9 cents, and worship, sick leave, and personal leave were all deducted. In the case of the workers being exploited, Chen Shihua (Department of Transportation), director of the Jingsui Road Bureau, appointed more than 300 private individuals, each with a monthly salary of more than 40 to 50 yuan, and as many as 200 to 300 yuan. In order to appoint private individuals at will, Wang Bi (Department of Transportation), director of the locomotive garage, also canceled the promotion regulations of drivers and drivers. The workers on Jingsui Road could not bear it, so on June 22, a strike broke out among the workers on Jingsui Road, with drivers and furnace workers as the backbone. Under the guidance of the comrades of the Beijing Communist Group, the striking workers demanded to the reactionary railway authorities: "I. Increase in wages: The annual monthly salary of the craftsman is increased by 3 yuan, and the daily increase of the whole-day worker is 1 cent per year; the apprentice is increased by 5 points per year, and the craftsman is promoted by 4 years; the small worker is increased by 4 points per year and the helper by 4 years (this article was actually fully implemented until 1925). 2. Menstrual leave: sick leave and personal leave are two weeks each year, and one day off per week (before that, there was no weekly leave system). Twice a year, the ticket is free, so that the workers can go home on the bus after marriage and funeral, and so on. At the same time, he listed the charges of Director Chen and requested his removal. The striking workers elected representatives to negotiate with the Ministry of Communications and ordered the entire line of Jingsui to stop. After hearing the news, Zhang Zhitan, the chief of transportation, was in a hurry and hurriedly dispatched personnel to mediate. Under the unity struggle of the striking workers, Zhang Zhitan was forced to agree to demands such as salary increases for the workers.
The strike was an initial economic victory and showed the strength of the workers politically. The workers took advantage of the victory and established the "Seiko Research Institute" (i.e. the trade union) of the machine workers. The victory of this strike directly dealt a direct blow to the agents of Japanese imperialism in China, the warlords of their immediate lineage and their cabinet of transport departments under the wing of the egg. Thus, this economic struggle is at the same time of a political struggle against imperialism and warlordism. At the same time, under the guidance of the Communist Group, the workers of Jingsui Road, from an original state of lack of organization and class consciousness, quickly embarked on a great organized strike movement, which also surprised the reactionary warlords and imperialists. This victory lifted up the workers on and around the Jingsui Road and made them realize their power.
In July 1921, the great Communist Party of China was officially born in Shanghai. In Order to organize and lead the workers' movement, the Party Central Committee established the Secretariat of the China Labor Union, the general organ openly engaged in leading the workers' movement, in Shanghai, and set up branches in Beijing, Changsha, Hankou, Jinan, and Guangzhou, with Li Dazhao as the director of the Beijing branch (when the secretariat was moved from Shanghai to Beijing in July 1922). The director of the Secretariat is Deng Zhongxia and Luo Zhanglong is the deputy director). Under the leadership of the Beijing branch, the Jingsui Road workers' movement deepened.
This was followed by the anti-oppression struggle of the workers of zhangjiakou and nankou factories. The firepower was concentrated on the two railway bullies of Zhangjiakou Senior Officer Division (quite general affairs) Gou Xiling and Nankou Inspector Mao Youde. These two men arbitrarily punished and expelled the workers and forced them to give gifts, which were most hated by the workers. Under the leadership of the Communist Party and the Secretariat, the masses of workers mobilized extensively, rushed to the factory director's office, surrounded Yang Yi (the general manager of the large factory) of the Department of Communications, and proposed: If Gou and Mao are not removed, the workers will "hang up" (the meaning of action)! Yang Yi saw that the situation was not good, and was forced to agree. Workers took advantage of the victory to establish trade unions (called industrial research institutes). In september of the lunar calendar in 1921, when the wind was cold outside The Cyprus was bitter, a general meeting of all the workers was held in the open-air ping of Zhonghouli in Zhangjiakou, and Xu Baoshan was elected as the president.
For the first time for the unorganized laborers who had not been organized for thousands of years, they stood up with their chests up, and the enemies, the Japanese imperialists, the Warlords of the Fengzhi Clan and the Department of Communications, did everything in their power to undermine the unity of the workers: they started from the aircraft maintenance section, and on the one hand paralyzed the drivers and furnace workers with small favors (such as issuing uniforms, golden hats, leather shoes, etc.); on the other hand, they bribed the unstable elements in the "Seiko Research Institute" Wang Shouchong, Xing Fuyao, Zhang Jihai, and other 3 trade unions (the appearance of the worker thieves, so that the engine maintenance section was controlled by them, It became a stumbling block to the whole movement, and it was not until 1925 that they were crushed by their evil forces in the aircraft maintenance section; at the same time, they also changed their tone of mouth to ordinary workers, and in the past they cursed "stinky craftsmen" and "stinky little workers" with one mouth, and now they actually sang deceptive slogans such as "sacred labor", "sacred labor", "work to eat", etc., and established "staff schools" all over the road. The attempt was to co-opt some of the workers and train some thieves and lackeys in order to consolidate their reactionary domination in the railway. The struggle is thus becoming increasingly complex.
After the machine maintenance and large factory workers, in October 1922, the car workers set up the "Car Workers' Association" in Zhangjiakou, which developed to the whole road, and established branch branches at each station, and Li Liansheng was promoted to president. On October 27, a strike broke out for all the truck workers.
Jingsui Road, known as the state-owned railway, is one of the most profitable railways in the country. At that time, the workers calculated that the road could make a profit of 4 million yuan per month, and the whole road had 13,000 employees, spending only 300,000 yuan per month, as long as a train ran from Baotou to Fengtai, it was enough for January's wage expenses. However, due to the insatiable greed of imperialist and domestic reactionary rulers, this road has been suppressing unpaid wages since it was opened during the year of reunification.
In April 1922, due to the instigation of Japanese imperialism, the Zhifeng War broke out, resulting in the collapse of the Cabinet of the Transportation Department of the Bong warlords, and the Direct Clan won. In the scourge of war, the workers not only endured bad service and military disasters, but also paid their salaries for the year, until October, when they had not paid a penny for a full eight months. When the middle of winter came, all the workers and their families cried hunger and cold, and they were full of sorrow. With the support of the workers, the workers' counterparts repeatedly sent representatives to negotiate with the bureau, but the bureau did not recognize the rights of the fans to represent the workers and ignored the representatives' demands. After repeated negotiations to no avail, this provoked the indignation of the workers all over the road. Under the leadership of the Party, the Workers' Union, in order to improve living conditions and fight for the legitimate rights of trade unions, made a request to the authorities on October 26 for 11 articles, and if it did not agree, it would hold a strike. The requirements are as follows: (1) 8 months of unpaid wages; (2) a general increase of 2 yuan in wages; (3) a 3-point increase in the cost of workers' cars and meals; (4) an annual increase in capital. Workers have always been paid in accordance with the schedule, but when they reach their maximum amount, there is no further opportunity, and now that the cost of social living has exceeded its maximum amount far more, it should be requested to re-establish the table; (5) Sundays and holidays are public holidays, and those who serve on public holidays should be doubled according to their ordinary wages; (6) when workers die of illness. One year's salary shall be paid to his relatives, and (vii) two years' salary shall be paid to those who die in the performance of official duties. No wage shall be deducted for those who are absent from work due to overwork or illness on official duties; (viii) workers who serve as usual during war leave shall be paid twice as ordinary wages; (ix) the right of the current car workers to represent the car workers shall be recognized; (10) when the workers are dismissed for any reason. The workers' guild must first be informed of their detailed reasons, so that there is room for defence; (xi) uniforms shall be issued to the workers in accordance with the method of the subordinate staff of this road. The above demands are limited to 24 hours to reply, otherwise all strikes will be carried out on the 27th.
After the request was made, Yu Bingren, a warlord directly under the commander-in-chief, threatened in a threatening tone: "Stinky workers can't stop working!" Juxtaposed. After the news came out, the car workers at all stations were extremely angry, but on the 27th, all the workers more than 1,500 people went on strike and stopped all roads. Under the guidance of Comrade He Mengxiong (Secretary General of the Trade Union) sent by the Secretariat of the Labor Union, the strike was carefully arranged in advance, and the workers in the strike were well organized. First of all, the big factories took unified action, the striking workers strictly stipulated the strike discipline, supervised each other, organized death squads, pickets, propaganda teams, and dispatched them all at the same time.
The reactionary railway authorities at first pretended to be calm, but when the strike lasted until the 3rd day, they could not hold their breath. Therefore, the thief of the engine maintenance section was instructed to drive out of the front of the car to sabotage the strike. At this time, the tragic and moving scene of struggle unfolded: When the front of the car drove out at a rapid speed, the death squad led by Comrade Li Liansheng "lay naked on the railroad tracks, one by one for half a mile..." The red flag was waved and the shouts were tremendous! In the most critical moment, the workers of the engine maintenance section who were forced to drive in the front of the car took a heroic and heroic action of self-sacrifice: they twisted the big screws, removed the wind gate, and with a loud bang, the front of the car overturned to the side. At this time, the crowd jumped and rejoiced. The people from all walks of life who witnessed the scene could not help but shed tears of excitement and sympathy.
When the bureau heard the report, it became angry and decided to carry out an armed crackdown, and sent 200 armed policemen to rush in. When the police arrived, they were immediately surrounded by workers' propaganda teams and shouted on all sides. In the tragic and exciting atmosphere, the policemen were also touched by the righteousness of the crowd, and the policemen said: "We have to come, and we will not interfere with you when we come!" When Zhang Xiyuan, the commander of chahar, learned of this, he had no choice but to send his chief of staff Meng Shikui and adjutant Zhou Mou to lead a battalion of troops to surround the station, ostensibly to negotiate with the workers' representative Li Liansheng and others, but in fact wanted to take the opportunity to suppress the workers' representatives. Li Liansheng, a representative of the striking workers, and three or four hundred striking workers rushed into the station where the soldiers were entrenched, "This battalion of soldiers, one by one, loaded their ammunition, sheathed their knives, surrounded by dense layers, leaving only a small narrow road, and when the workers' representatives were released, they immediately closed again." During the negotiations, Meng Shikui shouted: "Tie him up!" Push out to shoot. Our elder Li laughed loudly, without fear, and argued according to reason. He said: "When a worker does not spend one month to borrow from people, two months not to spend to sell things, and three months without expenditure, there is no way." Not to mention eight months without spending! You're going to shoot, well, thank you, sir! Shooting us is the same as saving us, saving us from starvation and freezing..." Because the workers were united and determined, and the struggle was tenacious, Meng Shikui finally agreed to mediate. In order to prevent the bureau from changing its mind, the workers' comrades will give an order to the death squad: "The 40 members of the death squad will hold both ends of the station, and everyone will take turns to go home to eat, one person will have a wooden stick, and the platform will be firm, and whoever will destroy it will kill them, the workers and the police will be the same!" On the evening of the same day, the chief of transportation, Gao Enhong, had to agree to the workers' demands, and the strike was completely victorious, so the workers all returned to work.
In the strike, through tragic and passionate struggles with the warlords, every worker was actually trained. As a result of the victory of this struggle, the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses of the workers was greatly enhanced, the prestige of the Communist Party of China and the Secretariat of the Chinese Labor Union was greatly enhanced, the political consciousness and unity of the working class were strengthened, and the workers of Jingsui Road were initially mobilized and gradually became a strong force in the first great revolution in China.
Before and after the Erqi Massacre From January 1922 to the February 7 strike in 1923, it was the climax of China's first strike. During this period, there were about 100 strikes across the country, and the number of people participating was about 300,000, and the above-mentioned strikes on Jingsui Road were undoubtedly part of this climax.
Originally, Jingsui Road could have established a federation of trade unions at the same time as Jinghan Road, but because the trade union in the engine maintenance section was controlled by the worker thief Wang Shouchong and others, which affected the unified action of the entire railway trade union, the unified railway trade union had to be delayed.
On the eve of the February 7 strike, because the Jingsui Road Bureau repeatedly failed to fulfill the conditions promised to the workers, at this time, the salary arrears were not paid for many months. The workers were very angry, and on January 26, in order to cooperate with the workers' congress held in Zhengzhou on Jinghan Road, at the invitation of the Beijing-Hankou Railway Federation of Trade Unions, Zhang Shushan and three other people were sent to attend the Zhengzhou Congress, and on the other hand, under the leadership of the party and the workers' association, a famous petition movement of "the whole road is greatly advanced". Representatives were sent from each department and each workshop of the whole road, and more than 300 representatives gathered at the Beijing General Bureau. After arriving in Beijing, the workers' representatives lived in 8 large hotels, and every day they entered the bureau to demand the fulfillment of conditions and the payment of arrears. At this time, on the eve of February 7, the workers' deputies declared that if they did not pay the arrears of wages, they would hold a strike of the Jingsui All-Road General League to further cooperate with the struggle on the Jinghan Road. At that time, the warlords of the direct line were dizzy by the workers' struggle on Jinghan Road, so they did not dare to anger the workers of Jingsui Road anymore. The Department of Transportation was also a little afraid of the workers' tenacious fighting spirit, so they had to pretend to be good people. In this way, the workers' requests were satisfactorily answered. The victory of this struggle has played a considerable role in encouraging and assisting the workers of Jinghan Road in the Struggle of February and Seventh.
On February 3, Zhang Shushan, a delegate to the Zhengzhou Workers' Congress on Jinghan Road, and three other people returned to Zhangyuan. After the workers' association convened a secret meeting, it convened a meeting of all the road representatives on the 7th to discuss how to support the workers' struggle on Jinghan Road. However, the next day, the news of the brutal killing of the striking workers on Jinghan Road had reached, and at the same time, the Jingsui Road Bureau was also on close guard, so the alliance's solidarity had to be stopped. As a result, a fundraising and solidarity campaign was launched for all the workers on the road, and each of them donated a day's salary to comfort the suffering and unemployed companions on the Jinghan Road. After the defeat of the February 7 struggle, under the high pressure of the warlords directly under the direct lineage, the trade unions of all walks of life were mostly closed and dissolved, and the national workers' movement temporarily tended to be depressed. However, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Jingsui Road Trade Union has always maintained the original organization of "gong", "jing" and "douren association". On the first anniversary of the Second Seventh Day (February 7, 1924), Jingsui Road sent representatives to attend the secret meeting of the National Railway Trade Union, and the "All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions" was established at this time. Under the centralized leadership and education of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions, the organizational strength of the workers on Jingsui Road has been strengthened, and the "One Work in January" activity initiated by the "Industrial Research Institute" and the "Fanzaffen Association" and other organizations can still be completed on a monthly basis, and the "Workers' Weekly" secretly published in Beijing can also be read in an organized manner. By the time the storm of the Great Revolution came in 1925, it had become a revolutionary force in the northwest at that time.
The storm of the Great Revolution and the Jingsui Road Zhangjiakou
The Heyday of the Workers' Movement The Beijing Coup and the Establishment of the Jingsui Railway Federation of Trade Unions After the Kuomintang-Communist cooperation in early 1924, the rapid development of the Chinese revolutionary movement affected the division within the ruling class. In the north, the Nationalist Army led by Feng Yuxiang began to turn to revolution. In October 1924, Feng Yuxiang defected during the Zhifeng War and returned to Beijing from the front. The so-called Beijing coup d'état took place. The warlords Cao Kun and Wu Peifu, the direct descendants of the executioners of the Erqi Massacre, fell. After the February 7 Massacre, the workers' movement, which tended to be temporarily depressed, began a new upsurge throughout the country, and strike struggles rose and fell one after another in various places, until the May Thirtieth Movement in 1925, which formed a revolutionary situation on the eve of the Chinese Revolution in which "the mountains and rains are about to come and the wind is full of winds".
In early 1925, the Nationalist Army was stationed in North China, and the Workers' Weekly in the northern region of the CCP was publicly distributed. Comrades He Mengxiong and other comrades were dispatched by the Northern District CPC Committee to Zhangjiakou often to guide their work. The activities of the "Industrial Research Institute" and the "Douren Association" of the workers on Jingsui Road gradually developed. The momentum is getting bigger and bigger, and it is planned to establish a unified federation of trade unions on the anniversary of the second and seventh anniversaries. The Japanese Emperor's lackey transportation department and the reactionaries in the Kuomintang, in view of the huge political influence of the establishment of the All-Road Federation of Trade Unions on Jinghan Road, did not allow Jingsui Road to establish the All-Road Federation of Trade Unions. They're both hard and soft. There were many conspiracies and sabotages: on the one hand, through the order of director Sun Lianzhong to forcibly dissolve the trade union; on the other hand, the "Jingye Research Institute" was used to divide the unity of the workers, such as bribing some workers to oppose the establishment of a unified federation of trade unions. At the same time, they intensified the activities of the so-called "workers' schools" set up to sabotage the workers' movement, and in this trade union-style school, they set up self-government associations, amusement clubs, and friendship associations, and sang false slogans such as "sacred labor" and "otherism"; in addition, they instigated the reactionary teachers in the "workers' schools" to win over the workers with the relationship between teachers and students, and used administrative promotion as bait to divide and destroy the ranks of workers.
The workers heard the news that the union had been ordered to be dissolved, on the occasion of the anniversary of February and July, and at the same time received their own newspaper, a new issue of Workers' Weekly. In the mood of grief and indignation, in accordance with the instructions in the "Workers' Weekly", the work avoided the surveillance of the workers and senior officers, and held commemorative group meetings in groups. Many trade union leaders swore an oath to the portrait of Comrade Lin Xiangqian, the great martyr of The Seventh Dynasty: "Learn from Lin Xiangqian, not hesitate to cut off his head and shed blood, and vow to fight to the end for the liberation of the working class!"
After the meeting, the trade unions made a decision and adopted a resolute offensive strategy: on the one hand, They sent Yang Zongyi (i.e., Yang Gan) and others to publish newspapers in various parts of Beijing and Tianjin to mobilize public opinion, and petitioned General Feng Yuxiang to restore the trade unions; on the other hand, under the slogan of "eradicating the workers' thieves," they mobilized the workers to wage a resolute struggle against the workers and thieves mixed in the "Jingye Research Institute." In mid-April, the worker thief Wang Shouchong was finally expelled from the "Seiko Research Institute". The workers wanted to photograph Wang Thief and publish it in the Workers' Weekly, frightening him into prostrating his head and begging for forgiveness. At the same time, Xing Fuyao and Zhang Jihai were suppressed and other coercive followers were won over.
On May Day, the Jingsui All-Road Unified Federation of Trade Unions was finally formally established in Zhangjiakou, and more than 10 people, including Yang Zongyi, Li Liansheng, and Wang Zaowen (who later became traitors), were elected as executive committee members, and representatives were sent to attend the Third International Pacific Labor Conference held in Guangzhou and the inaugural meeting of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
The May Thirtieth Anti-Imperialist Wave Stirred up the Anti-Japanese Capital Increase Struggle of Zhangyuan Electric Lamp Telephone Workers In 1925, the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai set off a great wave of anti-imperialism throughout the country. In early June, the wave quickly swept to Zhangyuan in the north of Saibei. First, the Railway Federation of Trade Unions sent many propagandists to publicize all walks of life in Zhangyuan and help workers, farmers, businessmen, students, and Mongolians to establish groups. Then, when news came that the masses in various places had been beaten and injured by the reactionary military and police in solidarity with the May Thirtieth Movement, Zhang Yuan's workers and students took to the streets in droves to give speeches, distribute leaflets, and collect donations. The anti-imperialist and anti-Japanese sentiment of the masses is extremely high.
On June 10, workers, students, and citizens marched in a demonstration, and farmers from the suburbs also came to participate, and the crowd reached 3,000 or 4,000. The queue departed from the Railway Union at the south end of Baoshan Street and headed towards the Great Realm Gate. The Beijing-Sui Railway Federation of Trade Unions reads with a huge banner "Down with imperialism!" and "Abolish unequal treaties!" The words, the parade of leaflets flying, flags in the air, can be described as unprecedented. As the procession reached the gate of the Japanese Consulate at Longevity Street, it shouted "Down with Japanese imperialism!" Economic severance with British and Japanese imperialism!" and other slogans. The crowd was furious. The sound was so loud that the Japanese consulate staff closed their doors for three or four days. When he reached the Chahar Capital Tongya Gate (later the Puppet German King's Mansion), he met the Japanese consulate staff again. The anti-imperialist sentiment of the crowd was even more intense, and they shouted again: "Down with British and Japanese imperialism!" Expel the imperialist navy and army from China!" Down with the lackeys of British and Japanese imperialism!" and other slogans. The demonstrators dispersed in the evening. In fact, at that time these slogans were already the course of action of the masses. The spontaneous anti-imperialist movement of the masses and the feats of the allied forces in Zhangyuan in successive years of "boycotting Japanese goods" and other spontaneous anti-imperialist movements and the allied forces first unveiled the banner of anti-Japanese resistance in the north in Zhangyuan sowed the seeds.
At this time, the electric light workers Li Zhenting and Chen Ruren were deeply moved by this anti-imperialist Hongtao, and they encountered the railway propagandists talking about the advantages of establishing trade unions: "Only with trade unions can there be strength, and being scattered and unorganized will inevitably be bullied by others..." Ideologically educated and inspired, with the help of the railway trade union, all the electric light workers were led to more than 50 people to establish a trade union, and Li Zhenting (deputy director of the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions in 1945), Chen Ruren (director of the electric light trade union in 1945, vice chairman of the municipal senate), Wang Jintang and other 7 people were elected as members. Soon after, a sensational anti-Japanese capital increase struggle broke out in the city.
Originally, since the establishment of Zhangyuan North China Electric Light Company in 1917 (the sixth year of the Republic of China), Japanese capital has accounted for half, and in the following years, the proportion of Japanese capital has increased day by day. Almost everything in the company was controlled by the Japanese army behind the scenes (the general manager He Meifang, a well-known pro-Japanese element, actually planned to sell the company to the Japanese army in 1934, but was unsuccessful due to local opposition. But the so-called "Sino-Japanese joint venture" has long been in vain.
The Japanese army's exploitation of the workers of the electric lamp company was extremely heavy: the apprentices did not care about food and clothing, each person's monthly salary was 5 yuan, and the technical workers were 10 yuan or so, forcing the workers to eat less and lack of clothing; and each worker installed at least 5 lamps a day, each lamp earned more than 3 yuan, and each person could make more than a dozen yuan per day for the company. In the face of rising anti-Japanese sentiment, it is imperative to first solve the most urgent problem before the workers - to improve the lives of the workers and to enhance their status. Therefore, after discussion among the workers, the trade unions made 11 demands on the Chinese and Japanese capitalists:
"(i) Capital increase: the number of apprentices per month increases to 9 yuan to 10 yuan, and the number of craftsmen increases to 20 yuan to 60 yuan; (ii) education fees: the company subsidizes the trade union by 15 yuan per month, so that the trade union can hire teachers, outside working hours every day, for l hours of class; (3) The annual dividends are distributed to workers in proportion to 5,000 of the wages; (4) at the end of the year, a monthly bonus is paid, 1 month of leave is given every year, return to the province, the salary is paid, and the return to Sichuan is given, 2 yuan per hundred miles; (5) up and down (employment and reduction) Workers must obtain the consent of the trade union; (6) Sanitation: to the extent possible, request the company to set up a bathhouse, and before the bathhouse is established, the company designates a bathhouse, and issues two bathing tickets for workers every month; (7) the wage is increased once a year, and the craftsman increases by 15 percent according to the number of wages, and the number of small workers and apprentices increases by 20 percent, up to 60 yuan; (8) the company sets up food, and coal, water, and gang are supplied by the company; (9) those who die in the line of duty are paid by the company for 5 and a half years, and the coffin is borne by the company. For those injured in the line of duty, the medical expenses shall be paid by the company. Seriously injured and disabled persons are paid and appropriate work is granted. Old age can not work, 10 years of service to give 3 and a half years of wages, 20 years of service to give 5 years of wages, more than 30 years of pension for life; (ten) by the company to work raincoats and rain boots, each person half a kilogram of tea per month two pancreas; (eleven) far out of work, by the company to prepare bicycles or other means of transportation. ”
On the one hand, the trade union issued a declaration, and on the other hand, it sent three representatives Li Zhenting, Liu Zixiang, and Wang Jintang and manager Guo Yutian to negotiate. Guo pushed over to the board of directors, and the board of directors did not agree to the conditions under the pretext that the company had lost money. The workers settled their accounts according to reason, and the two sides could not stand each other. This incident caused a sensation in all walks of life in Zhang Yuan. Finally, after the mediation of Yu Heqing of the Zhangjiakou Workers' Club and Yu Dakui of the Railway Trade Union, Yu agreed to it, except for the five-thousandth dividend, the annual leave of January, and the health fee. The basic demands of the workers and the right of the trade unions to operate have been obtained, and the struggle has been won.
The telephone company union, which is composed of about 30 drivers, under the influence of the victory of the electric light union in the struggle, also put forward four requirements to the company:
"(1) Double the salary, which was originally seven or eight yuan per person per month, and the requirement was increased to about 20 yuan; (2) if the company did not eat at the company, the company changed the meal fee to 8 yuan per person per month; (3) early rise, night shift plus snacks, fried rice; (4) working hours: 3 hours on the top shift, 6 hours of rest (originally only 3 hours of rest, due to excessive stress of the driver's work, can not get enough rest).
The above conditions were put forward by Zhao Wenliang, a representative of the workers, to Jin Molin, deputy manager of the bureau, and Wang Zhichen, the inspector. Jin and Wang did not reply, and the trade union decided to carry out a strike at 6 p.m. on the same day and suspend the call. At the time of military tension, before it was time for the strike, the bureau all agreed to the union's demands.
At that time, the capital increase struggle of the electric lamp and telephone workers, although it was of a very anti-Japanese nature, from the standpoint of supporting the military use of the National Army, the way of struggle was not in the form of a direct strike (claiming that the strike was actually only a verbal threat), but in the form of negotiation. In fact, every economic struggle of the Workers of Zhangjiakou at that time was closely integrated with the political struggle against imperialism and warlords, which was also one of the characteristics of the Chinese workers' movement.
The May Thirtieth Movement was a prelude to the stormy chinese revolution, and under the influence of progressive revolutionary forces such as the Communist Party of China and Sun Yat-sen, the Nationalist Army further leaned toward the National Revolution. Although the Nationalist Army was not yet a revolutionary armed force of the people, but an army divided from the warlords in favor of the revolution, the revolutionary movement was given the opportunity to develop in Zhangjiakou, where the Nationalist Army ruled, and in the second half of 1925, the national revolutionary wave surged forward. The CPC Sent Comrade Xiao San and other comrades to Zhang to lead the local labor movement, and with the influence and help of the railway trade unions, the trade unions in various industries in Zhangjiakou also followed the electric lamp and telephone trade unions, and they were established one after another.
Among the newly established trade unions, the largest is the Mint Union, with 400 to 500 members (the factory was founded by Zhang Xiyuan in 1924 to manufacture copper dollars, and the address is now the location of the North China Machine Factory). The trade union members were Cao Yulin, Chen Zicheng, Jiang Wenlin and others, and the leadership of the trade union was relatively strong at that time. Most of the workers in the factory were Tianjin people, and after the retreat of the Nationalist Army, the factory was closed, and trade union members were scattered in Tianjin, becoming the backbone of the heavy industry workers in Tianjin at that time.
It is followed by the machinery factory trade union, which has more than 300 members, and the leader is Bai Jingfu. The factory originally came with the Nationalist Army, and after the Nationalist Army retreated, it went with the army to the areas of Sui, Bao, and Wuyuan, which played a great role in organizing the iron workers and mechanics in various places.
Again, there is the Postal Workers' Union, which has about 20 members. During the anti-Japanese capital increase struggle, the Electric Light Union sent declarations to various places, and received great help from the Postal Workers' Union.
The rickshaw trade union set up a "labor rest house" at 6 parking lots in Zhangyuan, each of which was supplied with tea and cultural entertainment. When the Nationalist Army was defending the South Pass, the union selected many activists to join the consolation team to help transport wounded soldiers on the front line. When the Nationalist army retreated, many people accompanied the army to the Sui and Bao areas to engage in transportation and intelligence work, and other horse-drawn carriages, foot shops, grain stores, and transportation stations were also brewing the establishment of trade unions; the eight works of tile, wood, paint, stone, leather, wool, iron, and silver also planned to establish handicraft workers' unions, but later due to the withdrawal of the Nationalist army, they did not succeed.
In addition, the northern region of the CPC also sent comrades such as Lotte Yu and Li Huaicai to help guide the peasant movement in the suburbs of Zhangyuan, established peasant associations outside the Dajing Gate and Ningyuan Fort, developed in Wanquan County, and emerged comrades such as Jia Rong, the leader of the peasant movement who was loved by the peasants.
At the same time, a Zhangjiakou Workers' Club was established at the south end of Baoshan Street, with Comrades Xu Baoshan and Yang Zongyi successively serving as directors and Comrades Yu Heqing as director generals. The club often performed small films (mostly Soviet films, such as "The Tragedy of the Fall of Goryeo", etc.), and also performed old plays and dramas, and displayed many new books, such as "History of Social Evolution", "Leninism", "Three People's Principles", etc., newspapers such as "Workers' Weekly", "Bright Lantern", "Workers' Tabloids" and so on. Feng Yuxiang takes 1,000 yuan a month to support the club. The club became the favorite place for workers to meet, study and entertain at that time.
At that time, outstanding workers were also selected from Zhangjiakou and some young people of Chasui were mobilized to study at the Guangzhou Huangpu Military Academy, where Comrade Zhou Enlai was the director of the Political Department, and the Central Peasant Movement Training Center sponsored by Comrade Mao Zedong in Guangzhou. Among those who went to the peasant movement training institute were Guo Baoan (whose whereabouts are unknown after 1929), Wang Jiangong (who was heard at that time had been detained by Fu Zuoyi), Su Mou and Liu Mou (all of whom lost their names). After the Nationalist Army withdrew to Baotou, they played a great role in the development of the peasant movement in the Sui and Bao areas.
The Zhangyuan Workers' Movement reached its heyday at this time. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Zhangyuan working class has organized itself into a strong political force and has begun to enter the political arena. The generals of the Nationalist Army also saw this force at this time, so they had the economic support at that time (hundreds of thousands of yuan of huge funds were taken out along the Pingsui line) and mutual cooperation. In the most tense years of the great revolutionary movement in the north that followed, the Zhangyuan working class carried forward the heroic tradition of struggle in both political and military struggles.
Standing at the Forefront of the Political and Military Struggle of the Great Revolution Influencing and Promoting the Nationalist Army In November 1925, at Zhangyuan, with the Railway Federation of Trade Unions as the backbone, a broad mass "Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Congress" of all revolutionary strata in the northwest was held, which was held at the Baoshan Jiekou Workers' Club, with the participation of Representatives of the Mongolian People. The congress accepted the CPC's proposition of the current situation at that time, united all strata toward the revolution, and helped establish 6 Kuomintang party departments -- the two special districts of Chasui, The two regions of Zhasui and Inner Mongolia, and the party departments of Zhangyuan and Guisui. At that time, it was the Communists who helped the Kuomintang to build the Party, but later the Kuomintang reactionaries returned to the Communist Party with butcher knives, prisons, and non-punishments. It's so painful to talk about this history!
At the beginning of 1926, when the Nationalist Army occupied Tianjin and other places, Zhangyuan workers organized various propaganda teams and consolation groups on the front line, and tried all kinds of methods to carry out political propaganda and education among the officers and men of the Nationalist Army. In the rear, the Workers' Pickets, organized by the General Railway Union, maintained and consolidated local law and order. At that time, the workers' pickets were wearing blue clothing, red hats, armed belts around their waists, and machetes on their shoulders. At that time, when the war clouds were thick and the rear was empty, Zhangjiakou established a good social order unprecedented in history.
At the beginning of March of the same year, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Railway Federation of Trade Unions held a joint meeting of the chairmen and secretaries of the trade unions. The convening of this congress is mainly the situation of the Chinese revolution and the tasks of the current workers' movement, and puts forward a clear anti-imperialist and anti-feudal rule slogan to promote the entire revolutionary movement. However, at that time, there were still some stubborn generals of the Northwest Army, believing that the trade unions had brought them favors and caused trouble, and told the trade unions: "If you make trouble with the trade union, you will make trouble with your trade union, and there is no need to make trouble to support the Guangdong government, overthrow Zhang Zuolin, Wu Peifu, and so on." Some people say that we are red, and you have provoked us!" Zhang Zhijiang, Song Zheyuan, Lu Zhonglin and others (all of whom were under Feng Yuxiang's subordinates) were afraid that the three words "Nationalist Army" were too red to be called. Although the ideological diehards among these Nationalist generals resisted the rising revolutionary movement, they were always given extremely patient missionary work in order to propel them onto the path of revolution.
Under the threat of the continued development of the mass revolutionary movement and the growing power of the Nationalist Army, which turned to revolution, British and Japanese imperialism instigated the Fengzhi warlords to unite and attack the Nationalist Army. In April, the Nationalists were forced to retreat to the south. The Workers of Zhangyuan actively supported the front, and many workers personally went to the front to participate in the work of engineers, services, transportation, intelligence, and propaganda and consolation; the Railway Federation of Trade Unions even organized the "Joining the Clan" to accompany the army, taking on the most of the work of the engineers at the forefront, laying mines and digging tunnels; although the railway transportation was bombarded by artillery, none of the workers left their posts, and the traffic was not interrupted; the workers of the Electric Light Union went to the front line to arrange the power grid and manage the generators; the workers of the railway factory processed and manufactured military equipment and weapons, grenades, and grenades. Mortar shells, but also in a short period of time to produce 5 ironclad cars ... At that time, jingsui quanlu had not been paid for 8 months, the trade union called on the workers to support the nationalist army with a spirit of self-sacrifice without pay, and the workers all tightened their stomachs and worked without complaint.
At that time, the Communist Party of China, trade unions, and other organizations put forward many valuable suggestions on the military, government, and democracy movement of the Nationalist Army, but unfortunately most of them were not adopted. However, the right-wing reactionaries in the Kuomintang, Lei Xiaocen and Zhang Qiubai, also shouted: "Zhang Wu begged for chi and begged us, you all came here to make a fool of yourself!" Anti-communist propaganda and the sabotage of trade union activities have thus made it more difficult for revolutionary work. At this time, a few members of the trade union also had the idea of retreating, saying: "Do less, lest the Nationalist Army be dissatisfied!" This is when the road to revolution is full of thorns.
In August 1926 (the seventh day of the seventh month of the seventh month of the lunar calendar), Nankou and Duolun fell, and the Nationalist army left Zhangyuan and retreated to the northwest. Under the leadership of the Communist Party, there were 34 trade union leaders who accompanied the army to the west, including more than 40 people in various places, and many workers from all walks of life left with the army. At that time, there were still many workers, because they were late in setting off, chased the team to Chaigou Fort, because the team was far away, and they covered their faces and cried bitterly.
The workers accompanying the army formed a traffic brigade (the brigade leader was Yang Zongyi and others), and the democratic movement work committee (which was called the workers' political team by the masses everywhere at that time) went to Sui, Bao, and Wuyuan to handle the military movement all the way, supply supplies, mobilize the people, encourage morale, regardless of all ridicule and difficulties, and work tirelessly for the overall situation of the revolution.
After arriving in Wuyuan, the Nationalist Army, with the help of the people of the central and northwestern regions, regrouped. At that time, the Soviet Union sent a large number of advisory groups to help the Nationalist Army; Comrades Liu Bojian (who later died in the agrarian revolution), Deng Xixian (that is, Deng Xiaoping), Xiao Ming (now director of the Zhangshi Federation of Trade Unions), Li Dazhang, and other comrades also returned from Moscow; Liu Bojian was appointed director of the Political Department of the General Headquarters of the Nationalist Army, Deng Xiaoping hosted the Nationalist Military Academy, Xiao Ming was appointed deputy director of the Political Department of the General Headquarters of the Northern Route Army of the Nationalist Army, and Li Dazhang was the chief of the Propaganda Section. After the "Five Original Oath Divisions", Feng Yuxiang led the Nationalist Army to the south, from Pingliang in Ningxia to Xi'an, and then from Xi'an to Tongguan, along the Longhai Line to meet the Wuhan Northern Expeditionary Army in Zhengzhou. The workers with the army organized the masses along the way, spread the seeds of revolution, attacked the city and the land, and established great merits. The capture of Lingbao, Shaanxi County, Shichi, Xin'an, Haoshi, Gong County, and other places did not cost a single shot or a bullet. Xin'an County was led by a few other workers, including Liu Chengyong, with wit and courage, to lead the local masses and recover them.
At that time, luo jun and the masses had great admiration for the workers's (people's) political (administrative) teams wearing blue clothes and red armbands, and many generals often used this as an example of praise and encouragement. The masses in western Henan also have a popular carol:
"Nowadays, the world has turned upside down, and the workers in blue are everywhere, organizing their fellow villagers to get up and do it, fighting for the city and the land without cannons, and relying on the rolls to do propaganda!" (Note: At that time, the most powerful and prestigious peasants on both sides of Longhai Road were Jiang Dekui, chairman of the Zhangjiakou Railway Trade Union, who carried some rolls made of wheat and sorghum in their pockets, and the masses affectionately called them "big rolls")
In July 1927, Feng Yuxiang succeeded Chiang Kai-shek and rebelled against the revolution. Jiang and Feng held the Xuzhou Conference, the Nationalist Army rebelled against Ge, Ninghan cooperated, and the Kuomintang and the Communist Party separated their families. Feng ordered the purging of the Nationalist Army and the revolutionaries in its jurisdiction and openly opposed communism. Liu Xinjian, Deng Xiaoping, Xiao Ming, Li Dazhang, and others all broke away from the Nationalist Army and engaged in underground struggles. Liu Bojian and Deng Xiaoping successively entered the Soviet Union. Xiao Ming and Li Dazhang infiltrated the rural areas of eastern Shaanxi, organized peasants, and together with Comrades Liu Zhidan and Tang Shu, led the "Great Uprising of Wei (Nan) Hua (County)" in which the "Guangzhou Uprising" was reflected in the north and south. Other comrades, such as Yang Zongyi, were scattered and went underground, while one of them went into the Yu, Hubei, and Anhui Soviet districts and joined the Soviet agrarian revolutionary movement.
The period of depression of the workers' movement after the defeat of the Revolution
The Depression of the Revolutionary Movement and the Tragedy of the Working Class Since the retreat of the Nationalist Army in August 1926, the revolutionary movement in the north (a year before the Yangtze River Basin) has tended to be depressed. Zhang Zuolin and Wu Peifu met in Beijing, and the warlords of Japanese imperialism reoccupied Zhangyuan, and the counter-revolutionary arrogance was arrogant. Trade unions were banned, and trade union cadres at all levels were dismissed from three consecutive batches, totaling more than 100 people. The victory clause in the struggle for the increase of capital for the workers of the electric light company and the telephone company was completely abolished by the Japanese imperialists and pro-Japanese capitalists, and everything was restored to the old view, and the oppression of the workers became more intense. Comrade Duoshou (a Mongolian youth), an excellent leader of the Zhangyuan workers, was arrested and imprisoned, tortured to death. During interrogation, when a confession was pressed, Comrade Duoshou was responsible for everything by himself, refused to confess a single person, so he was cut down and killed on the bank of the Qinghe Bridge, and the body was buried by the workers in the deserted tomb on the west slope, which was the first heroic bloody sacrifice of Zhangjiakou for the cause of the working class.
In a gloomy and cruel environment, the unions of railways, electric lights, telephones, etc., still maintain their secret organization. Some of the workers who were dismissed from the unemployment took advantage of the cover of the active workers to carry out underground activities; some scattered on both sides of the railway to engage in rural work; and some were transferred to other factories in Pingping and Tianjin, and they all maintained organizational contacts. When the news of Li Dazhao and other martyrs being hanged by Zhang Zuolin in Beijing came in April 1927, many workers secretly ran to the wilderness of the Dongshan Slope to hold a meeting, mourning their leader, Comrade Li Dazhao, and all the martyrs who had suffered hardships, and looked east with tears, and the reactionary class could not suppress the hearts of the workers.
On April 2l, 1927, in the Yangtze River Valley, there was an unprecedented bloody massacre of Communists and outstanding young people by the Kuomintang reactionaries; in the north, trade union organizations were also widely damaged. The Zhangyuan Electric Light Company arrested and went to the workers' leaders Li Zhenting, Chen Baiju, Liu Yuxiang, and Li Wenhui; the telephone company arrested 4 trade union cadres, including Zhang Xiu, Wang Ying, Shen Jilu, and Jin Mou (who lost their names); they were imprisoned for more than 50 days, coinciding with Zhang Zuolin's inauguration as a grand marshal in Beijing, implementing a general amnesty, and being pardoned and released from prison); 5 people were expelled from the company, including Zhao Wenliang, Chen Juru, Zhang Wanjin, Dong Zhanyuan, and Su Lekun; and as many as 200 people were displaced and unemployed on the whole road of Jingsui. Comrade Yang Huigong, a trade union commissar in Xizhimen, Comrade Wang Duchen, secretary general, Zhang Zhen and Wang Tingqin in Nankou, and Yang Baokun in Fengtai, were arrested and imprisoned, and in the winter of 1927 and in the spring of 1928, they were beheaded by the reactionaries, all of whom were the most heroic Communists among the workers. They and the Ma Qi martyrs, who died in the struggle against the bully Zhang Youshan in Xizhimen in 1925, are great proletarian fighters, and the heroic deeds they created in the era of the Great Revolution will always be prominent in the history of the struggle for the liberation of the working class!
The Rule of new warlords and the struggle of the working class against the yellow trade unions After the defeat of the Great Revolution, the rule of the new warlords of the Kuomintang emerged in China. Yan Xishan, an old warlord in the north, transformed into a new warlord of the Kuomintang and took possession of Zhang Yuan in June 1928. With the rule of the new warlords, the official yellow trade union used by the warlords appeared in Zhangyuan.
In October 1928, under the leadership of the Cpc Northern Region and Comrades Liu Shaoqi and Chen Tanqiu, comrades Xiao Ming and Yang Zongyi, responsible persons of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions, secretly came to Zhang, established an organization, and restored the trade union.
By this time, the Chinese revolution had turned from a high tide to a low tide. As Comrade Mao Zedong said in a letter to the Central Committee in November 1928: "Our experience in moving to various places in the past year deeply feels that the revolutionary trend in the whole country is getting lower and lower. The struggle of the working class as a whole also changed from an offensive to a defensive character.
Therefore, the secret electric light union first cleverly restored the legal cloak of the yellow trade union, and Chen Ruren, Li Zhenting, Wang Jintang and others came out openly, with forty or fifty members. At the same time, he used some deceptive slogans of the Kuomintang department to buy off the workers and demanded that the labor contracts concluded in 1925 be reinstated.
From 1924 to 1928. Zhangjiakou suffered from drought and flood for 5 consecutive years, and the grain harvest failed. When Yang Aiyuan, a warlord of the Jin Army and chairman of Chahar Province of the Kuomintang government, arrived in Zhanghou, he not only did not provide relief for the grain shortage in Zhangyuan, but instead hoarded a large number of them and transported them to Shanxi, causing the price of grain in Zhangyuan to soar even higher, the people to lose their lives, and the poor workers had to sell their wives and sons to survive. According to figures released by the official Public Security Bureau at the time, there were more than 300 people in Zhangyuan, and two families of workers were abducted from the railway factory, and they were mostly raped and then sold, and they were humiliated. To this day, when the old workers mention this tragedy, they can't help but crack their fingers and swear by the day! Zhu "blind" (Comrade Zhu Yongchun) said: "When I think of this, I tremble with anger! ..., Kuomintang reactionaries, Yan Xishan... Hurting heaven and harming reason, the heavens will not tolerate it!"
The electric light workers on the brink of death, despite the danger, persisted in the struggle, and after many negotiations, finally restored the original contract, and forced the management to agree to the menstrual leave and travel expenses that had previously been reserved. After the victory, in order to avoid exposure, the former trade union members retired from hiding and elected a new person as a member. In this way, the organization finally persevered in the midst of hardships and hardships until 1933.
On the railway side, because the yellow unions are already controlled by workers. Under the leadership of Comrade Yang Zongyi. The Red Union Group was established. There are more than 20 members of the group, and on this basis, we have actively rectified and expanded.
In the winter of that year, the Kuomintang reactionaries had been in arrears in paying railway workers for five months. In the arrears, they set up a big scam, and the yellow trade union came forward to publicize the benefits of the so-called "public debt bills" to deceive the workers: saying that "the public debt bills of l yuan are capped with 1 yuan of wages, and there is interest..." The "public debt bills" were forcibly issued to the workers. And at the end of the year, when the "recovery" was made, the 1 yuan public bond ticket was only given 1 cent and 2 cents, and then the stamp duty was removed, and there was nothing inside and out! The workers said angrily, "Fuck, the workers have been working for them for 5 months, and it's all up to them!" Even the timid and fearful workers, who did not usually participate in the struggle, rose up to resist. In this regard, the Red Trade Union Group further exposed the reactionary nature of the Yellow Trade Union. The deceptive influence of the yellow unions among the workers was shattered by the facts. The workers' masses abhor reactionary rule and the yellow trade unions, their indignation grew, and the activities of the Red Trade Union Group were greatly carried out.
At that time, the Kuomintang reactionaries and the yellow trade union had already discovered that there were Communist trade union roots on Jingsui Road, and in view of the general "instability" of the workers, they tried to poison and sabotage it. In January 1929 (the seventh day of the first lunar month), Comrade Yang Zongyi was arrested in the workers' homes due to the whistle-blowing of Fu Hanchen, a thief of the Yellow Trade Union (and later released from prison in 1930 without evidence). The trade union cadres who absconded from the news included Zhu Yongchun (that is, Zhu Yongchun), Yuan Chunfang, and dozens of others. Zhu Yongchun and a group of 6 other people fled to Fengtai by car that day, and the yellow union dog legs tracked down Fengtai and arrested them. Only Zhu Yongchun struggled to escape, and the remaining 5 people were arrested and did not know their whereabouts.
Before and after this, the railway factory expelled more than 200 workers and activists, arrested 2 people from the big factory Cao Qishan and Yang Huisheng, and arrested Jia Rong and Chang Zhan'an (who are dead) 2 people at the local level, which was the biggest loss of the Zhangjiakou trade union.
Since then, white terror has enveloped Zhangjiakou, and after the September 18 and 12.8 incidents, the Japanese army has gained inches and the Kuomintang government has adopted a non-resistance traitorism. In the sad and indignant face of the death of the country, although Zhangyuan workers have joined hands with students and citizens to launch several fundraising and solidarity campaigns, insisting on "boycotting Japanese goods" and "not wearing Japanese canvas shoes", they cannot make a difference in the end. It was not until the rise of the anti-Japanese allied forces in 1933 that a glimmer of light was seen again. After several years of humiliation and hatred, I got the opportunity to stretch.
The rise of the anti-Japanese allies and the revival of the workers' movement
The Rise of the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces and the Vigorous Development of the Zhangyuan Workers' Movement In early 1933, the Japanese army occupied Yuguan, and the reactionary government of the Kuomintang in Nanjing continued to implement the policy of traitorous surrender and intensified the encirclement and suppression of the Red Army in the Soviet area at home. In the crisis of north China, the Chinese Communists sent Xiao Ming, Wu Zhige, Liu Shaowen, Xuanxia Father, Liu Ren, Xu Quanzhong, Kong Yuan, Ke Qingshi, and others to mobilize various forces to help the famous anti-Japanese generals Feng Yuxiang, Ji Hongchang, and Fang Zhenwu unveil the banner of the "Anti-Japanese Allied Army" in Zhangyuan on May 26. The student brigades and political workers in the Allied forces actively helped the local work, and the leaders of the yellow trade unions fled in the wind, and the Zhangyuan labor movement was revived.
In mid-June, with the help and guidance of the CPC, Zhangjiakou held a military-civilian congress to determine the anti-Japanese program and specific military, political, financial, economic, and organizational plans. Zhang Yuan and established a joint anti-Japanese group "Royal Insult Salvation Conference" (Shangbao Feng Kiln Factory). The association sent people to contact the electric light company Chen Ruren and Li Zhenting, so the electric light trade union first joined the association and actively participated in the anti-Japanese work. On July 17, the liquidation struggle against the Chinese and Japanese capitalists was launched again. Since 1928, under the manipulation of the Japanese army's lackeys and pro-Japanese capitalists, the vested interests of the workers have gradually been lost. The company did not give the workers a dividend and made shameless rumors that the workers' wages were too high, causing the company to lose money. The trade union then proposed to liquidate and check the accounts, and as a result, it was found that the pro-Japanese officials Zhang and Liu had embezzled huge sums of money, but the pro-Japanese capitalists still protected them. The trade union then organized a strike committee, with Chen Ruren as the chairman and Li Zhenting as the communicator, and bought a large knife and many mouths. Organize more than 20 workers' knife teams to prevent the sabotage of reactionaries and labor thieves. On the 17th, an ultimatum was sent to the capital, limited to 24 hours to reply, otherwise the strike (in fact, it was from the position of defending the anti-Japanese military, and the workers were not prepared to do so). By 23:50 on the 18th, there was no reply, and the strike committee had no choice but to order the implementation of sabotage. The city's electric lights turned red and dimmed. The capitalists were helpless, called the strike committee, pleaded with the power outage, sent representatives to come, and signed and agreed to the demands made by the workers.
The railway union Du Guben and others also broke the signboard of the yellow union and restored their own union. The old workers who had scattered and fled at that time all came back one after another. They were very happy to see each other, patted their chests and said, "I went for the struggle at that time, and today I am back for the struggle!" Heroic, not diminished in the year. The workers continued their efforts, occupying the Big Red Building (now the site of the Railway Hospital) of the Kuomintang Special Party Department and the Yellow Trade Union Council, hung up the big sign of their own trade union, and elected Wang Jiajun, Chang Jinfeng, Meng Zhaorui, Zhang Lianyong and others as trade union members. A workers' knife brigade was set up to suppress the thieves. The workers' club at the south end of Baoshan Street was also revived, with Xu Baoshan as minister. The union actively began to register its membership.
Unions in various industries, such as telephone, postal services, haircuts, and foreign cars, have also been revived. When more than 100 workers from more than 20 automobile companies (long-distance buses leading to Outer Mongolia) such as Mobil, Meihua, Keley, Huafeng, and Zhenji set up a joint trade union, they launched a struggle against Li Xilu, a comprador of Dehua & Co. de lu. At that time, the German imperialists, on the one hand, squeezed out small and medium-sized car dealers with their abundant funds, leaving the owners and workers of small cars in a state of unemployment and semi-unemployment, and on the other hand, through the comprador Li Xilu, set up the so-called "automobile guild" to make small and medium-sized car owners beg for mercy and be manipulated by them. When the automobile workers set up a joint automobile trade union, Li went so far as to arbitrarily not allow it to be established under the pretext that there was already a "guild," and colluded with the right-wing reactionary forces in the allied forces to kidnap Zhang Shutong, a representative of the workers who had negotiated with them, and two others to the public security bureau. The auto workers were furious, and the small car owners also sympathized with the workers and took concerted action to demand the immediate release of the Municipal Public Security Bureau, but the negotiations were fruitless. Therefore, provoking the public indignation of the workers in the city, the workers' knife team tied up Li Xilu, the lackey of German imperialism, and detained him in the Royal Insult Salvation Association (later released after Li Repented and atonement). Workers from all walks of life rose up in solidarity and pushed Wang Jiajun to call the Municipal Public Security Bureau to negotiate with the Municipal Public Security Bureau, which had to release the workers. At the grand inaugural meeting of the automobile trade union, the trade unions of all industries in the city sent representatives to attend, speak, send gifts, and march after the meeting, which was a great moment.
In mid-July, Comrade Ji Hongchang, commander-in-chief of the Northern Expedition of the Allied Forces, personally led a death squad to climb Duolun City three times, and at the cost of sacrificing more than a thousand anti-Japanese soldiers, attacked Duolun City, which was heavily garrisoned by Japanese Kou troops. This center of inner and outer Mongolia and the recovery of the military, political, and economic strongholds outside Serbia and The people of the whole country have enthusiastically supported it, and all walks of life in Zhangyuan are even more overjoyed. The trade unions of various industries enthusiastically raised donations, and sent representatives to bring 3 large trucks full of pork, sugar, tea, biscuits, hand towels, socks... Comfort on the front line in Doron. After arriving in Dolun, a grand workers' and soldiers' party was held, and the soldiers affectionately called the workers' deputies "comrades.", and the workers' deputies heard the word "comrade" for the first time, did not understand the meaning, and said excitedly at the congress: "I am very ashamed now, I am not a 'comrade', but in the future, I must join your organization and become a 'comrade'!" The soldiers in the audience applauded. Then, Ji Hongchang gave a speech, saying: "Workers and soldiers are one family, and we will always be together." After the workers' representatives returned to convey to the workers of zhangzhang City, Comrade Ji Hongchang's speech was deeply imprinted in the minds of the workers.
At the end of July, at the address of the railway trade union, a full-scale workers' congress was held, attended by Wang Jiajun, Chen Ruren and many others, and the preparatory meeting of the Zhangjiakou Federation of Trade Unions was established. However, the Allied forces were aborted shortly after their defeat.
The Defeat of the Allied Forces and the Bloodshed of the Working Class In the autumn of 1933, the Allied forces had a joint siege by the Japanese Kou in the north, Pang Bingxun, Wan Fulin, Guan Linzheng, Huang Jie and other Kuomintang troops on the east, west and south sides, and at the same time failed under the sabotage of the bandit Zhang Mutao, and the Zhangyuan Labor Movement was short-lived in just two months, and suffered a tragic fate. Chen Ruren and Li Zhenting were arrested and imprisoned again, and were nearly killed (rescued by workers). After Wang Jiajun, chairman of the railway trade union and a warehouse worker, escaped, he was shot and killed by the Kuomintang reactionaries in Tianjin, while Standing Committee members Chang Jinfeng and Meng Zhaorui were shot dead by the reactionaries on the bank of the Qinghe Bridge.
From the bloody reign of the new warlords to the bloody reign of the enemy and the hypocrites The undercurrent of the workers' movement
After the defeat of the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces in the dark years, under the bloody rule of the new Kuomintang warlords, the Zhangyuan workers' movement turned into an undercurrent period. Under the traitorous surrender policy of the Kuomintang authorities, the "He Mei Agreement", the "autonomy" of Jidong, the "autonomy" of Inner Mongolia ... The great rivers and mountains have been handed over to the enemy one after another. The workers saw that the catastrophe of the subjugation of the country was imminent, and they were extremely sad and indignant.
In 1937, the July 7 Incident broke out. The Kuomintang army fled without a fight, abandoning Zhangyuan's 170,000 people, and the bloody rule of the new warlords became the bloody rule of the enemy and the hypocrites. The gendarmerie, the police station, the security section of the puppet Mongolian autonomous government, the XingyaYuan, the embassy, the consulate, the "imperial army"... Each has its own network of secret agents, densely packed in layers. Foreign cars, restaurants, bathhouses, theaters, factories, small businesses... There are detectives mixed in, and the workers dare not talk occasionally. In 1938, the Japanese army arrested workers in Zhangjiakou and went to the Datong Coal Mine, where they smothered two carriages on an iron shed train. In 1939, the Qinghe Bridge was washed by heavy water, and the police guarded the intersections in the city, arrested short-clothed workers for two days, forced them to repair the bridge, and drowned countless people. In July and August 1944, the plague and the "tiger Liela", poor and sick workers were arrested and burned alive, and the tragic sound was tremendous, forming a terrifying world! More than 12,300 poor workers who built fortifications and warehouses around the city died of torture and starvation. Others, those who were requisitioned without restriction by the enemy's "labor associations", those who did not know where they were going, those who were arrested to build secret fortifications, those who buried their mouths alive after the fortifications were repaired, those who abducted and abducted those who marched forward to landmines when attacking the liberated areas, those who disappeared for no reason, those who were brutally killed for the crime of "passing through the eight roads" of the anti-Japanese resistance... More than a million!
The People Will Not Yield Under the reign of extreme cruelty and terror of the enemy and the hypocrites, all kinds of organized and unorganized struggles are being waged intensely and universally and continuously. Among them, the main forms of struggle are to sabotage, steal, sabotage, and accumulate strength to wait for the opportunity; occasionally there are some small strike struggles, such as Zhao Zhanyuan of the Telephone Bureau (now the director of the telephone union, the city senator), Huang Yi and others, under the instigation of 3 small strike struggles. One was in the autumn of 1938 against the excessive extension of work time; the other was in the winter of 1940, when there was a strike for the payment of grain owed to February, and the other was in the summer of 1944, when it was a sabotage against the distribution of sweet potato noodles.
Another example is that the rubber factory, under the leadership of Xu Bingyan (director of the rubber factory trade union and a municipal senator), also carried out three strikes: one was the sixth day of the first lunar month in 1943, in order to ask the factory to sell millet at an official price, the strike lasted for 5 days; the first was in March 1944, in order to request a capital increase, the work was closed for 10 days; once in April 1945, in order to demand another capital increase, the strike lasted for two weeks. They used Taiping Park (now Peace Park) as the meeting place for the strike, unified slogans, unified actions, came quickly, scattered and scattered without a trace, leaving the Japanese capitalists helpless, and all the struggles were won.
Another example is the pseudo-Mongolian Electricity Industry Ice Sales Center, in June 1941, workers demanded a two-day strike for capital increase; pseudo-Mongolian food products ice factory, in August 1941, workers to resist rationing mold noodles, for two consecutive months. In addition, for example, more than 40 workers of the "Ishida Group" and more than 100 workers of the "Shimizu Group" of the enemy contractors held a scattered gang struggle in order to demand that wages be paid on time... This kind of small struggle, which is numerous and numerous, is characterized by the workers' insistence on one heart and one mind and attention to the tactics of struggle. In order to win the hearts and minds of the people, the enemy also had to agree to the workers' demands by taking advantage of the skills and skill of the workers. However, most of the other struggles were destroyed or suppressed halfway before they were started: for example, Gao Lianying, a fur worker in Guangxing Yongpi, under the rule of the enemy and puppets, repeatedly demanded that the capital increase fail due to difficulties in life, and all work was suspended for two days, and on the 3rd day, he was arrested by the enemy's loyal lackey Zhang Jicheng in collusion with the police, arrested and beaten to the police station, beaten workers with their hands and feet, and the strike failed under the suppression of force. Another example is the railway factory, because the yellow trade union workers became Ritters, the enemy came, that is, in the name of "chihua", hunted down and killed the workers Ren Guisheng, Li Baorong and other 4 people; in the winter of 1942, 800 workers boycotted the rationing of grain chaff noodles, and were suppressed by force halfway through, and the factory's labor movement was in a slump.
Since 1944, when the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Comrade Mao Zedong proposed to strengthen urban work, the underground underground undercurrent of the labor movement has increased sharply. Before the liberation of Zhang Yuan, Comrades Chen Ruren and Li Zhenting had already organized the Electric Light Trade Union. The workers of the Manchurian woolen mills also set up secret armies. Under the leadership of Comrade Yang Gan, the western section of the Pingsui Railway and the eastern section under the leadership of Comrade Xing Quanli (now the organization director of the Pingsui Railway Federation Of Trade Unions) organized the workers. Under the leadership of Comrade Ge Yuhua, the sweeping workers launched a city-wide strike of sweeping workers as early as a week before liberation. After liberation, Ge Yuhua became the first standard-bearer to uncover the struggle to reckon with the accusations and liquidations. Under the initiative of Comrade Ge Laochai, the tile kiln workers also became the earliest standard-bearers of the liquidation struggle after liberation after the liquidation of the workers. In the great counteroffensive in August 1945, the Zhangyuan working class, with a heroic vanguard posture and in coordination with the people's children and soldiers, took part in the great struggle to occupy the city with great vigor, and created a glorious example of retaking the intact factory from the hands of the enemy and returning it to the motherland.
The great epoch of the people's liberation The new upsurge of the workers' movement in the new period
After the start of the Great Counteroffensive in August 1945, the Eighth Route Army, the people's army, attacked Zhangjiakou from the east, south and west. On August 21, he fought fiercely with the enemy on the eastern slopes of the mountain. All the workers in the slums on the eastern slopes mobilized, and under the threat of artillery fire, the women boiled water to cook for the Eighth Route Army; the men braved the rain of guns and bullets to carry water and food up the mountain. Poor workers Ti Zhongcheng and Liu Wanyuan were shot by the enemy and killed in the process of constantly carrying water and delivering food. At the same time, the order of the enemy and puppet rule in the city collapsed, and the workers and citizens who had been squeezed by the enemy for many years spontaneously rose up to destroy all the facilities of the enemy and the puppets and seize the enemy's supplies.
On the 22nd, the enemy was forced to retreat. The Japanese army personally drove the head out of the railway garage, and in a panic, the front of the car was turned over at the door of the garage, and the rest of the locomotives could not be driven out. The bereaved dogs tried to find workers to give him a car, but the workers had already organized themselves and carried out a resolute resistance. As a result, the enemy did not drive out of a single vehicle, so he had to discard supplies and luggage on the platform and flee in a hurry.
On August 21, Zhangjiakou was liberated. Traitors, spies, and thugs have fired guns and set fire to sabotage. Jin Qingshan, a railway worker, collected more than 50 large guns from various places, handed them over to the trade unions, established pickets, and armed the defense of railway traffic. The armed pickets of the electric light union twice repelled the robbery of the mob, so that there was not a single day of power outage in the city, wool weaving, telephones, running water... And the workers of the factories always guarded the factories, put out the fires, and maintained the revolutionary order. The mud workers also immediately set about repairing the Qingshui Bridge and the Qinghe Bridge, which had been damaged by the enemy.
In the dark of the day, the people's soldiers of the brigade entered the city from the eastern slope. Families set up tea tables on the side of the road and waved flags to welcome them. The procession sang neatly and walked down the street, and the people cheered in the middle of the road. The great era of people's liberation has arrived!
Only when the working class, in a vanguard posture and in coordination with the people's sons and soldiers, can it have this scene of vigorously occupying the cities and return the intact factories from the hands of the enemy to the motherland.
Organized under the Leadership of the Predecessors of the Workers' Movement In the great era of the people's liberation, the working class of Zhangyuan and Pingsui Road, under the leadership of the predecessors of the workers' movement, organized on an unprecedented scale. Shortly after the liberation of Zhang Yuan, Comrade Xiao Ming, the old comrade-in-arms and leader of the workers of Zhang City for many years, came, and he was reunited with the old workers of the city, and it was already two different eras before and after, and he could not help but mix sorrow and joy. Under the auspices of Xiao Ming, Zhangjiakou quickly prepared to establish the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions, and under the active leadership of old workers, the city has organized 81 industrial trade unions, 80 industry trade unions, with 4,000 members, and later developed to 210 trade unions with 20,000 members.
In December, the grand first workers' congress was held, and more than 200 representatives of trade unions in the city attended the meeting to establish the city's federation of trade unions. At the meeting, Comrade Zhao Zhensheng (Li Baohua) of the Jin-Cha-Ji Central Bureau of the COMMUNIST Party of China, Chairman cheng Fangwu of the Border Region Senate, Vice Speaker Yu Li, and Comrade Ma Huizhi, director of the Border Region Federation of Trade Unions, all spoke. It just so happened that Comrade Xiao San was also from Yan'an, and he delivered an excited speech at the meeting. Guests from all walks of life also attended the meeting to warmly congratulate. The meeting lasted for 5 days to elect Xiao Ming (director of the Preparatory Committee of the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions), Gu Zhu (Preparatory Committee of the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions), Lin Yang < Preparatory Committee of the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions), Hu Hua (Preparatory Committee of the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions), Zhuang Qing (Preparatory Committee of the Trade Union of the Second District), Mu Qibin (Trade Union of the Printing Bureau of the Finance Department), Li Zhenting (Electric Light Trade Union), Nan Xian Zhou (Foreign Car Trade Union), Wang Youfu (Pufeng Flour Company Trade Union), Lu Ji (female, Preparatory Committee of the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions), Bai Jinfeng (female, Zhenhua Woolen Factory Trade Union), Li Yunpeng (Frozen Company Trade Union), Cui Mi (Employee) Wang Chunsheng (Railway Trade Union) and 15 others are executive members of the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions, and Comrade Xu Yiren was appointed as the secretary general of the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions.
On the Pingsui Railway, where the people had liberated, the workers' movement rose rapidly. Comrade Yang Gan (Yang Zongyi) is back! Many old workers do not believe that he is still alive in the world, reunited for a long time, have mixed feelings, and can't help but hug each other and cry with joy! Just as Comrade Xu Ping, director of the Railway Federation of Trade Unions, said in his report at the first congress of the pingsui road workers: "When we think of the comrades who sacrificed their lives for the liberation of the workers in the past, we are very sad, some have been beheaded by warlords, some have died in prison, some have been expelled, and countless have fled, and the only one who can come back today is Comrade Yang Zongyi!"
Railway workers quickly established 49 trade unions with more than 7,000 members. In April 1946, the first staff congress of pingsui railway workers was held, attended by 92 representatives of the whole road, and representatives selected by railway workers such as Rehe, Beining and Pinghan attended as observers. The meeting elected Xu Ping, Yang Gan, Xing Quanli, Cao Huiyue, Xu Baoshan, Fan Tingyin, Li Liansheng, Zhou Rongxin, Lang Juemin, Liu Linyuan and 15 other members as executive committee members. At this meeting, Comrade Li Liansheng said: "I am a human being in two lifetimes, and during the Great Revolution, I was tied up by the warlords and shot, and I did not die after the workers got up to rescue me." Today I came out to start a trade union again, and I am not afraid of anything with my old life. Comrade Xu Baoshan said: "During the Great Revolution, I was the chairman of the trade union, I did not die, and today I will sell my old life again, and I will fight with the reactionaries anyway." "In the new great era, the new and old fighters of the working class, shaking their spirits, stand together at the forefront of the movement, and the majestic scale of the lineup of the labor movement in the new period has only been seen since the Great Revolution.
Shortly after liberation, a fierce wave of mass struggle was set off. From the initial cleaning and the struggle of the brick kiln workers, in September and October 1945, a broad mass people's liquidation and complaint movement was formed. At that time, the Zhangjiakou Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out: "The workers' movement is the center of mobilizing the masses, and the working people should and must become the masters of Zhangjiakou in the future." Under the leadership of the Municipal Party Committee and the Preparatory Committee of the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions, 166 large and small anti-Traitor liquidation struggles have broken out, and the number of people participating in the struggle is 15,750. In Pingsui Quanlu, 35 large and small anti-rape liquidation struggles were carried out, and 4,047 people directly participated in the struggle. The breadth of the struggle and the fierceness of the impact are indeed a rare spectacle in the history of the Chinese labor movement.
These struggles won a certain victory, liquidated more than 10 million yuan, and waged a struggle against traitors, spies, and war criminals. The workers really turned around politically and economically. In the course of the struggle, a large number of new and outstanding cadres have emerged, laying a solid foundation for trade union work.
Supporting the Front to Defend Peace Because the Kuomintang reactionaries are constantly provoking and attacking the Liberated Areas, Zhangjiakou and Pingsui are in an urgent situation of self-defense, "Many factories in Zhangjiakou have been working hard for the front line since liberation. Workers in arsenals and iron works overtime. Wool mill workers automatically increased their working hours to 10 hours to supply the front-line uniforms. The Printing Bureau extended the man-hours to 11 hours for surprise production and support to the front. Telephone and electric light workers were busy day and night, and they often excitedly set out to the front to cooperate with the army. Auto repair shop workers process and repair cars, often sacrificing rest time. Du Ruiyuan, a 17-year-old child laborer, actually repaired and installed a broken Ford car alone within 5 days. Truck workers, day and night, strained the wounded and transported military supplies to the front. The workers of the automobile brigade braved the rain of bullets and bullets and always galloped to the front line to serve the self-defense war. The railway workers, on the other hand, first of all, ensured the completion of the transport work, so that our sons and men would quickly drive to the front, and the wounded from the front would be quickly transported to the rear. Garages and blacksmiths manufacture road repair equipment. Workers in the works section rushed to repair the railway. The workers in the electrical section are not afraid of artillery fire and stand poles and lines. The Zhangjiakou working class, with a vanguard posture, has heroically undertaken the great task of defending the Liberated Areas. In the struggle to repel the offensive of the reactionaries and to defend peace, remarkable achievements and deeds have been made that can be sung and wept.
Workers rise up to manage the country's affairs In October 1945, the liberated chahar province of the whole territory was convened by a people's congress and a democratic provincial government was established. The city's workers elected Xiao Ming, Chen Ruren and others as representatives to attend.
In November, the people of Zhangshi rose up to destroy the armor system of the feudal colonies left by the enemy, and established a new street (village) government by universal suffrage. In this general election, trade union members became the backbone and model of the city's masses participating in the election campaign, and nearly 400 people were elected as cadres of the new regime, accounting for more than one-third of all cadres of the new regime.
In March and April 1946, the city's second democratic universal suffrage, workers' candidates actively campaigned. As a result, a total of 27 employees were elected to the municipal senators, accounting for about a quarter of all senators. At the first session of the Senate, chen Ruren, an old electric light worker, was elected deputy speaker.
At the same time, Chahar Province held a grand election of deputies to the National Congress, and Li Zhenting was honorably elected as a representative of the staff and workers of Chahar Province attending the National Congress.
Democracy and freedom are what the masses of the people have pursued and aspired to for many years, and they have also been bought by the bloody sacrifices of countless martyrs. Workers' Senator Xu Bingyan said the heartfelt words of the working class, "Democracy and freedom have arrived, and we must seize him as if he were his life!"
The working class in Zhangshi, in every respect, has indeed become the masters of the new society. In the liberated land, they proudly raised their arms and shouted: "Workers rise up and manage the affairs of the country!"
In order to restore and develop Zhangjiakou's economic construction with the greatest efforts, and in accordance with the central tasks of the workers' movement in the Liberated Areas at the present stage, the working class in Zhangshi City has actively cooperated with the democratic government and private capitalists in accordance with the successive calls and instructions of the CPC Central Committee and Li Xiufeng of the Zhangjiakou Municipal CPC Committee, consciously adhered to the policy of both public and private interests and labor-capital cooperation, and worked hard to develop all kinds of industrial production in Zhangjiakou.
Under this policy, trade unions at all levels, in coordination with democratic governments, have explored and created experiences and approaches. In the public sector, the government abolished the hostile wage rationing system and created a reasonable new wage system that stimulated production, rewarded technology, and was based on physical standards, which effectively improved the lives of workers. Workers also actively carried out competitions to increase production, strengthened labor discipline, and improved the quantity and quality of products.
In private and some public-private partnerships, workers have consciously created new methods such as "progressive wages", "excess incentives", and "cooperative dividends", which organically combine increasing wages and increasing output, which not only guarantees the livelihood of workers, but also increases the profits of capital. In this regard, Zhenhua Flour Factory, Xinsheng Weaving Factory, etc. have gained good experience.
With the new political conditions, new labor relations, and the support of the vast resources and manpower of the Liberated Areas, Zhangjiakou's industrial construction and economic prosperity have undoubtedly shown its infinite bright vision. The working class and workers' movement in Zhangjiakou will also have an infinitely bright future in the great era of people's liberation.
Conclusion Over the past 25 years, Zhangjiakou has been a big stage for the struggle between the revolution and counter-revolution in northern China. In the past 25 years, the working class in Zhangjiakou and its own political party, the Communist Party of China, have established an inseparable historical relationship of flesh and blood, living and dying together, sharing hardships and hardships. Under the leadership of their own political party, they have always heroically stood at the forefront of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism, and with great courage and heroism, united all strata of all strata in their struggle for democracy and freedom, and waged many fierce and moving heroic struggles. Today, 25 years later, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Zhangjiakou has finally become a city of the working class and the people themselves in the struggle between the people's children and soldiers and the working class itself. Three-quarters of the entire Pingsui Railway line has also belonged to the people themselves. Looking back on the past, we cannot but remember the price of life and blood paid by the martyrs on the road to liberation. In the storm of the mass revolution, they created a heroic deed that shocked the north with great vigor. Likewise, during the dark reign of the old and new warlords and The Japanese fascists, they were strong and unyielding, and they were not intimidated in the slightest. They will always be remembered by us, and their names and spirits will be immortal like the sun and the moon, the rivers and rivers!
25 years of struggle have also created many rich revolutionary experiences. In looking back on the 25 years of this heroic struggle, which cannot be sung and wept, we cannot but feel infinite admiration and admiration for the predecessors of the Zhangyuan workers' movement. The great cause of the working class is a continuation of the past and is infinitely bright. As Comrade Xiao Ming said at the first workers' congress in Zhangshi: "Although we are old and have gray hair, many deputies are younger than us and can do more things. "The task of the latecomers is to learn. Study history, learn from the experience of pioneers, learn from new struggles, and continue to struggle for the construction of a new Zhangjiakou and the construction of a new China! (Text/Hu Hua)
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