The emperors of ancient China usually had some "good and great achievements", especially when some emperors were older, among which the Qianlong Emperor was even more at the peak, and in October of the fifty-seventh year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1792), he personally wrote a "Record of Ten Complete Martial Arts" to commend his own merits. This ink treasure authentic inscription is in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan Province, China.
What is the "Ten Perfections of Martial Arts"? These were the ten large-scale wars of the Qianlong Dynasty, the so-called "PingdzunGar is two, dinghui is one, sweeping Jinchuan is two, Jingtai is one, and Burma and Annam are one each, that is, the second time it is reduced to ten by Gorkha." ”。 After the writing was completed, Qianlong ordered people to carve monuments in Manchu, Han, Mongolian, and Tibetan characters to commemorate it.
But is this "Ten Perfection Martial Arts" really glorious? Here's an analysis.
First of all, the first five battles, two attacks on Dzungar (1755, 1757), and the suppression of the Huibu (southern Xinjiang) and Zhuo rebellions (1757), these three battles, no matter how well fought, really maintained the unity of the country.
The Qing army entered Ili
And then what were the two times to pacify Kanegawa? This refers to the battle of Jinchuan, which is the collective name of the two turmoils of the Qing army in quelling the big and small Jinchuan Tusi in northwestern Sichuan during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the first occurring in 1747 and the second in 1771. These two battles were fought tactically and badly, but they were also acts of safeguarding national sovereignty and strengthening the central government's control over the southwest region.
Then there was pingtai, which refers to the fifty-second year of Qianlong (1788), Qianlong sent troops to quell the Lin Shuangwen uprising on the island of Taiwan, which belonged to the pacification of the people's rebellion, and there is nothing to say.
What is Liangping Gorkha? The war between Qianlong and Gorkha was sparked by the invasion of the Gurkha (Kingdom of Nepal) into Tibet, a Qing Dynasty domain. The Qing Dynasty texts call it pingding Gorkha, which was fought twice in 1791 and 1792, and the Qing Dynasty won the war, and these two wars are also worthy of recognition, because they maintained China's territorial sovereignty and strengthened the central government's control over Tibet.
Qianlong's imperial armor
What is another "descending Burma, Annam one each"? These two battles are more controversial, of which Burma refers to the Qing-Burma War (those who have seen "Huan Zhu Gege" may have some understanding of this battle), which was a war between the Qing Dynasty and the Burmese Gongpung Dynasty over the control of territory and resources in the border area, which was not good, because Burma was remote and tropical, and in the 18th century, the feudal army was very troublesome to fight here, and the Qing army suffered heavy losses and did not conquer Burma
The Qing-Burma War was the most tragic frontier war in the history of the Qing Dynasty, and in the end Burma asked the Qing army for peace, nominally admitting it, but in fact it was indeed taking advantage, this battle can be said to be the most controversial piece of the "Ten Complete Martial Arts", Qianlong himself also recognized.
There is also a "Ping An Nam (Vietnam)", this time the Qing army also did not fight beautifully, which refers to the "Qing army into the Vietnam War", this battle and the Qing Dynasty originally had nothing to do with the Qing Dynasty, the cause was the civil unrest in Annam (Qianlong Fifty-four years (1789) The three brothers of the Nguyen clan of Xishan overthrew the Quang Nam State and the Later Lê Dynasty), but the Qing Dynasty, as the suzerainty of the Later Lê Dynasty, had the obligation to protect the royal family of the Later Lê Dynasty, so it sent troops to Vietnam, but it was defeated by the Nguyễn Army, and the Qing army was defeated and retreated to the border. In the end, Nguyen Hue took the initiative to ask the Qing Dynasty for peace and gave the Qing Dynasty face, and the Qianlong Emperor agreed to make peace and recognized Nguyen Hui as the new monarch of Annam. The battle is over.
Annan is descended
How to "complete martial arts"? First of all, we must admit that some of the wars were indeed meritorious deeds, safeguarding the unity of the country and territorial sovereignty, but some were also nothing wrong, and the "Ten Complete Martial Arts" had a great consumption of the Qing Dynasty's national strength, and a large number of soldiers were lost, and the total military expenditure was as high as 130 million taels, which accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty.