Ten Quan Wu Gong refers to the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty in order to strengthen the unity of the country, the central government sent troops ten times to quell the frontier rebellion, Qianlong fifty-seven years, the eighty-two-year-old Qianlong Emperor personally wrote the "Ten Quan Ji", describing the life of the "Ten Quan Wu Gong", historically known as the "Imperial System of Ten Complete Records". The Qianlong Emperor therefore called himself the "Ten Perfections of the Old Man", and one of the Ten Perfections of Martial Arts was: from 1786 to 1788, he quelled the Lin Shuangwen Rebellion in Taiwan.
Lin Shuangwen is a person, I think everyone may not be too familiar with him. A native of Fujian, he later moved with his father to Changhua, Taiwan. Ten years later, he joined the famous Heaven and Earth Society, and because of his good performance, he soon became one of the leaders of the Taiwan Heaven and Earth Society. Later, he resolutely raised an army against the Qing government, and for a time he controlled almost the entire island of Taiwan. It was more than a year before the Qing army finally defeated him and barely pacified the whole of Taiwan.
Lin Shuangwen is a farmer from Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, and in order to seek a better life, he came to Taiwan to reclaim the wilderness. While farming, while catching a car, although the life is not rich, it is still quite comfortable. As the saying goes, the people do not fight with the officials, unless they cannot survive, most people will never choose to fight against the Qing government. Lin Shuangwen's rise to the army is the result of a series of factors combined, of course, the most important reason lies in the Qing court itself.
During the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing court recovered Taiwan. Subsequently, countless mainlanders poured into the rich island of Taiwan. In particular, many officials and rich people have reclaimed wasteland and invested in the island. According to the regulations at that time, it was necessary to go through official approval before the island could be reclaimed. However, only the powerful and the rich can obtain this power, and the people at the bottom of society can only be employed by the owners of the land and become tenants.
Due to the geographical relationship, the tenant relationship in Taiwan is influenced by Fujian and Guangdong, and the "perpetual tenant system" is mainly adopted. That is to say, tenants have participated in the reclamation of land and have permanent tenant rights to this land. Tenants enjoy the right to inherit, transfer, mortgage and buy and sell the land they cultivate, provided that they do not owe rent to the landlord, and even have the option to withdraw from the rent. However, class divisions soon arose within the tenants.
In the fierce competition, some became rich peasants, and some became poorer and even went bankrupt and lost their permanent tenancy to the land. Later, the new immigrants to Taiwan had no opportunity to obtain permanent tenants, and could only rent land temporarily, or work as long-term workers, or become small traders, or do manual work. The immigrants who came to Taiwan have been divided into three parts: the powerful and the rich, the landlords and rich peasants, the long-term workers and the hawkers.
Many immigrants have no land, no jobs, and have been living in a life of displacement for a long time. In order not to be bullied, they chose to hug together and worship as brothers with different surnames. However, it is said that heaven and earth will attach importance to brotherhood and righteousness, so it attracts a large number of nomads, small producers and sharecroppers to join. Because of the conflicts between the clans and the contradictions caused by the gap between the rich and the poor, these immigrants often engage in large-scale armed struggles, and the blood is often flowing.
As for the Qing government, it did not realize the seriousness of this problem and did not pay attention to how to improve people's livelihood. Many officials even regard going to Taiwan as an official for a good job, and after taking office, they wantonly levied and wantonly harassed the people. In the event of an armed struggle, it is simply and rudely suppressed by force. Therefore, the people at the bottom hated the Qing court more and more, and repeatedly set off anti-Qing waves. Among them, Lin Shuangwen and Lin Shuangwen uprisings are the most famous and have the greatest momentum.
In 1786, two groups of people in Taiwan engaged in an armed struggle. Because the movement was too big, it attracted Chai Daji, the chief soldier of Taiwan Town, to personally lead people to search for and arrest. At that time, Lin Shuangwen was in his home in Changhua, and he took in many people. After the Qing army came to Changhua, Lin Shuangwen always refused to surrender and fought with the Qing army. Lin Shuangwen's team won the initial battle, quickly conquered Dadun, which is now Taichung, and killed Yu Jun and others in Zhixian County.
Subsequently, Lin Shuangwen's troops successively conquered Changhua, Fengshan, Zhuluo, Zhugrain and other places within half a month. He even called himself "Grand Marshal of the Alliance" in Changhua and established the name "Shuntian". By early 1787, the rebels had taken control of most of Taiwan. Only three towns were still in the hands of the Qing army, namely Fucheng In the south, Zhuluo County, and Lukang City, which is now Tainan City, Chiayi County, And Changhua County, Lukang Town, and other places.
There were four main reasons for the rebel army: 1 Corruption was rampant within the Qing army, the soldiers' salaries were deducted layer by layer, most of them went to small business, lacked training, and the military was scattered. 2 The Qing army fought fiercely and blamed each other in case of trouble, so they fought for each other and had no backup. 3 The rebel army hated the Qing court and the Qing army very much, and morale was very high. The 4 Heavens and Earth Associations will advocate the righteousness of the rivers and lakes, mutual help and mutual assistance, so they can form a strong cohesion.
Although the rebel army controlled most of Taiwan, it was never able to conquer Fucheng and Zhuluo. They lacked experience in attacking strongholds and encountered stubborn resistance from the defenders. In addition, some local landlords organized a team to resist the rebel army with the Qing army, and the rebel army was attacked on its back. I have to admit that the general of Taiwan Town, Chai Daji, was not outstanding in the field, but there were some skills in defending the city, and Fucheng and Zhuluo were never breached.
The momentum of the rebel army became more and more massive, and finally attracted the attention of The Governor of Fujian, Changqing. He successively sent three large armies, totaling more than 5,000 people, and soon formed a siege of the rebel army. They thought that the rebel army was just a ragtag group, and after encountering the main force of the Qing army, they would flee in the wind. However, the rebel army quickly swollen the fat face of the feudal governor, and the two sides were deadlocked for more than a year, and the Qing army was even encircled.
Subsequently, the Qing army sent nearly 20,000 more troops, but it was never able to defeat the rebel army, and the two sides continued to confront each other near the capital city of Taiwan. The Qianlong Emperor could not bear it any longer, and resolutely sent his confidant Fu Kang'an to Taiwan to suppress the rebellion. According to statistics, after Fu Kang'an came to Taiwan, the Qing army stationed in Taiwan has reached more than 50,000 people. FuKang'an announced that 100,000 troops were about to arrive in Taiwan, causing a lot of psychological pressure on the rebel army.
While dismantling and recruiting the rebel army, Fu Kang'an attacked the east and the west, forcing the rebel army to abandon zhuluo city. The Qing soldiers were numerous and had heavy artillery and muskets, and soon the rebel army was defeated. The Qing army attacked in many ways, defeated the rebel army in Yulun Zaiding and Niu Choushan, took advantage of the victory to occupy Dali Zhuang and Jijipu, and finally captured the rebel leader Lin Shuangwen near Laoquqi, which is now zhunan Town, Miaosu County, Taiwan.
Lin Shuangwen was unfortunately captured and soon escorted to the city of Beijing, where he was beheaded and paraded in public. His partner Zhuang Datian and others led the remnants to retreat into Langyao Mountain, the southernmost point of Taiwan, and were soon defeated and captured, and then killed. In this way, the lin shuangwen uprising, which was once huge and vigorous, completely withdrew from the stage of history. However, Chai Daji, a hero who defended Taiwan, was once made a first-class uncle, but he was soon beheaded by the Qing court and displayed in public, before he was 60 years old.
After quelling Lin Shuangwen's rebellion, the Qing court re-examined its previous policy of governing Taiwan and learned lessons and increased its jurisdiction and governance over Taiwan. I have excerpted some of these new regulations for your reference: Relax the restrictions on crossing the sea to Taiwan to facilitate the exchanges between merchants and the people; strengthen the administration of officials, strengthen the authority of officials to supervise and supervise; add troops, increase floods, build cities, and defend the imperial palace with funds; straighten out the squads and battalions stationed in Taiwan, and strictly prohibit private departures; and soothe the people in the towns, strengthen public order...
In the first month of the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong, Fu Kang'an was reappointed as the governor of Liangguang, and the implementation of the aftermath measures and the conclusion of some new regulations were implemented by his successor, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, Wu Lana, together with The Inspector of Fujian, Xu Sizeng, the general soldier Kuilin, and the Taiwan Dao Wan Zhongjie. Since then, the commanders-in-chief or Taoist officers have been quite diligent, Taiwan has been relatively stable on the whole, and the various measures for the aftermath have generally achieved the expected results, but the accumulated shortcomings are difficult to get rid of.