After Kangxi regained Taipeng, although it set up a prefecture and a county, it once forbade inland people to enter Taiwan, and Yongzheng gradually opened up. After the middle of the Qianlong Period, due to the abolition of the ban, more and more people entered Taiwan, and Taiwan was further developed as a result.
First, the growth of the Heaven and Earth Society, the rise of Lin Shuangwen
The people who crossed the sea into Taiwan were mainly from Fujian and Guangdong, and most of them came from Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Huizhou, Chaozhou and other places. These people have gone through countless hardships before they settled down in Taiwan. In order to protect their hard-won lives and property, they used clans and geographical relations as a link to gather together and help each other. At the same time, various secret social organizations also began to spread, especially the Heaven and Earth Society, and the slogan put forward (entering this meeting, everyone helps, not being bullied) was very appealing and developed rapidly.
Once there are more organizations, gangs, and groups, all kinds of disputes will follow. Therefore, there were many groups in Taiwan at that time, and there were often armed conflicts for the sake of interests. At first, local officials would come forward to govern, but later they saw more, either without asking questions or perfunctory, so gang conflicts became a common thing. After a period of competition, some were annexed, some were scattered, and finally, Heaven and Earth would stand out.
Because Taiwan is far away from the ocean, its relationship with the Qing court can be described as a heavenly emperor, and the officials sent by the Qing court are insatiable, the people are in hot water, the rule of officials is very bad, and there are constant conflicts between officials and the people. At that time, some people described the officials of the Taiwan government:
"Greedy officials, with eunuchs as their masters; dancing with ink, stripping the people of grease; three years old, returning with a full load."
When the local people in Taiwan saw that the officials were so greedy, they naturally hated them to the bone, and they joined the Heaven and Earth Society one after another. Many poor and dissatisfied people also continued to join the association, so that the influence of the Heaven and Earth Association spread from Taiwan to the south of the Yangtze River and even to various parts of the Qing Dynasty. At this time, the Heaven and Earth Society had become an anti-Qing and anti-corruption force that could not be ignored, which attracted the attention of the imperial court.
In the summer of the fifty-first year of Qianlong, the imperial court ordered the dissolution of the Heaven and Earth Society, and searched for members everywhere, and used fierce means:
"Servants and others extorted money from it, and good people and miscreants were thrown around one after another, so that all the villages were disturbed."
The qing court's behavior directly led to the rise of Lin Shuangwen, the leader of the Heaven and Earth Society. A native of Fujian, Lin Shuangwen moved to Taiwan with his father at the age of seventeen, where he worked as a groom in his early years and as a yamen catcher. He was a proud man, liked to make friends with various heroes, and was later introduced to join the Heaven and Earth Society, and soon became the leader of the North Road of the Heaven and Earth Society.
On November 25, 51, Lin Shuangwen and others first raised an army, and two days later, more than 2,000 followers followed, and the Qing soldiers who came to arrest were also wiped out by them in one fell swoop. At this point, Lin Shuangwen opened his bow, and there was no turning back arrow. On the night of the twenty-eighth day, Lin Shuangwen led his troops to attack Changhua, killing dozens of officials such as the prefect Sun Jingxuan and Tongzhi Changgeng. Subsequently, Lin Shuangwen was elected by his subordinates as the leader of the alliance.
On the 29th, Lin Shuangwen made the county magistrate the grand marshal's office, erected the banner, built the yuan "Shuntian", and appointed marshals, deputy marshals, generals, military divisions, jiedu envoys, zhixian and tongzhi officials.
After taking Changhua, Lin Shuangwen ordered that the property of the people should not be damaged, stipulating that "if one is lost, two will be lost, and the grass will be burned to compensate for the tiles." Because Of Lin Shuang's clear banner, strict discipline, and "opening the prison and releasing prisoners", he quickly won the support of the people. Everywhere they went, the masses responded positively, causing great momentum. In order to further consolidate his power, Lin Shuangwen divided his troops to attack Tamsui, Zhuluo, Luzai and other places. In just a few days, except for Tainan, the whole of Taiwan belonged to Lin Shuangwen.
Second, Qianlong point will be, across the sea to pacify Lin Shuangwen
When Qianlong first learned the news, he thought that it was just a general armed struggle, and there was no major action, but only sent Changqing, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, to deal with the matter. The Qing army sent by Evergreen to Taiwan was quickly defeated and did not play any role in counterinsurgency.
Later, Qianlong learned the real situation on the front line, and only then did he begin to pay attention to it, and while he put the fleeing generals of the Qing army on the spot to correct the law and use the right army to strengthen the army, he also ordered Changqing to go to Taiwan to supervise the division, and Li Shuyao to coordinate the battle.
Changqing was relying on drilling camps to move steadily, had no military command ability, and was cowardly and incompetent, this time when he met Lin Shuangwen, he not only failed to complete the task, but made the situation worse.
In the fifty-second year of Qianlong, in view of the fact that the Evergreen Division was old and ineffective, Qianlong took Fu Kang'an as the platform general and Hai Lancha as the counselor minister, and led the Manchurian guards to Taiwan to replace Changqing. At the same time, Qianlong dispatched tens of thousands of Qing troops from Sichuan, Guizhou, and Huguang to Fujian for standby, and also ordered the household department to "allocate three million taels of silver in the neighboring Fujian provinces and quickly dispatch them to Fujian Province for backup." ”
Qianlong instructed Fu Kang'an to find a way to appease the good people and reward the "righteous people." The so-called "righteous people" are the people who supported the Qing army against Lin Shuangwen. This trick had a good effect when zhu Yigui's rebellion was quelled during the Kangxi dynasty, and Qianlong repeated the trick and demanded that the "righteous people" be gathered to reduce the resistance to counterinsurgency.
In November, after Fu Kang'an arrived in Taiwan, he fought with Lin Shuangwen at Bagua Mountain. Lin Shuangwen was defeated, and Changhua, the first important town of the Lin army, was occupied by the Qing army. Due to the large number and well-equipped Qing army, coupled with the use of interests to win over the "righteous people", Fukang'an's march was very smooth, and soon reached Zhuluo. Fukang'an and Hailancha attacked separately, and Lin Shuangwen led his army to "block the creek and consolidate itself, and at the mountain liang Tunza, he saw that the officers and soldiers were coming, surrounded on all sides, no less than 10,000." ”
Relying on its numerical superiority, the Qing army "grabbed the mountain beam". Lin Shuangwen was defeated and forced to flee to Dali, where he ordered people to build a high fortress of Tucheng, set up a fort, built two layers of wooden fences, and set up checkpoints along the creek to resist the Qing army. At this time, Lin Shuangwen had neither food and grass supply nor reinforcement support, and his strength was far less than that of the Qing army.
Fukang An chased after each other and marched to Dingtaizhuang, where the two sides fired thousands of arrows in unison, killing and injuring each other. Later, Fukang'an ordered his men to attack in two ways to disperse the enemy forces. Lin Shuangwen was defeated, fled with his wife and children to Jiji, encountered the Hongli of "Sichuan Tunfan", and then fled to Xiaobantian (present-day Nantou) and sneaked into the Puli Sheshan Mountains.
Fukang An sent troops into the mountains to arrest him, and ordered the people to assist in the search of Lin Shuangwen. On the fifth day of the first month of the following year, Lin Shuangwen was captured by the locals when he fled to Laoquqi and offered to the Qing army. After Fukang'an pacified Lin Shuangwen's Northern Route Army, he then marched south to pacify the forces of Zhuang Datian. In early February, with the defeat and capture of Zhuang Datian's army, Lin Shuangwen's rebellion was completely over.
After Fu Kang'an, Hai Lancha and others were completed, they were rewarded by Qianlong. Lin Shuangwen and others were escorted to the capital, and after a trial by university scholars and military ministers, they were executed according to the law in the fifty-third year of Qianlong.
Qiu Mei said: Lin Shuangwen's rebellion has profound environmental factors. The special background of the homeless people's mixed residences provided the soil for the Heaven and Earth Society to grow, and the disputes between the Officials of the Qing Court and the people were brewing, and the Qianlong Paper Dissolution Order, Zheng Shuangwen and others were unveiled. However, the imperial court could mobilize a large number of resources and occupy an absolute advantage, so Qianlong was soon able to pacify Lin Shuangwen.