The Qianlong Emperor favored the famous courtier Niu Hulu and Yan
He Yan (28 May 1750 – 22 February 1799), of the NiuHulu clan, formerly known as Shanbao ( 善保 ) , was the owner of the Self-titled Jiale Hall , Shiwat Garden , and Lvye Pavilion , a Manchurian Red Banner Erjia Lama , and a qing dynasty courtier and merchant.
On May 28, 1750 (July 1, 1750 AD), He Yan was born in the family of Chang Bao, the deputy capital of Fujian Province, his mother died of dystocia when he was three years old, and he gave birth to his younger brother Helin on his deathbed, and his father Chang Bao also died of illness when he was nine years old, fortunately, an old family Member Ding and his father's two brothers, Helin, were able to avoid being expelled from the house. After being admitted to the Xian'an Palace, He Yan was proficient in Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian, and Tibetan languages, and read through the Four Books and Five Classics. It is also loved by teachers Wu Shengqin and Wu Shenglan.
In the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768 AD), the 18-year-old He Yan married Feng Shi, the granddaughter of Feng Yinglian, the governor of The Direct Subordinate Governor.
He Yan embarked on a career path in the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769 AD) and participated in the 34th year of Qianlong (1769), but his name fell to Sun Shan. He inherited as a scribe as a third-class light vehicle lieutenant. Qianlong Thirty-seventh Year (1772), 22 years old, October, was awarded the third class bodyguard. In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), the 23-year-old He Yan showed his talents in front of Qianlong. Finally, he became an attendant of Qianlong's honor guard.
In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), at the age of 23, He Yan was appointed as the minister of management of the treasury, managing the Buku, he learned how to manage money from this work, he managed the Buku diligently, so that the stock of the Bu was greatly increased, which made him appreciate qianlong.
In the forty years of Qianlong (1775), He Yan was promoted to the position of Qianqingmen Imperial Bodyguard and Deputy Governor. In November, he was promoted to imperial bodyguard and appointed deputy governor of the Zhenglan Banner.
In the first month of the forty-first year of Qianlong (1776), he appointed Hubu Shilang, in March he appointed minister of military aircraft, and in April, he appointed minister in charge of internal affairs.
After He yan became a waiter, a pen-and-paper gift named An Ming gave a gift to He Yan, hoping to be promoted to the position of secretary, so he bribed He Yan. He Yan was initially honest and honest as an official, and of course would not accept bribes, but he assured An Ming that he would promote An Ming to Shang ShuFeng. This made An Ming very happy, so An Ming was obedient to He Yan, and He Yan then made An Ming the secretary of the department. An Ming immediately sent a jade to He Yan after serving as a secretary, but He Yanwan refused to accept it, and five days later, An Ming received a letter from his hometown, saying that An Ming's father had died, and asked An Ming to go home to mourn. According to the Qing Dynasty system, when his parents passed away, he had to go home to observe the funeral for three years, and this An Ming had just been promoted and did not want to go home to observe the funeral, so he hid it. However, it was discovered by Shang Shu Fengsheng, who together with the powerful minister Yonggui impeached and shielded An Ming. Unexpectedly, He yan had already received news from Yi Jiang'a, the son of Yonggui, and quickly wrote two notes, one to the Military Aircraft Department and one to stay on his own. The next day, Yonggui sang his finger and shielded An Ming. He Yan immediately went up and pointed out that An Ming did not go home to mourn, because he was not filial piety, and he should also be punished for his own negligence. Yonggui was horrified, busy accusing and cheating for personal gain, abandoning his subordinates, and violating human morality, and should be punished. The Qianlong Emperor said that he had received a letter from the Military Aircraft Department to impeach An Ming, proving that He Yan was not deliberately shielding An Ming. Therefore, Qianlong believed that He yan was deceived by An Ming and put An Ming Ling Chi to death, and the whole family was not registered, while He Yan was demoted to two levels due to negligence. This time, He yan offended the current imperial chancellor Yong Gui Ling and Yan's career path overshadowed. In the first month of the forty-fifth year of Qianlong (1780), Haining exposed li Shiyao, a university scholar and governor of Yungui, on suspicion of corruption, and Qianlong ordered the imperial orders of the imperial order to order the squire Kaning'a, He Yan and Qian Feng to go to Yunnan to investigate And deal with Li Shiyao. At first, there was no progress, but later, Zhao Yiheng, the housekeeper who detained and interrogated Li Shuyao, tortured Zhao Yiheng to extract a confession, and Zhao Yiheng could not help but be in pain, and confessed to Li Shuyao's behavior to Xiang Yan. He recorded zhao Yiheng's confession, and then ordered someone to summon a high-ranking official under Li Shuyao in Yunnan, and announced Zhao Yiheng's confession in front of them, and those officials who were originally loyal to Li Shiyao had already obtained evidence. So they came forward to accuse Li Shuyao of various crimes, and even the officials who had paid bribes to Li Shiyao also affirmed that they were forced to pay bribes. He Yan obtained solid evidence, forcing Li Shiyao to bow his head and confess his guilt. As a result, he was promoted to to be a Tobe Shoshu. After the case was concluded, Li Shiyao was sentenced to be beheaded and imprisoned.
After the trial of Li Shiyao's case was concluded, a large part of Li Shiyao's and his henchmen's property was privately swallowed up by He Yan, and with Qianlong's reward, He Yan first tasted the taste of great power and wealth. In April, the eldest son, Feng Sheng, YinDe, was accused by Qianlong of being the Tenth Princess And received a reward from Qianlong for gold, antiques, etc., and hundreds of officials competed for it. At first, he was not bribed, but as the days went on, he began to embezzle and form a party, forming a big force.
When He Yan first became an official, he was treated maliciously by some officials who were dissatisfied with He Yan because he did everything to curry favor with Qianlong and because he held important official positions at a young age. Coupled with the AnMing case that occurred in the first month of the forty-first year of Qianlong (1776), He Yan was impeached by civilian officials in turn, which made him harbor hatred for the officials of the imperial Chinese. It was also the reason why most of the literati were brutally killed by Hezhen later. In the forty-fifth year of Qianlong (1780), He Yan began to take revenge on civilian officials.
After he became the president of the Siku Quanshu Library, He Yan vilified some of the literati who opposed him as "privately hiding rebellious books", "forbidding rebellion ineffectively", or "having more objections" and "slandering grievances" against the author himself as evidence of conspiracy.
He Yan also entered the Hanlin Academy as the head of the Hanlin Academy, and together with the han hanlin academy head of the academy, Ji Huang was in charge of the Hanlin Academy, but Ji Huang was old and weak, and most of the main affairs were he Yan's agents. From then on, He Yan controlled the imperial examination system and arbitrarily paid bribes from Xiucai, forming a kind of transaction in which "the highest price is obtained". He Yan even used this to monopolize the imperial court scholars, and if he wanted to enter the army, he must first pass the examination of He Yan, and if there was a "problem", he would be removed, so that the disciples at the end of the Qianlong period would "go out of the peace door several times".
In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), because Fukang was corrupt in Jilin province, Qianlong was corrupt in Guangdong for forty-five years, and often used boats to smuggle goods. So he secretly collected evidence and waited for the opportunity. In the fifty-second year of Qianlong (1787), the Lin Shuangwen Incident occurred, and He Yan told the Qianlong Emperor that Fu Kang'an would lead the army to attack Lin Shuangwen, and ordered Fu Kang'an to lead the green battalion of 8,000 troops to deal with Lin Shuangwen's 500,000 troops. The Qianlong Emperor played the music. In December of the same year, Fu Kang'an arrived in Taiwan and began to attack Lin Shuangwen, and Chai Daji, a henchman, deliberately delayed Fu Kang'an, and Fu Kang'an killed Chai Daji, but Fu Kang'an still took a year and four months to quell the Lin Shuangwen incident.
In July of the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), He Yan pointed the finger at Ah Gui's son Attis, impeached him for corruption and perverted the law, and arrested the capital for interrogation. He Yan offered eight chests of gold and silver obtained from Attis's embezzlement to Qianlong to see, and the Qianlong Emperor was furious and ordered That Attis be sent to Ili to charge the army, and his father Ah Gui sat down and demoted to the second rank to remain in office.
After the Addis incident, He Yan framed nearly half of the military attaches, and Qianlong issued an edict that needed to be strictly investigated. Soon after the Huang Ming case broke out, Ah Gui was Huang Ming's righteous father, Huang Ming was talented and intelligent when he was young, and he was a jinshi at a very young age, and when he was in Pingyang Zhi County, Zhejiang Province, Dou Guangnai denounced Huang Ming for embezzlement and perverting the law, and Huang Ming countered Dou Guangnai for "torturing the scrivener, intimidating the student prison, and writing a confession of relatives." Dou Guangnai wanted to die, and He Yan also played Qianlong Huangmei for corruption, and said that Ah Gui intended to cover up. Qianlong ordered a thorough investigation, and the result was that Huang Ming's family wealth was as high as 120,000 taels, and the evidence of Huang Ming's corruption was conclusive, and the law was brought to justice on the spot. The university scholar He Yan and The scholar Dou Guangnai reported that they had each been promoted to one level of merit, and the foreman of the military aircraft minister, Ah Gui, sat down, but because Ah Gui led the army to fight outside the country and made meritorious contributions to the country, he was not prosecuted.
In March of the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (1781), Su Forty-three, a Sala ethnic group from the Xunhua Department (present-day Xunhua County, Qinghai Province), which was under the jurisdiction of Hezhou in Gansu Province, was dissatisfied with the corruption and fraud of gansu officials, oppressed the people, and led a mass uprising, killing Yang Shijie, who was supporting him, in the siege of Hezhou, and the rebel army divided its troops from the trail to bypass the Qing army's LerJinbu and take the capital Lanzhou. There were only eight hundred defenders in Lanzhou City, and once they were engaged, they lost three hundred soldiers. The Qianlong Emperor, fearing that Lanzhou would not be protected, ordered Shangshu and Yan to go from the capital to Gansu for Qin, and then ordered the military minister Ah Gui to quickly dispatch reinforcements from Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Xinjiang to attack. A total of more than 100,000 troops entered Gansu to provide support. Ten days later, Bayandai led an army of 30,000 to the city of Lanzhou, removed the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, Le Erjin, and temporarily served as the military commander of the Shaanxi-Gansu region, organizing an army to counterattack the rebel army.
After Li Shiyao arrived, he officially took over as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and only used 40,000 troops to defeat the 100,000 rebels and marched into Xunhua in five ways. Twenty days later, He yan arrived at Hailanchabu and found that Hailanchabu had defeated the rebel army, so he ordered a four-way march, but the Fourth Route Army was dissatisfied with Heyan, the commander who started the family, so Hailancha and Tuqinbao went out on a campaign, and Highlandcha marched around the mountain to annihilate the enemy ambush. However, Tu Qinbao was trapped in the mountains and eventually besieged and died. This move increased the resentment of the generals, who did not go on a campaign for several days.
After a few more Japanese aircraft ministers Ah Gui led a hundred thousand troops to arrive, Ah Gui asked He Yan why he was defeated, and he pushed the generals not to listen to the dispatches, ah Gui said: "It is appropriate to be cursed!" The next day, Ah Gui ordered the assembly, and in a moment the army was all assembled, and he immediately asked Hezhen, "The generals do not see their slowness, who should they be?"
kill? Knowing that this was a deliberate embarrassment for the generals, he had to shut his mouth and admit his mistake. Ah Gui officially took over as supreme commander, and ten days later, Li Shiyao attacked Xunhua, Ah Gui captured han and killed two, su forty-three rebellions were nearing the end, and He Yan was also transferred back to the Beijing division, and due to the failure of command, the general Tu Qinbao was killed and suspended. In addition, Ah Gui and Hai Lancha and more than thirty other generals wrote to ask the Qianlong Emperor to forbid He Yan to lead the army again. When He yan learned of this, he formed an incomprehensible hatred for Ah Gui until Ah Gui died. On the afternoon of May 46, the Qing soldiers surrounded the Hualin Temple on Hualin Mountain, the stronghold of the rebel army, and the Qing soldiers set fire to the temple, and the rebel army was buried in the sea of fire, Su Forty-three was killed in the chaos, and the Su Forty-third Uprising, which lasted for more than seventy days, finally failed.
In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784), Hezhen had become one of the four major forces in the dprk, namely the military attaché faction headed by Ah Gui, the Yushi faction headed by Liu Yong, the opposition led by Qian Feng, and the corrupt officials headed by Hezhen. Washu was not in a hurry to fight them, and he extended his tentacles to the merchants and the criminal syndicates. He yan forced the merchants to submit to him, and if they did not surrender, they would be wiped out by criminal groups. The rich merchant Zeng of Zhejiang, because he refused to pay the help fee of Hezhen, was killed overnight, and all the gold, silver and treasure were plundered. He claimed to have been robbed by robbers and later rehabilitated by Yushi. As a result, he gained enormous benefits and thus had the capital to wage political struggles. On the twenty-first day of the first month of the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784), the Qianlong Emperor set out from the Beijing Division and began the sixth southern tour. He Yan was also accompanied by the Fifth Southern Tour, but this time the power of He Yan was multiplied several times that of a few years ago, and because He Yan ordered the provinces to contribute funds, the national treasury did not spend a dime to complete the preparations for the southern tour. Therefore, the Qianlong Emperor ordered he to stand next to him when he toured the south to show his merits.
In the fifty-third year of Qianlong (1788), He Yan overthrew most of the opposition forces in the DPRK and China and monopolized power. The main enemies, Ah Gui and Fu Kang An, have been out for many years. Only Wang Jie, Fan Zhen, and Qian Feng were engaged in a political struggle against Hezhen. However, the Hezhen party is spread all over the country, and it has an absolute advantage in comparison.
He Yan's cronies are very large, and the backbone members of his group are: He Lin, Li Shiyao, Fu Chang'an, Su Ling'a, Guotai, Yijiang'a, Woolana, Jiang Xitang, Bi Yuan, Wang Rulong, Wu Shengqin, Wu Shenglan Brothers and others.
In the fifty-fifth year of Qianlong (1790), He Yan established a system of silver for discussing crimes, and if officials committed crimes, they could be exonerated by paying a certain amount of silver. The two cashiers collected were included in the treasury of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for Qianlong's use. However, The Cabinet Scholar Yin Zhuangtu impeached the system. Therefore, the Qianlong Emperor ordered the household attendant Qingcheng to lead Yin Zhuangtu to inspect, but in order not to disturb the people, it was necessary to inform the local government when he arrived at a certain place, so yin Zhuangtu's places were illuminated, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. As a result, after Yin Zhuangtu arrived in Taiyuan, Shanxi, he immediately played: "The warehouse is neat, there is no deficiency, and it has been devoted to obedience, can you please return to Beijing to be guilty?" However, Zhu Commented: "There is no deficiency in a province, I am afraid that it is not enough to convince its heart, and I am still going to Shandong and directly subordinate to Zhengding, Baoding and other places." In the end, Yin Zhuangtu, of course, could not find anything, and the Metropolitan Inspection Bureau ordered: "Transfer to the Cabinet Inspection Room to check the photos." In the preface of Yin Zhuangtu, there are many deficits in the provinces. After lingQingcheng pan found out that it was Yin Qi's false words and false words. Yin Zhuangtu was dismissed from his post and handed over to Qingcheng to be brought to the Beijing Ministry of Punishment for punishment. In the end, Qianlong said, "You may as well take slander as a rule, it is not worth committing a felony." "Exempt Yin Zhuangtu from the death penalty." In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), Fu Kang'an died while suppressing the Miao people's uprising.
In October of the second year of Jiaqing (1797), ah gui, the foreman of the military aircraft, died, leaving only Liu Yong and Dong Yan to secretly oppose Hezhen. The Qianlong Emperor had entered his twilight years, and when he ascended to the throne, he ordered He yan to stand next to him and Jiaqing, because only He Yan could understand what Qianlong was saying. Therefore, every day after wenwu of the Manchu Dynasty kneeled three times and prostrated nine times, He yan was equivalent to regent, and whatever Manchu Wenwu played, he "listened" to Qianlong's speech, made his own judgment, and controlled the government of the dynasty, so the Qing people called Hezhen "the second emperor". Jiaqing, who was sitting on the sidelines, had no real power, and those who really held real power were He yan and Qianlong.
The personal freedom of the Qianlong and Jiaqing emperors was greatly restricted by Hezhen, because whether it was eunuchs, officials, or close officials, they could all be spies sent by Hezhen. Jiaqing's reading of Wu Province Qin and Wu Province Lan Brothers is an example.
He Yan was also able to control the power of the life and death of officials, so Liu Yong pretended to be old and Dong Yu pretended to be stupid to deceive He Yan, but the two were still isolated by He Yan's party. Even Jiaqing had to act carefully, because Hezhen had given Jiaqing Yu ruyi in the early days of his reign, so Jiaqing wrote several songs of "Yongyu Ruyi" and deliberately threw them to the eunuch Xiao Dezi. Xiao Dezi then dedicated the Wing Yu Ruyi to Hezhen, who looked at it and smiled and said, "Jiaqing is not enough to fight with me!" However, Jiaqing was still not at ease, and ordered Hezhen not to perform the ritual of three kneels and nine kowtows except in public. Also known as Shiwa Kane Ryota Miyaku, a slave maid. Even when Empress Xiaoshurui died, Jiaqing could not show her feelings, and Jiaqing burned incense three times a day within seven days, and even the tears did not flow. After the fall of Hezhen, Jiaqing wrote that he was eager to behead Hezhen immediately. So the British envoy Macartney wrote in his memoirs: "Many Chinese privately called Hezhen the Second Emperor."
In the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), the Taishang Emperor Qianlong died; on the thirteenth day of the first month, the Jiaqing Emperor declared the twenty major sins of Hezhen, ordered the raid on his home, and copied 800 million taels of silver. During the Qianlong period, the annual tax revenue of the Qing court was only 70 million taels. The property hidden by Hezhen was equivalent to the income of the Qing government for fifteen years at that time. At that time, people said that "Hezhen fell, and Jiaqing was full". On the eighteenth day of the first month, the court deliberated on Ling Chi, but Gu Lun and Princess Xiao and Liu Yong and others suggested that although He Yan had committed a terrible crime, after all, he had served as a minister of the previous dynasty, and he should commit suicide in prison. In the end, Shiwa-kan commits suicide with a white aya in his own home. His eldest son, Fengsheng Yinde, was exempted from sitting together because he married Gu Lun and Princess Xiaoxiao, the tenth daughter of the Qianlong Emperor. In order to prevent someone from retaliating by using the Hezhen case, Liu Yong suggested to the Jiaqing Emperor that the expansion of the case should be avoided and the aftermath should be properly handled. As a result, on the second day of his execution, the Jiaqing Emperor issued an edict stating that the case of Hezhen had been concluded and that it would not implicate hundreds of officials on a large scale, in order to reassure the courtiers.
Favored reasons
1, Hezhen this person is indeed talented. After graduating from the official school, he took the examination once, but after falling in the first place, he followed the advice of his father-in-law and chose a waiter. Once Qianlong used a sentence in the Analects to make a decree, and the tiger was out of the way. None of the ministers present at the time understood what it meant, and was appreciated by Qianlong for saying that the emperor wanted to hold the caretakers accountable. Once it was Qianlong who was watching Mencius. It was already dark, and Qianlong couldn't read the notes on the book, so he ordered and palmed the lamp. At that time, He Yan asked the emperor which sentence it was, and after Qianlong told him, He Yan memorized all the notes on the book. It can be seen that Hezhen has been reused as one reason for Qianlong.
2. It is said that Hezhen looks good. Qianlong felt that it resembled a concubine who had been executed because of Qianlong, so he reused Hezhen.
3, Hezhen is good at patting horses. In Qianlong's increasingly dim-witted old age, he became more and more unable to listen to advice, and he was so happy that he praised himself as a perfect old man, thinking that he could reach his grandfather Kangxi and father Yongzheng, and Hezhen used this to anesthetize Qianlong. Moreover, He Yan knew that Qianlong deeply loved his mother. Therefore, He Yan did everything he could to please the empress dowager, especially when the empress dowager returned to heaven, he did not say a few innocuous words like other ministers, but always accompanied Qianlong, crying bitterly, for several days in a row, tea did not think, food did not want, won Qianlong's favor.
4. In the early days when He yan was reused by Qianlong, he did do several things that made Qianlong happy. For example, the trial of Li Shuyao left an impression of honesty and incorruptibility in Qianlong's heart. Moreover, he studied hard in the official school, mastered the Chinese, Manchu, Tibetan, and Mongolian languages, and always played a role at key moments, which was deeply loved by Qianlong.
5. He yan's wealth-gathering skills are pure and can provide financial resources for the unrestricted squandering of the elderly Qianlong. In Qianlong's later years, he went to Jiangnan several times, and He yan's ability to make money brought unexpected benefits to Qianlong. The most important reason why He Yan was deeply favored by the emperor was that he guessed his intentions, and he could always go to the soup for the emperor, and treat the emperor's affairs as his own affairs, and the things that the emperor was worried about were handled by He Yan. Over time, Qianlong of course took Hezhen as a part of himself, and of course he would reuse it.
According to the "Qing Dynasty Wild History Grand View and He yan family wealth" and other wild history records, the total property of He Yan is "two billion two have a strange government revenue of 70 million, and He Yan with twenty years of cabinet ministers, he accumulated a country of twenty years of tax (years) and strong." The amount provided by Xue Fucheng in the Notes on Yong'an is 230 million taels. The deputy governor, Sa Bin, tried to chen "a lot of property in the He yan family, and there were more than one number of them found", and demanded that "the four women of the he yan family in charge of the gold and silver accounts" be interrogated, excavated near the he mansion, searched for "gold and silver buried in the cellar", and checked the hejia account books and major silver numbers in order to thoroughly investigate. His mansion was decorated like a royal garden, and its magnificence was beyond the reach of other ministers' residences. After he "fell", his mansion was transferred to Prince Gong and became the familiar Prince Gong's mansion. Because the Qing Dynasty was closest to modern times, Hezhen became the most famous corrupt official in Chinese history, and Qianlong's taxes in 55 to 60 years were half corrupted by Hezhen; in 2001, he was selected as one of the world's richest people in the Asian Wall Street Journal.