The decline of modern history has made everyone add a lot of resentment to the Qing government. In fact, under the historical trend at that time, no matter how the Qing government saved it, it could not go against the trend of history, and only by conforming to history could it have some glory.
Leaving aside modern history, after the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs, in a series of foreign wars, in East Asia and even in the whole of Asia, there was no regime that could match the Qing government. Under the administration of the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors, the Qing Dynasty became more and more abundant and its territory became larger and larger, laying the foundation for the current territory of China.
Later, after a series of wars and diplomatic means, Xinjiang and Tibet were incorporated into China with real political significance and became an indispensable part of China's territory, which is also a rich legacy left to me by the Qing Empire.
However, although Tibet is located in a plateau area, it is coveted by foreign forces, of which Nepal is undoubtedly one of them. Speaking of which, we may be curious that a small Nepal also dared to invade our Chinese territory, who gave him the courage. Unsurprisingly, qianlong immediately sent a large army to counterattack Nepal after hearing the news, and took advantage of the situation to make Nepal a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty. What was the process during the war, what happened during the period, and why Nepal invaded Tibet so boldly, please be patient and watch.
Turning to the world map, in the southern foothills of the Himalayas there is a small country called Nepal, Nepal has a land area of only 147,000 square kilometers, a population of about 30 million, and a per capita GDP of only 1,049 US dollars, which is one of the poorest countries in the world. Nepal borders India on three sides, and its presence in the world is almost zero, and I believe that most people in Europe and the United States do not even know that there is another country in the world called Nepal.
In fact, the Nepalese in history are very strong. Nepal's dominant ethnic group is the Gurkha tribe, which uses a weapon called the Gurkha machete, which is so lethal that a samurai armed with a Gurkha machete can easily cut off the bull's head after accumulating strength.
The 19th century was a period of expansion in the Kingdom of Nepal (i.e., the Kingdom of Gorkha). At the same time, Britain, which took the lead in completing the Industrial Revolution, began to occupy colonies around the world, and after conquering the Indian subcontinent, began to plan an invasion of Nepal.
In November 1814, the British East India Company declared war on Nepal and sent 30,000 troops to Nepal in three directions. In order to resist the British, Nepal gathered 12,000 soldiers from all over the country and engaged in a deadly struggle with the British.
In terms of personnel and weapons alone, Britain has an overwhelming advantage. The British army was nearly three times the size of Nepal in terms of troops, not to mention the weapons, the British army had artillery and muskets, while nepal's main battle weapon was mainly the Gurkha machete, plus a small number of muskets. Before the war, the British were confident that taking Nepal was as easy as chopping melons and chopping vegetables, but was that really the case?
In order to resist the fierce attack of the British army, the Nepalese soldiers hated the enemy and regarded death as a homecoming. In the Battle of the Fortress of Caraga, 600 Gurkha soldiers, under the cover of only one cannon, resisted the repeated attacks of thousands of British troops, and incidentally killed a large number of British soldiers, in which the British commander Major General Gilpis was killed.
In order to capture this fortress, the British army brought large-caliber siege guns, poured 6 tons of shells into the fortress in a short period of time, and finally blew open a hole in the city wall. The British army took advantage of the situation to attack the city, and the Gurkha soldiers, who were not afraid of life and death, engaged in hand-to-hand combat with the British army, and the Gurkha soldiers frantically slashed and wounded the British army in the fierce battle.
In the Battle of the Fortress of Caraga, although the Gurkha soldiers gave the British a heavy blow, they were helplessly outnumbered, and all but 70 of the 600 Gurkha soldiers broke through.
After a year of fighting, the British finally took Nepal. Although the British army paid a huge number of casualties, they were very much in awe and appreciation of the courage and combat effectiveness shown by the Gurkha soldiers in battle. After the war, the British army also recruited a large number of Gurkha mercenaries, and in the history of more than 100 years, it went to the world with the British army and left many glorious achievements.
Talking is far away, so let's go back to the truth.
In the 18th century, Nepal was divided into dozens of non-ruling tribes, concentrated in Yangbu, Kukumu and Yelen in Kathmandu. In the late 18th century, during the reign of Plitvi Narayan Shah of the Shah dynasty, the Gurkhas took advantage of the civil strife in The Paleb, gradually usurped the three tribes of The Palebu, defeated the surrounding tribes, and established the Kingdom of Nepal in 1769 (Qianlong 34), with territories stretching from Bhutan in the east to Kashmir in the west, tibet in the north, and the Ganges Plain in the south.
Although the area of Nepal has increased a lot, the ambitious Nepalese king is not satisfied with this, because the Nepal he actually controls is really not a rich region, and the territory is mainly based on mountains and plateaus, which has little value in the feudal era of agricultural civilization. In order to open up more fertile and fertile land, the king of Nepal has been waiting for an opportunity.
In 1780 (the 45th year of Qianlong), the sixth Panchen Erdeni died in Beijing, and the Panchen brother Zhongba Hutuktu escorted the Panchen coffin back to the Shigatse Tashilhunpo Monastery, where he was rewarded by the Qianlong Emperor and a large number of gold and silver treasures offered by the princes and nobles. Trungpa Hutuktu has a half-brother, the White Shamalpa Living Buddha, who is not at odds with the Yellow Sect's Trungpa Hutuktu.
Sharma wanted to get a piece of the pie from his brother, but his brother did not give him a penny, and he was resentful and left Nepal in the name of worshipping the stupa.
After arriving in Nepal, Sharmar told the Nepalese king that Tashilhunpo Monastery contained a large amount of gold and silver treasures that Qianlong had rewarded, and then told the actual situation of the deployment of Tibetan troops, instigating the Nepalese king to send troops to Tashilhunpo Monastery.
At the instigation of Sharmaar, the King of Nepal sent 3,000 Gurkha soldiers on the grounds of trade and border disputes, and in 1788 (Qianlong 53), invaded Tibet and occupied Nelam, Jidang, Tsongkhadzong and other places.
In July 1788, the Minister of Residence in Tibet, Yamantai, led the Green Battalion and the Mongol soldiers stationed in Damirut to aid Tashilhunpo Monastery and deployed defenses with the Panchen brother Trungpa Hutuktu. At the same time, Li Shijie, the governor of Sichuan, and ChengDe, the viceroy of Sichuan, were ordered to dispatch more than 4,000 soldiers to Tibet urgently. At this time, there were 500 Qing troops stationed in Tibet, 1600 Tibetan troops, and 1300 Taiwanese soldiers.
In order to maintain the sovereignty of Tibet, the Qianlong Emperor sent the imperial bodyguard Ba Zhong as the minister of Chincha to preside over tibet's military use plan.
When the king of Nepal learned that Qianlong was going to send imperial guards and a large number of soldiers to Tibet, he was instigated, and when the army had not yet arrived in Tibet, in order not to expand the situation, the minister stationed in Tibet and the king of Nepal launched negotiations, and the result of the negotiations was that The Tibetan Gaburun paid 300 yuan treasures to Gorkha every year as a ransom for the three places of Nelam, Jidang and Tsongkha, and the Nepalese king withdrew.
Obviously, paying tribute to Nepal was not tolerated by Qianlong, and it was not a joke that the great Qing Dynasty bowed to small Nepal. As Qianlong, who wanted to become a perfect old man, he could not agree. Therefore, after the King of Nepal withdrew from the army, he dismissed some people who exceeded their authority, dictatorship, and disobedience.
In 1791 (the 56th year of Qianlong), Kaledan XituHutuktu died, and the Eighth Dalai Lama came to power again. In June of the same year, the King of Nepal again sent troops to invade Tibet. By July, the Gurkha army had invaded Neram and Jija. The Kho army divided into two routes, one attacking Dzongkha and the other attacking Dingri, and attacking Dingri and dividing a group of people to bypass Dingri and attack Shigatse.
In September, Gurkha soldiers attacked Shigatse, and after eight days of siege, Gurkha soldiers were unable to break the city and withdrew to the border area with their looted property.
The Qianlong Emperor, who was far away in Beijing, after learning about Tibet's war reports, believed after analysis that the main purpose of the Gurkha soldiers' invasion of Tibet this time was to plunder property, because winter was approaching and heavy snow closed the mountains, and Nepal could not send troops again. Therefore, Qianlong decided to send troops in a big way, and when the ice and snow melted next year, he completely defeated the Gurkha soldiers to avoid any trouble.
In 1791 (56 years of Qianlong), Qianlong summoned Fu Kang'an, the governor of Liangguang, and his deputies Hai Lancha and Taifei Ying'a as counselors to Beijing to discuss the matter of sending troops.
In December, Fukang'an arrived in Xining, Qinghai, and began preparations for an attack on Nepal. 1,500 warhorses were drawn from the Green Battalion of Lebao, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and 3,000 warhorses were purchased from the Ministers of the Mongol Princes in Qinghai, and a large number of stations were set up along the way, and the Green Battalion and Mongolian soldiers were stationed.
On February 12, 1792, It took more than 50 days for Fukang'an to finally reach Tibet. After arriving in Tibet, Fukang'an met with the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, and then began to send troops to Nepal.
On 6 May, Fukang'an and Highlander led their troops to Khybuki, south of Tsongkha, and attacked the Chamu Pass. That night, the Qing army divided into 5 roads, and at dawn of the next day, they conquered the two stone watchtowers on the beams of the Mu Mu Mountain, killing more than 200 people.
On 8 May, the Qing army advanced to Magar's Erjia and defeated the Kuo army that had come to meet the battle by Ji Ji.
On May 10, the Qing army conquered Ji Ji, killing more than 640 people and taking more than 200 prisoners. At this point, the whole territory of Tibet was recovered.
On 13 May, Fukang'an and Highlander led an army from Jibu and headed south along the east bank of the Giron River. By the 14th, the Qing army entered the territory of Gurkha, Riso, and confronted the Khhor army across the Jesso River. There was only one wooden board pontoon bridge on the Ressel Bridge, and the planks on the bridge had long been withdrawn by the Khor Army, who built two pillboxes on the bank of the river, according to which the fort guarded the Reso Bridge.
In order to reach the interior of Nepal, Fukang'an took a pretend attack on the northern bank of the Kho army bunker, detoured to the upper reaches of the Reso River to cut wood to make a raft, crossed the river and sped along the south bank, and then easily defeated the bunker defenders, and after capturing the Reso River, the main Force of the Qing Army crossed the bridge.
After learning of the imminent arrival of the Qing army in the capital, the king of Nepal quietly fled to the Indian border to negotiate with the British and plan to jointly fight against the Qing army. The British believed that if they openly supported the Kho army, they would lose their trade in Guangzhou, and resolutely broke off the nepalese king's request.
The king's uncle Bahadur Shah, who remained in the capital, summoned the detained Kalon Tenzin Banjul and requested to relay it to Fukang'an, and all the results were instigated by the living Buddha Shammarpa, who promised to return the property plundered during the invasion of Tibet and compensate the Qing army for the losses during the conflict.
On 25 June, the Gurkha leaders met with Fukang'an to discuss surrender. Fukang An informed the emissaries of the Kho army that if they wanted to surrender, they must obey that "the Khor soldiers must withdraw from the mountain beams of Kalla, Dui Mu, Jialgula, Jimu Ji, etc.; the Gurkha king Ranabadur and Wang Shu Batur Saye himself came; the bones of the living Buddha of Sharmalpa and his disciples were handed over; the treasures of the Tashilhunpo Monastery that were plundered were returned; the fifty-four years of qianlong's private contract with Tenzin Banjul should be surrendered, and there should be no mention of Tibet's delivery of ransom silver." After the Qing army returned the envoys, the King of Nepal did not reply 7 days later, so he ordered the attack to continue.
On July 2, the Qing army attacked Kallera and piled up wood. During the attack on the Jialgula Mountains, the Kuo army lured the Qing army into the primeval forest, and then set fire to the forest, resulting in the defeat of the Qing army and serious casualties.
No matter how the Kho army resisted, limited by the gap in national strength, Nepal could not defeat the Qing army in any way.
On August 8, Nepalese emissaries arrived at the Qing army camp to discuss the specific details of the surrender, and replaced the King and Uncle Wang of Nepal to meet in Beijing.
On 19 August, Fukangan agreed to the surrender of the King of Nepal.
On September 4, the Qing army withdrew to Huiji.
After the Qing army withdrew, Fukang'an re-explored the border between Tibet and Nepal. On October 15, Fukang'an came to Lhasa to be welcomed by the Dalai Lama and other officials.
On December 23, the Nepalese emissary arrived in Beijing to meet with The Lord.
On December 24, the emissaries visited the Qianlong Emperor.
After this war, the power of the Kingdom of Nepal was weakened, and after a series of discussions, Nepal eventually became a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty.