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Taking the time to sort out and inquire about the information of the 23 two-bomb and one-star founders in our country, the cattle people are really far from just Qian Xuesen.
Took the time to sort out and query the information of 23 two bombs and one star founders in our country, to be honest, a lot of things make me feel unexpected, the cattle people are really far more than Qian Xuesen. In fact, many of the world-famous physicists who are famous have a deep connection with our two bomb fathers.
1: Schrödinger, Peng Huanwu, Born and Oppenheimer
We must have heard of Schrödinger's cat hypothesis experiment to a greater or lesser extent, referring to the confinement of a cat in an airtight container containing a small amount of radium and cyanide. Radium has a chance of decay, and if radium decays, it triggers the mechanism to break the bottle containing cyanide, and the cat will die; if the radium does not decay, the cat will survive. According to the theory of quantum mechanics, since radioactive radium is in the superposition of decay and non-decay, the cat should be in the superposition of dead cats and live cats. This dead and alive cat is the so-called "Schrödinger cat". However, it is impossible to have a cat that is both dead and alive, and the result must be known only after the container is opened.
So does Schrödinger have a relationship with China? Of course.
Peng Huanwu, a master of theoretical physics who is one of the 23 founding fathers, is "the first person in theoretical physics in New China". Another meritorious scientist, Zhou Guangzhao, one of the 23 founding fathers, was also a student of Peng Huanwu at Peking University.
After Peng Huanwu graduated from the University of Edinburgh in August 1941, Peng Huanwu worked at the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the Institute for Advanced Study, Dublin, Ireland, with Schrödinger as its director. The picture below is a group photo of Peng Huanwu and Schrödinger.
Although Peng Huanwu did not cooperate with Schrödinger academically, Schrödinger had a great influence on him. In 1985, Moore, the author of the biography of Schrödinger, wrote to Peng Huanwu asking about Schrödinger's influence on him, and Peng Huanwu wrote in his reply: "I worked with Professor Schrödinger twice from 1941 to 1943 and from 1945 to 1947. I am very grateful for the friendly and intimate contact with him... It is widely recognized that listening to Professor Schrödinger's report is a pleasure, because he has a clear logic and a strong sense of art when he reports... Schrödinger's diversity of opinions and a profound thinker have to be admired. ”
In addition, Peng Huanwu's mentor at the University of Edinburgh is a German scientist Born, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, Born is also a Nobel Prize winner, Born and Einstein are good friends for many years, Born has written to Einstein many times in the letter mentioned and praised Peng Huanwu.
"Chinese Peng Huanwu is particularly smart and capable. He always knows more than others, knows how to be faster than others. "It seems that he knows everything, and even in turn he teaches me." "He's always energetic and optimistic."
The leader of the Manhattan Project of the U.S. Atomic Bomb Project, Oppenheimer, the father of the US imperialist atomic bomb, is also a graduate student of the Born Belt and the senior of Peng Huanwu.
Oppenheimer and Yang Zhenning are very familiar, Yang Zhenning once recalled: "From 1949 to 1966, I worked at the Institute of Advanced Learning in Princeton, and for 17 years the director was the physicist Oppenheimer, who was a household name in the United States at that time, because he successfully led the atomic bomb manufacturing work in the wartime United States. The Institute of Higher Learning is a very small institute, and there are only 5 physics professors at most, and Oppenheimer is one of them, so I know him very well. ”
2: Marie Curie Jr. and Qian Sanqiang
Qian Sanqiang, one of the 23 founding fathers, who received his doctorate at the University of Paris, was under the supervision of Marie Curie the Younger, who was also known as Marie Curie's daughter, who had won the Nobel Prize and could be said to be a family of science.
When Qian Sanqiang returned to China in 1948, the Curies wrote an appraisal document for Qian Sanqiang, which said, "We can say without exaggeration that he is the best of the same generation of scientists who come to our laboratory and are guided by us." We have commissioned him to lead several groups of researchers, and he has used his talents to accomplish this difficult task with excellence and has been loved by his French and foreign students. ”
"Our country has also recognized Mr. Qian's talents and has entrusted him with the responsibility of appointing him first as a researcher at the National Center for Scientific Research, then as a research supervisor, and he is also the recipient of the French Prize in Science."
In early 1947, the experimental team led by Qian Sanqiang published a paper publishing their research results: a new way of fission of the atomic nucleus - the existence of the phenomenon of three divisions and four divisions, and an explanation of the principle of three divisions of uranium nuclei. In particular, the article "On the Mechanism of The Three Splitting of Uranium Nuclei" has attracted great attention from the world nuclear physics community. Joliot Curie and his wife consider this to be the first major achievement of their laboratory after World War II.
The picture below is Qian Sanqiang and the family of Madame Curie Jr.
Under qian Sanqiang's leadership, the Institute of Atomic Energy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (initially the Institute of Modern Physics) cultivated a large number of talents, and Qian Sanqiang's secretary, Ge Nengquan, told reporters that according to the statistics he made in 2000, there were as many as 44 scientific and technological experts who had worked in the research institute led by Qian Sanqiang, made important achievements and outstanding contributions, and were elected as academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences or the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
For example, Deng Jiaxian was transferred to the Ninth Institute of the Second Machine Department as director of the Theoretical Department at the recommendation of Qian Sanqiang, and Liu Xiyao, who had served as deputy director and minister of the Second Machine Department, said that the leader of nuclear weapons was in the Second Machine Department, the leader of the Second Machine Department was in the Nuclear Weapons Research Institute (nine institutes, and later the Ninth Academy), and the leader of the research institute was in the Theoretical Design Department. Then Deng Jiaxian was the general person in charge of the theoretical design of China's atomic bomb.
3: Deng Jiaxian: China's atomic bomb was developed by itself, and American scientists did not participate
The Americans were incredulous that China had built an atomic bomb, believing that American scientists had been involved in the development of China's nuclear weapons. That's not surprising, because Joan Hinton, an American nuclear physicist and graduate student at the University of Chicago's Institute of Nuclear Physics, is one of the few female scientists in the Manhattan Program for nuclear weapons and an assistant to Fermi at the Los Alamos weapons laboratory, where she has been there since she arrived in China in 1948. The Americans suspect that Han Chun participated in China's nuclear weapons development.
In 1971, Yang Zhenning visited the People's Republic of China. In Beijing, I met Jia Xian, who had been separated for 22 years. Yang Zhenning wrote in a later article:
"But I asked him if Han Chun had participated in China's atomic bomb work, as the American rumors said. He said he didn't think so, but he would confirm the exact situation again and then tell me.
On August 16, 1971, on the eve of my departure from Shanghai and my return to the United States via Paris, the leaders of Shanghai invited me to dinner at the Shanghai Mansion. Someone in the audience sent me a letter, written by Jia Xian, saying that he had confirmed that no foreigners had participated in China's atomic weapons project, except for the very little "assistance" received from the Soviet Union before the end of 1959.
This short letter gave me a great emotional shock. Tears filled her eyes and I had to get up and go to the bathroom for a facelift. In hindsight, I wondered why there was such a big emotional shock, for the sake of national pride? Or are you proud to be a pioneer? I still couldn't think clearly. ”
Of course, what did Hanchun do? She was arranged by China to engage in cow breeding because after the United States used the atomic bomb against Japan, her thinking changed dramatically, and she turned to calling for mankind to abandon the development of nuclear weapons, and she herself gave up the study of physics.
4: Nothing to do not go to work early--- two bombs and one star of the Founding Father were almost killed by German missiles in Britain
Huang Weilu, a master of missile design in China and one of the 23 founders responsible for the design of the Dongfeng missile, was sent by the National Government to the British Standard Telephone Cable Company for internship in 1943 after graduating from the Department of Electrical Engineering of The Central University.
In 1944, a German V-1 missile hit the company's factory building, just about 10 meters from his office, because the factory stipulated that interns were at 8:30 a.m., just escaped the disaster, and his five British colleagues all went to work at eight o'clock and all died.
This story tells us that it's okay not to go to work too early in the morning.
CCTV "Everyone" host: When you were interning in the UK, you personally experienced Germany, when it was a bombing of V-1 missiles. Remember what happened?
Huang Weilu: Interns come to work half an hour later than regular employees, they go to work at eight o'clock, and our interns can go at half past eight. One day I went at half past eight, and the factory put the door and said, "Today the factory was blown up, and I won't go to work today." "I went that day, the factory was bombed, and I don't know where it was blown up. When I went inside the next day, I saw that it was the window of the department where I was interning, about 10 meters or so, and a bomb of V-1 had blown down.
Host: Were there any casualties at that time?
Huang Weilu: At that time, there were 5 people working inside, 4 died on the spot, and one was seriously injured, sent to the hospital, and before he arrived at the hospital, he died on the way. If I were to go to work with them in that place, half an hour earlier, I would be the one-fifth of the people who would eventually die, so I wouldn't have had a chance to talk to you today.
5: Chinese study is really great, and the academic performance of Chinese students exceeds the expectations of the Soviets
Sun Jiadong, the father of the satellite, returned from studying at the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Institute of the Soviet Union, when he and a group of selected domestic first-class students were sent to the Soviet Union to study, and there is a tradition in Soviet universities that if a student can get 5 points (full points) in all subjects in every year's examinations, and can maintain full scores every year during the university period, he can receive the Stalin Gold Medal when he graduates. In 1958, only 13 graduating students in the Soviet Union received the medal, and 4 Chinese students studied abroad. Among them is Sun Jiadong, the father of the satellite, one of the founders of the two bombs and one star. The Soviets did not know whether they saw a great advantage in the intellect of the Chinese.
6: Dr. Joseph Needham and Cheng Kaijia
Dr. Needham, who wrote the History of Science and Technology in China, also greatly promoted the four major inventions, and he is very famous in China.
And Cheng Kaijia, one of the founders of the two bombs and one star, got acquainted during Needham's visit to China, Needham helped him recommend papers to physicist Dirac, and at the same time helped Cheng Kaijia apply for a scholarship to study in the United Kingdom in 1946, and during the study at the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom, Cheng Kaijia's supervisor was Professor Born, and the two bombs founder Peng Huanwu was also a student of Professor Born and was the senior of Cheng Kaijia.
Cheng Kaijia received his PhD from the University of Edinburgh in 1948 and successfully joined the Royal Institute of Chemical Industry as a researcher before returning to China in 1950.
The picture below is a group photo of Cheng Kaijia (first from the left) and Professor Born (first from the right in the front row) and others during their study abroad.
In 1948, at an international academic conference held in Zurich, Cheng Kaijia and Born co-wrote a paper and submitted it to the conference, and when the conference was held, Born could not attend for some reason, so Cheng Kaijia read the paper. Unexpectedly, Cheng Kaijia and his brother Heisenberg engaged in a fierce debate over academic views, and Cheng Kaijia sometimes used English and sometimes German to engage in a war of words with the 1932 Nobel Laureate. Pauli, the president of the conference who served as the referee, said: "You brothers quarreled, why didn't Born come?" I can't judge this, so let Born rule. ”
Born was very happy to hear this, and told Cheng Kaijia about his long tit-for-tat argument with Einstein. Born said that Einstein was an "outlaw" who was able to go beyond the norm. This conversation has benefited Cheng Kaijia for life.
7: Between the alumni big guys and the big guys, often the circle is really not so big.
Qian Ji, one of the 23 founding fathers, has a junior high school in Jintan Junior High School in Jiangsu Province. Another scientist in our country, the mathematical master Hua Luogeng, also came out of this middle school and was the first junior high school graduate of the school.
The school is now renamed Hua Luogeng Middle School.
The same is Beijing Chongde Middle School, which is the alma mater of Deng Jiaxian, the founder of the two bombs, and Deng Jiaxian met a senior who was two years higher than him, which was Yang Zhenning.
Yang Zhenning wrote in the article "Deng Jiaxian", "From 1936 to 1937, Jia Xian and I were classmates at Chongde Middle School in Beiping for one year; later during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, we were classmates at Southwest United University; and we lived in the same house during the two years that he studied in the United States. 50 years of friendship, as close as brothers. ”
Among the 23 two-bomb founders, it is needless to say that tsinghua has the most. Among the colleges and universities studied abroad, Peng Huanwu and Cheng Kaijia both graduated from the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom, graduating in 1945 and 1948 respectively; Wang Ganchang and Zhao Jiuzhang both graduated from the University of Berlin in Germany, graduating in 1934 and 1938 respectively; Ren Xinmin and Zhu Guangya were both graduated from the University of Michigan in the United States, graduating in 1948 and 1950 respectively; Qian Xuesen and Guo Yonghuai both received doctorates from the California Institute of Technology in the United States, and Qian Xuesen graduated in 1939. Guo Yonghuai graduated in 1945. Both mentors were world-class Hungarian aerospace scientists von. Carmen, von. Carmen also had another outstanding Chinese student, that is, Qian Weichang, but Qian Weichang did not participate in the development of two bombs and one satellite.
Qian Xuesen stayed at Caltech as an assistant professor after graduating with a doctorate, and Guo Yonghuai went to Caltech in 1941, when Qian Xuesen went to pick him up.
8: Black 1968
Of the 23 two-bomb and one-star founders, 20 survived after the reform and opening up. All three who died died unnaturally, all in 1968.
Guo Yonghuai died in a plane crash in 1968. Zhao Jiuzhang could not bear the persecution in 1968 and committed suicide.
On June 8, 1968, after returning home from his office, Yao Tongbin was beaten to death by "revolutionary masses" who broke into his home. In April 1979, the Beijing Municipal Intermediate People's Court sentenced Yu X to 15 years' imprisonment and Gao X to 12 years' imprisonment respectively for the crime of causing death by committing murder. When Yao Tongbin took the high school examination, he was the champion of Jiangxi Province.
9: Two bombs and one star, the Founding Father and Japan
Many of the 23 meritorious scientists studied in many middle schools during their middle school years because of Japan's war of aggression against China.
For example, Deng Jiaxian originally studied in Beijing, and successively studied at Beijing Chongde Middle School / Beijing Zhicheng Middle School, and finally the high school was in Jiangjin National No. 9 Middle School in Sichuan.
Another example is Zhu Guangya, the middle school was originally in Wuhan Sao Paulo Middle School, and then ran to Chongqing to study middle school because of the war, and then studied at Chongqing Hechuan Chongjing Middle School / Chongqing Tsinghua Middle School / Chongqing Nankai Middle School.
The same is Qian Ji, who graduated from the Normal Department of Chongqing Beibei National Sichuan Middle School in the middle school of Jiangsu Jintan Middle School, and finally graduated from the Normal Department of Chongqing Beibei National Sichuan Middle School.
Another example is the above-mentioned Peng Huanwu, the middle school is changchun ziqiang middle school / Jilin Yuwen middle school, just after graduating from middle school in 1931 and being admitted to Tsinghua University, the northeast fell.
After the fall of Tohoku, Japan demanded that the school system in the middle schools in the territory be reduced from six years before the fall to four years, and the university system from four years before the fall to three years, and restrict the Chinese from going to university to study engineering majors, and the Chinese as a primary labor force training. If Peng Huanwu had not graduated early, studied in middle school for only four years, and had to study the useless Nichiman Goodwill Course that he had forcibly joined, it would have been difficult to enter Tsinghua.
Another two-bomb and one-star founder Sun Jiadong encountered this change in the school system, when Sun Jiadong was 13 years old (1942), he entered the civil engineering department of Harbin First High School (equivalent to a Chinese middle school) during the pseudo-Manchu period, and the study time changed from six years before the fall to four years, and then dropped out of school due to the war, after the victory of the War of Resistance, Sun Jiadong went to Jinzhou to study, and later in 1948 he was admitted to the preparatory department of Harbin Institute of Technology, then transferred to the automobile department, and then was sent to the Soviet Union to study for 7 years and became a satellite boss.
10. Transfer of technology
Of the twenty-three two-bomb and one-star founders, 21 have overseas study and work experience, and only Yu Min and Qian Ji have no study abroad work experience.
21 people with overseas experience, the most went to the United States to study, there were 10 people, then 6 in the United Kingdom (of which Chen Fangyun worked in the United Kingdom instead of studying abroad), 2 in Germany and the Soviet Union (of which Zhou Guangzhao went to the Soviet Union to work instead of studying), and 1 in France.
Europe and the United States can be said to be the biggest source of knowledge of the two bombs and one star, and the universities they have studied are:
Europe: University of Paris in France, University of Berlin in Germany, University of Edinburgh in the UK, Imperial College, University of Sheffield, University of London, University of Birmingham.
USA: Yale University, Harvard University, California Tech, MIT, Virginia Tech, Purdue University, Michigan University, Carnegie Mellon University.
USSR: Zhukovsky Engineering College.
It can be seen that British and American universities account for the absolute majority, and many European and American companies have also provided research conditions for the two bombs and one star, such as the United States Westinghouse Electric, the British Standard Telephone Cable Company, the British Changji Glass, the British A.C. Cossor Radio Factory and much more.
In addition, most of the 23 founders are doctoral graduates, followed by master's degrees, which shows that research still requires high education. There are also 23 founding fathers who graduated from Tsinghua University the most, so the status of Tsinghua's first domestic engineering university is, in a sense, also laid by this large number of world-class engineering giants.
The following figure is the resume of 23 two-bomb founders, note that only the final degree of the university, in fact, some of the founders have studied in different colleges and universities, such as Qian Xuesen first got a master's degree at MIT, and then got a doctorate at Caltech.
Here Chen Fangyun went to work in the research office of the A.C. Cossor Radio Factory in the United Kingdom in early 1945. First in the London laboratory to do color television receiver line work, then transferred to the Manchester factory radar research laboratory, to participate in the development of marine radar, in May 1948, Chen Fangyun returned to Shanghai, that is, although he did not study abroad, but had the experience of working in britain.
There is also Zhou Guangzhao, from 1957 to 1960, as an intermediate researcher at the Joint Nuclear Research Institute in Dubna, the Soviet Union, engaged in nuclear physics research, that is, although he did not study in the Soviet Union, he also had work experience.
It can be said that at that time, this group of world-class scientists pushed forward the achievements of the Chinese nation in science and technology with physics as the core, pushed forward a very large distance, and the success of two bombs and one satellite firmly consolidated China's global status as the five permanent members of the United Nations, and also ensured that the Chinese nation could ensure its own national defense and security under the premise of achieving independent development, and at the same time made contributions from the Chinese nation to the development of global physics.
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