On December 25, 1936, a car was speeding toward the airport. Premier Zhou, who was sitting in the car, was very anxious in his heart, afraid of missing the plane to Nanjing. However, by the time Premier Zhou finally arrived at the airport, The plane for Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek to Nanjing had already taken off.
As soon as he arrived in Nanjing, Zhang Xueliang was placed under house arrest by Chiang Kai-shek and began a 54-year life in seclusion.
Whenever Premier Zhou recalled this incident, his heart was full of heartache and self-blame. If he had arrived at the airport a little earlier that day and successfully stopped Zhang Xueliang, who accompanied Chiang Kai-shek back to Nanjing, he might not have had such an encounter.
During his 54 years under house arrest, Zhang Xueliang wrote to Premier Zhou
Two mestic letters
Premier Zhou, who received the letter, was thrilled after reading it.
So why was Zhang Xueliang placed under house arrest by Chiang Kai-shek for 54 years? What did he write in his two secret letters to Premier Zhou?
To know why the young marshal Zhang Xueliang was placed under house arrest by Chiang Kai-shek for 54 years, it is necessary to start with Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launching the Xi'an Incident and detaining Chiang Kai-shek.
Zhang Xueliang in captivity in Qingquan, Taiwan
The detention of old Chiang Kai-shek was retaliated against
On December 12, 1936, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng detained Chiang Kai-shek and a number of senior Kuomintang officials from Nanjing to oversee the war in Shaanxi in Lintong
"Xi'an Incident"
Shocked China and foreign countries.
On December 25, with the joint efforts of the CPC Central Committee, the "Xi'an Incident" was resolved peacefully. Zhang Xueliang, who was ashamed of the detention, ignored Yang Hucheng's persuasion and insisted on escorting Chiang Kai-shek and his wife on the plane back to Nanjing. The next day, the group arrived in Nanjing smoothly. Chiang Kai-shek, who was very angry about his detention, immediately put him under house arrest in order to "punish" Zhang Xueliang.
So why did Zhang Xueliang detain Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an?
On September 18, 1931, Japan launched the "918 Incident" in Shenyang.
China's three northeastern provinces were invaded and occupied by the Japanese army by force, and the people suffered unspeakably, while the pace of Japan's invasion of China was still accelerating, and the anti-Japanese struggle to save the people was imminent. Out of the need to resist Japan, our Party actively appealed to the Kuomintang to unite with the Kuomintang to resist Japan.
On August 1, 1935, our Party drafted it
August 1st Declaration
, calling for the cessation of the civil war and the joint resistance against Japan, was officially published on October 1. In December, at the Wa Yao Fort Conference, the policy of establishing an anti-Japanese national united front was determined.
On December 9, patriotic students in Peiping held a demonstration to resist Japan and save lives. Call on people to actively resist Japan and defend the country. This quickly received a response from students across the country, and patriots from all walks of life also expressed solidarity and appealed
"Stop the civil war and unite to resist Japan."
"Stopping the civil war and uniting to resist Japan" has become the common expectation of the people of the whole country for the kuomintang and the communist party.
Under such circumstances, Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government ignored the national crisis and went so far as to propose it
"Outside must first be inside"
The absurd proposition of "suppressing the Communists" first and then resisting Japan.
Chiang Kai-shek
This move caused resentment and opposition from many patriots, including
Zhang Xueliang, who was then the deputy commander-in-chief of the Northwest Suppression Campaign.
On October 22, 1936, Chiang Kai-shek flew from Nanjing to Xi'an and ordered the Red Army to attack. Zhang Xueliang immediately objected to his face and persuaded Chiang Kai-shek to stop the civil war and unite with the Communists to resist Japan, but he refused. In December, Zhang Xueliang gave Chiang Kai-shek several more exhortations, but all of them were fruitless.
Considering the great national righteousness and the safety of the people, on December 12, 1936, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng finally launched the "Xi'an Incident", detaining Chiang Kai-shek and a number of senior Kuomintang officials. Subsequently, Zhang Xueliang put forward eight proposals to Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan and save the country, forcing Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan.
On December 25, 1936, with the joint efforts of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chiang Kai-shek finally agreed
"Stop the civil war and unite with the Communists to resist Japan" and other six propositions.
The efforts of Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng successfully contributed to the initial formation of the anti-Japanese national united front and greatly encouraged people's enthusiasm for resisting Japan. It laid the foundation for the victory of the War of Resistance. Although he was eventually retaliated against by Chiang Kai-shek for his detention, he was placed under house arrest
Up to 54 years
。 But Zhang Xueliang never regretted it. This unrepentant comes from his enthusiasm for the country and the people.
So where does Zhang Xueliang's feelings for the country and the people come from? Let's set our sights on Zhang Xueliang's growth process.
Influenced by the Father, the country, the country and the people
On June 3, 1901, Zhang Xueliang let out the first cry of the world in the carriage where his parents fled.
Zhang Xueliang's father, Zhang Zuolin, was born into poverty, but eventually became the leader of the Beiyang Army by virtue of his own strength, dividing the northeast, and his requirements for his children were also very strict.
As the eldest son in the family, there is
"Four Beautiful Men of the Republic of China"
Zhang Xueliang, who is known as Zhang Xueliang, has looked smart and cute since he was a child, and he is liked. Zhang Zuolin also had high hopes for this eldest son and set stricter requirements on him. Tiger father has no dogs, Zhang Xueliang not only did not retreat under his father's strict requirements, but worked extra hard.
Chang
In 1920, the 19-year-old Zhang Xueliang took the lead
"First Place in artillery section"
He graduated with honors and was subsequently promoted to
General of the Army
。
On June 4, 1928, the 54-year-old Zhang Zuolin caused dissatisfaction among the Japanese invaders for "not cooperating.". While riding the train, he was seriously injured by the explosives buried by the Japanese army and died.
Although Zhang Zuolin, a tyrant of the first generation, left in such a hurry, the eldest son Zhang Xueliang has successfully grown into a good teenager who loves the country and the people. It was also this enthusiasm for patriotism and love for the people that supported Zhang Xueliang's choice to launch the "Xi'an Incident" under the circumstances at that time.
This enthusiasm also made Zhang Xueliang and Premier Zhou in different camps a "special" close friend. So how did Zhang Xueliang and Premier Zhou meet? How did they become a special pair of confidants?
Meet and hate late with Junchu
On April 9, 1936, the 38-year-old Premier Zhou received Zhang Xueliang at a church in Yan'an in response to the "United Chiang Kai-shek Resistance Against Japan." This was also the first time the two had met.
But when they first met, Zhang Xueliang felt Premier Zhou's extraordinary personality charm and sincere heart for the country and the people. Therefore, when I talked with Premier Zhou, I felt very cordial and very temperamental.
Premier Zhou
After the talks, Zhang Xueliang excitedly said to his subordinates:
"Zhou Enlai and I really saw each other at the same time, and we hated each other late!" Too much to talk about."
Not only does Zhang Xueliang feel that it is too late to see each other, but Premier Zhou also sincerely appreciates Zhang Xueliang after the talks.
Premier Zhou greatly admired Zhang Xueliang's profound righteousness and extraordinary courage for serving the country and the people. After the talks, Premier Zhou also asked Liu Ding to forward a letter to Zhang Xueliang. There is a sentence in the letter that says:
"Talk all night, happy life"
。 This is Premier Zhou's high appraisal of Zhang Xueliang.
Through this meeting, the two people, who also thought about the country and the people, saw each other as they were, felt sorry for each other, and formed a special and precious friendship.
Premier Zhou and Zhang Xueliang met for the second time during the Xi'an Incident.
Through joint efforts, Zhang Xueliang, Premier Zhou, and others finally contributed to the peaceful settlement of the "Xi'an Incident" and promoted the establishment of the anti-Japanese national united front. This is the blessing of the nation and the people.
But Premier Zhou did not expect that this had just met Zhang Xueliang for the second time, but it was a farewell for the two.
Although Premier Zhou had died when Zhang Xueliang was free, the two never saw each other again. However, during his house arrest, Zhang Xueliang tried to write two secret letters to his confidant Premier Zhou, and Premier Zhou was very excited after reading them. These letters also became a precious witness and memorial of the friendship between the two men.
So when did Zhang Xueliang write a letter to Premier Zhou? What did it say in the letter?
The first mesip
Zhang Xueliang's first secret letter to Premier Zhou was written in
In 1937.
In 1937, Zhang Xueliang, who was under house arrest, was placed under close surveillance, lost his personal freedom, and had little opportunity to deliver letters to the outside world.
On this day, the opportunity came. Zhang Xueliang's subordinates
He Zhuguo
Invited by Gu Zhutong to visit Zhang Xueliang at Xikou. Taking advantage of the lack of attention of Liu Yiguang and other guards, Zhang Xueliang quickly secretly stuffed a secret letter written to Premier Zhou to He Zhuguo and asked him to forward it to Premier Zhou.
According to the information collected, the content of the secret letter is roughly as follows: "Brother Zhu Guo came to talk, and the brother had the original intention of appeasing this dangerous situation with a fearless spirit, and he was very protective of the northeast people, and the brother heard it very much." The various measures of the Red Army fans have made people even more admirable. Brother is idle reading, everything is very good, please do not think far away. Whoever benefits the country has the original intention of never caring about personal interests. If there is a secret, I hope to teach it to me. And please pay tribute to your colleagues on your behalf."
In the letter, Zhang Xueliang expressed his gratitude to Premier Zhou and his appreciation for the Red Army.
So why did Zhang Xueliang write such a content in the letter?
Stand up and avoid civil unrest
After Zhang Xueliang was placed under house arrest in 1937, Chiang Kai-shek sent heavy troops to put pressure on the Northeast Army led by Zhang Xueliang. The leaderless Northeast Army was divided in the face of pressure,
Some of them accepted Chiang Kai-shek's request to change their defenses; the other part of the "Shaozhuang faction" resolutely resisted, demanding the release of Zhang Xueliang and fighting a decisive battle with the Kuomintang Central Army if he was not released.
On February 2, the "Shaozhuang faction" launched a mutiny, shooting and killing Wang Yizhe and other generals of the Northeast Army. Xi'an was in chaos, and the Northeast Army was likely to face a tragic situation of internecine killing. Zhang Xueliang, who learned of the situation, was very worried about the Northeast Army and was also worried that civil unrest would affect the anti-Japanese united front. Therefore, he wrote many letters to his subordinates to put the overall situation first and avoid civil unrest. But it doesn't work much.
In this chaotic situation, Premier Zhou stepped forward and personally went to Wang Yizhe's house to mourn.
After repeated persuasion and appeasement, the anger was calmed and a civil unrest was finally avoided.
Therefore, after learning of Premier Zhou's efforts for Xi'an, Zhang Xueliang was particularly moved. I am very grateful to Premier Zhou.
The reason why Zhang Xueliang admired the Red Army was because there were many officers and men of the Northeast Army who wanted to join the Red Army, but they were all rejected by Premier Zhou. He believed that at this time, the Northeast Army was in a difficult time, and it could not take advantage of the danger of others to expand its own power. After Zhang Xueliang learned of this incident, he was deeply moved in his heart and also admired the actions of the Red Army.
Second memo
Zhang Xueliang's second secret letter to Premier Zhou was written in
In 1946.
In April 1946, Mo Dehui was ordered by Chiang Kai-shek to visit Zhang Xueliang, who was under house arrest. Zhang Xueliang took advantage of this opportunity to ask Mo to help bring the second secret letter to Premier Zhou.
Out of caution, the letter did not contain the recipient or sender. But Zhang Xueliang called Premier Zhou
"Brother"
The letter reads as follows: "Don't come for ten years, when you miss it, (brother) when you feel the same way." Now that the Japanese Kou has been expelled, it is the fastest thing to do. Brother Erlai ran for state affairs again, and then became a red bride, wishing heaven to help each other and achieve good results as soon as possible. This good is also seen. Recently, a friend died tragically, a few bad smells, a pain, only a heart hanging. Everything is good, don't think about it, the rest is not the same. ”
In these short crosses, zhang Xueliang's three emotions are included:
The end of the War of Resistance was a great joy
On August 15, 1945, Japan announced its unconditional surrender.
After 14 difficult years, china's military and people finally won the victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan. In Zhang Xueliang's heart, he always regarded the Japanese Kou as an unforgivable enemy, so he would not hesitate to detain old Chiang Kai-shek and force Him to resist Japan. Now that Rikou was expelled from the country, Zhang Xueliang naturally felt extremely excited and joyful.
Hope for peace
After the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Chairman Mao advocated a peaceful settlement of the issue of national reunification and did not hesitate to take the risk of going to Chongqing to negotiate with Chiang Kai-shek.
Zhang Xueliang, on the other hand, knows that peace is not easy to come by, and in order for the people to no longer suffer from the torment of war, Zhang Xueliang hopes that Premier Zhou can continue to run and promote the peaceful reunification of the country.
The tragic death of a friend deplored in my heart
While under house arrest, Zhang Xueliang's friends Wang Ruofei and Ye Ting were unfortunately killed in a plane crash.
The Kuomintang reactionaries also brutalized many patriots, including Zhang Xueliang's friends. The tragic death of his friend could not help but make Zhang Xueliang feel very sad in his heart. In Zhang Xueliang's letter to Premier Zhou, every word is a concern for the country and the people. After reading it, Premier Zhou naturally felt empathy and was excited.
The Prime Minister wrote back encouraging concern
During the days when Zhang Xueliang was under house arrest, Premier Zhou also kept this friend in mind. He also made various efforts to hope that Zhang Xueliang would be released, but none of them succeeded. In desperation, he could only entrust someone to send letters to friends to encourage and care for Zhang Xueliang.
After the War of Liberation, Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary clique fled to Taiwan, and Zhang Xueliang was also brought to Taiwan from the mainland and continued to be placed under house arrest.
In 1961, Premier Zhou entrusted someone to bring a letter to Zhang Xueliang. The letter reads
"Cherish for the country, be good at self-nourishment, the future is promising, and the future will be expected."
Although due to the special nature of the situation at that time, this letter was handed over to Zhang Xueliang several times. But every time he recalls this letter, Zhang Xueliang can feel Premier Zhou's ardent encouragement and deep concern for himself.
brief summary:
Since he was a child, young marshal Zhang Xueliang has had a sincere heart for the country and the people. In order to promote the joint resistance of the Kuomintang and the Communists, they did not hesitate to detain Chiang Kai-shek and force him to resist Japan. It is also this sincere heart for the country and the people that makes him and Premier Zhou see each other and become special confidants.
During the 54 years of Chiang Kai-shek's house arrest, Zhang Xueliang also managed to send a letter to Premier Zhou to talk about his heart. And Premier Zhou also silently worried about Zhang Xueliang, a confidant, and wrote a letter of encouragement. This precious revolutionary friendship will also be passed on to future generations, stirring the hearts of future generations.
It is precisely because Zhang Xueliang, Premier Zhou and other revolutionaries have worked hard with a heart of serving the country and the people, and even sacrificed their freedom and lives, that they have exchanged for today's peaceful and beautiful environment.
We should keep this heroism in mind, always be grateful, and always encourage ourselves to keep moving forward.