With a total area of about 1.8 million square kilometers, Outer Mongolia has been a sacred land of the Chinese nation since ancient times. In 1946, Chiang Kai-shek's government of the Republic of China recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia according to an international treaty, and later, after Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang authorities were defeated and retreated to Taiwan Province, China, they declared: "The Soviet Union has reneged on its promise and cancelled its recognition of its independence!" ”
Before Chiang Kai-shek recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia in 1946, he sent his son Chiang Ching-kuo to the Soviet Union for talks with Stalin. During the talks, Chiang Ching-kuo asked Stalin: "Why do you want Outer Mongolia to become independent?" Stalin's words made him tremble.
On February 4, 1945, World War II drew to a close. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin, heads of state of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, held the Yalta Conference. Stalin laid out the conditions for sending troops, the first of which was to maintain the status quo in Outer Mongolia, that is, China's recognition of its independence. In order to end the war as soon as possible, the Americans betrayed their ally Chiang Kai-shek and signed the "Yalta Agreement", which seriously damaged the sovereignty and interests of China and other countries.
After the "Yalta Agreement" was transmitted back to China, Chiang Kai-shek was shocked when he saw it. "Outer Mongolia's vast land of 180 square kilometers, in addition to coal, copper, oil and other resources, its Tula River basin is considered to be one of the world's largest shakin producing areas," the tears said. Losing such a territory is not cost-effective just for the economy. ”
However, Chiang Kai-shek also knew very well that he himself was incapable of stopping Stalin, that weak countries had no diplomacy, and that the Americans could not count on it. With tears in his eyes, he sent a delegation to the Soviet Union to negotiate with Stalin in person.
On June 30, 1945, a plane flew directly from Chongqing to Moscow, and in addition to Song Ziwen, Hu Shize, Shen Honglie, Qian Changzhao, and other foreign affairs experts of the Nationalist government, there was also Chiang Ching-kuo, the son of chiang kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek sent his son, who had studied in the Soviet Union for 12 years, joined the CPSU, was received by Stalin, and married a Soviet girl, Chiang Ching-kuo, who went to the Soviet Union to negotiate with Stalin.
Arriving in Moscow, after the negotiations began, the two sides argued endlessly and there was no result, and the environment inside and outside China at that time was very dangerous. At this time, Chiang Kai-shek sent a telegram to the delegation, saying: "You should not formally negotiate with Stalin, but should go to see Stalin in a private name through the country and tell him why we cannot let Outer Mongolia be independent." ”
After meeting Stalin, Stalin opened the door and first asked Chiang Ching-kuo: "To Mongolia, why do you insist on not allowing it to be 'independent'?" ”
Chiang Ching-kuo said: "You should understand that our Chinese War of Resistance for several years is aimed at recovering the lost land. Today, the Japanese have not yet driven away, and all the land lost is in the hands of the enemy, but instead ceding such a large piece of land, will we not lose the original intention of the War of Resistance? The land was betrayed, and the people did not agree. Then we will not be able to persist in the War of Resistance, so we cannot agree to the annexation of Outer Mongolia to Russia. ”
After Chiang Ching-kuo finished speaking, Stalin said contemptuously: "Your words are very reasonable, and I am not unaware." But you know, it's not me asking you to help today, it's you want me to help. If you have the strength of your own country and you can fight the Japanese, I will naturally not ask for it. Today, you don't have the power to say these things, which is equivalent to nonsense! "Stalin's attitude is very arrogant.
After hearing Stalin's words, Chiang Ching-kuo trembled and asked Stalin straight away: "Why do you insist on 'independence' in Outer Mongolia?" Although this place is large, it has a small population, inconvenient transportation, and no production. ”
Stalin looked at him and said simply, "To tell you the truth, the reason why I want Outer Mongolia is entirely from a military strategic point of view. ”
Stalin's words made his body tremble, and Chiang Ching-kuo said to him: "There is no need to worry about the military anymore, if you fight against Japan, after the defeat of Japan, he will not rise again." China has concluded a 'friendship treaty' with you, and China will not beat you." Even if you think about it, you don't have this power yet, you know it very well. ”
Stalin immediately said, "You are not right in saying this. After the defeat of Japan, will it not come back to occupy Outer Mongolia to fight Russia? This may be the case for a while, but not permanently.... I don't talk to you as a diplomat, I can tell you: treaties are unreliable. You also have a mistake, you say, China has no power? It is possible to say this today, but as long as you can unify, you will progress faster than any country. ”
When Stalin said these words, he became impatient and said directly: "We must take Outer Mongolia over." ”
Hearing this, Jiang Chingguo trembled with anger. He thought he could not continue talking with Stalin, so he went to the Soviet ambassador to China Petrov. But Petrov also advised him to compromise: "Outer Mongolia is effectively independent, you just need to admit the fait accompli." If we insist on not acknowledging it, we will not be able to talk about it. ”
On July 9, 1945, the two sides talked about the fourth round, and the Soviet Union was still very tough on the issue of Outer Mongolia. In order to continue to gain the support of the Allies for the Chinese theater and to avoid the withdrawal of soviet troops stationed in the northeast region, Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to compromise. Chiang Kai-shek said: "I would like to agree to the independence of Outer Mongolia after the defeat of the Japanese Kou and the acceptance of the above items by the Soviet government." ”
Chiang Ching-kuo was very helpless about Chiang Kai-shek's instructions, but he could not do anything about it, and he added that "agreeing to the independence of Outer Mongolia" must also go through a referendum. If the result of the referendum is inclined to independence, the national government can only recognize it. Stalin agreed to these demands.
On August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union sent troops to northeast China; on August 14, the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance was signed in Moscow, Song Ziwen refused to sign and offered his resignation, and Wang Shijie took over as foreign minister and signed the treaty on behalf of the Nationalist government.
On January 5, 1946, the Republic of China recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia.