On January 5, 1946, after a referendum on the citizens of Outer Mongolia, the Kuomintang government recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia, and since then, China's territory like begonia leaves has become a rooster, and along with Outer Mongolia, there is also the port of Lushun, which is in the throat of this "rooster" and is known as the "first fortress of the East".
According to the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance signed by the Kuomintang government and the Soviet government in 1945, the port of Lushun was also leased to the Soviet Navy for 30 years.
Backwardness is to be beaten, and Chinese once again tasted the similar results after the First World War, although it was a victorious country, it lost its territory.
Soon after the founding of New China in 1949, Chairman Mao rushed to the Soviet Union to discuss with Stalin the question of the return of Outer Mongolia and the Lushun, Dalian and Northeast Railways, but this was bound to be a difficult task.
The origin of Lushun Port
In the Opium War of 1840, the powerful powers with strong guns used cannons to blast open the gates of the closed and arrogant Qing government, which awakened the sleeping Chinese people, and a group of people with lofty ideals began to awaken, study the advanced science and technology and ideology and culture of the West, and formed a political force, advocating "mastering the art of mastering the west to control the yi", introducing advanced technology from the West, and establishing a modern military industry.
In 1875, in order to establish a modern navy, the Guangxu Emperor ordered Li Hongzhang to create the Beiyang Naval Division, and Li Hongzhang chose the base of the Beiyang Naval Division in Lushun, the throat of the Bohai Sea, which is the gateway to Beijing and Tianjin, close to the Korean Peninsula, and is a strategic place.
And there are some fortifications built by the Ming Dynasty, and the neighboring building materials resources are also very rich, which is the best choice for the Qing Dynasty, which was not rich in treasury at that time.
The port of Lushun began construction in 1881, lasted 10 years, and was completed in 1890, costing a total of 1.39 million taels of silver. After the completion of Lushun Port, it became one of the five major military ports in the world and the "First Fortress of the East".
Sino-Japanese Naval Battle
In 1894, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out, the corrupt and incompetent Qing government lost the war, and the Beiyang Marine Division, which claimed to be the eighth in the world, was completely destroyed.
In 1895, the Treaty of Maguan was signed, taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula were ceded to Japan, and Japan occupied the port of Lushun. Since then, Lushun Port has become a Japanese colonial factory and a springboard for Japan's invasion of China.
After the Japanese occupation of Lushun, a dramatic scene occurred in which Russia, Germany, and France pressed Japan to force Japan to return china's Liaodong Peninsula. Under the strong military pressure of Russia, Germany and France and the resolute opposition of the Chinese people, the Japanese government returned the Liaodong Peninsula to China after demanding 30 million taels of silver from China.
However, the essence of imperialism will not change, do not think that they are the conscience of the discovery, the good heart. Long before Japan occupied Lushun, Russia coveted Lushun as a strategic place, so after Japan occupied Lushun, Russia believed that it had violated its interests in China, so together with Germany and France, it put pressure on Japan to return the Liaodong Peninsula, and in fact the idea was to occupy Lushun itself.
Sure enough, soon after, Russia revealed his true colors, and with the merit of "forcing Japan to return the Liaodong Peninsula," it blackmailed the Qing government, demanded all kinds of rights and interests in aggression, and sent warships to invade and occupy Lushunkou, and called it "protecting China from aggression." Its essence is no different from Japanese imperialism.
In 1898, the Qing government was forced to sign the Sino-Russian Treaty with Russia, and Lushun leased it to Russia. When the Russian Tsar heard the news, he clapped his hands and said that Great Russia finally had an ice-free port.
Russo-Japanese War
After the Sino-Japanese War, Japan lost the ducks in its mouth, and now Lushun is occupied by Russia, which Japan regards as a great shame and humiliation, and secretly vows to retake the Liaodong Peninsula.
In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War, which had been brewing for 10 years, broke out, Russia was defeated, and Lushun was once again occupied by Japan.
After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, Japan and Russia signed the Treaty of Portsmouth in the United States on September 5, 1905. Article 5 of this contract provides:
The Government of the Russian Empire, promised by the Qing Government, transferred all the powers and privileges of Lushun, Dalian, and related and others to the Imperial Japanese Government. The Government of the Russian Empire transferred all public buildings and public property in areas where the power of the former Concession had lapsed and was transferred to the Imperial Government of Japan.
The corrupt Qing government acknowledged this without any objection, so that the Japanese invaders occupied Lushunkou and occupied Lushun Dawu at the same time, replacing Russia in continuing its brutal colonial rule over the Workers of Dawu.
Yalta Agreement
In February 1945, in order to end World War II as soon as possible, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in Yalta, Soviet Union, to discuss the world structure after World War II and the establishment of the United Nations, as well as the post-war occupation of the territories of the defeated countries.
At this meeting, in order to force Japan to surrender as soon as possible, Roosevelt asked Stalin to send troops to northeast China and declare war on the Kwantung Army stationed in the northeast in order to end the war as soon as possible.
Russia no longer existed, but the desire of the Soviet Union, which had turned into a socialist country, for Lushun had not changed, and Stalin proposed the conditions for sending troops to the northeast:
Return of the southern part of Sakhalin Island and all its contiguous islands to the USSR;
Dalian Commercial Port was internationalized, and the Preferential Rights and Interests of the Soviet Union in this port were guaranteed, and the lease of Lushun Port was restored as a Soviet naval base
A Sino-Soviet joint venture was established to condominium the Middle East Railway to Dalian and the South Manchuria Railway, and to guarantee preferential rights and interests of the Soviet Union, while China maintained full sovereignty over Manchuria.
In this way, in the absence of the Chinese Nationalist government, imperialism made a deal with China's territory. In 1946, under pressure, the Kuomintang government signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with the Soviet Union, which recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia and continued to lease Lushun to the Soviet Union.
In this way, Lushun came under the control of the Soviet Union again, and the Soviet Union also got the ice-free port he dreamed of.
Founded new China
In 1949, after the founding of New China, Chairman Mao began to solve the unequal treaties left by the previous government, and the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance was naturally in the series, which involved the railways of Outer Mongolia, Lushun, Dalian and Northeast China.
On December 21, 1949, Stalin's 70th birthday, Chairman Mao went to the Soviet Union to congratulate and discuss lushun, northeast China, Mongolia, but Stalin did not want to talk about it, nor did he want to give up the fat meat in his mouth. This made Chairman Mao very depressed, and he proposed that Premier Zhou come to the Soviet Union to discuss it, but Stalin did not agree.
Chairman Mao lived in the Soviet Union, eating, sleeping, and watching movies every day, when a British media published a news saying that Chairman Mao was under house arrest by Stalin, and the Soviet Union panicked, quickly asked Chairman Mao to come out and refute the rumors, and promised Premier Zhou to come to the Soviet Union for negotiations.
Thanks to the efforts of China's first diplomacy master, the Soviet Union finally agreed to give up its rights to northeast China, including the railway, lushun port and Dalian, and the whole country rejoiced once the treaty was signed.
Korean War
In 1950, the Korean War broke out, the United States immediately intervened in the Korean War, China in order to defend the country and maintain the socialist brother countries, sent volunteers into the DPRK to participate in the war, because China has no naval strength, so it asked the Soviet Navy to suspend the withdrawal of Lushun.
Lushun's return was once again shelved.
In 1953, Khrushchev came to power, and in order to gain China's support, Khrushchev visited China on National Day in 1954 and offered to return Lushun Dalian to China.
In this way, in 1955, the Soviet army completely withdrew from Lushun, and Lushun, which had been occupied for 60 years, returned to the embrace of the motherland.