Although the Soviet Union and China were both socialist countries, but the national conditions were different, the Soviet Union was located in the high latitude inland areas, often vulnerable to cold waves. Moreover, most of the Soviet Union is relatively arid, so it is understandable that the soviet union's agricultural development is poor compared with China's agricultural development. The reasons for the backwardness and inefficiency of agriculture in the SOVIET Union are manifold, with natural conditions, historical factors, and shortcomings in the economic system.
There were three reasons for the shortcomings of the Soviet agrarian economic system.
First, the plan is too broad
There were rigid theoretical ideas in the Soviet Union in planning work. They theoretically reject the role of market regulation completely and want to try to include the production of all agricultural products in the national plan. At that time, however, the development of the productive forces and the relations of production in the Soviet Union were not mature, so this could not be done. It is worth mentioning that the Soviet Union always overemphasized the role of directive indicators when carrying out agricultural production, thus neglecting to implement a guiding plan. The Soviet Union's implementation of a single planned regulation could only be carried out by means of the issuance of directive targets, and the economic management was too dead, thus restraining the initiative of the peasants and farms.
Second, there is too little autonomy on farm farms
Since 1955 the Soviet Union has been advocating a fixed target for the purchase of agricultural products for farms when production is carried out, but it does not do much discipline in production matters. But in fact, the Soviet Union has been interfering in the specific business activities of farm farms, hindering the adaptation of farm farms to local conditions.
Third, the use of economic leverage is not good
Economic stimulus was the weak link in the Soviet economic system, and the most important of the various economic levers was the economic remuneration system, which had been implemented since 1966. This was for the low-paid and unstable peasants at that time to improve their living standards and increase their enthusiasm for labor, but when the amount of production increased, the drawbacks of this form were also revealed, and the labor remuneration could not be linked to the fruits of labor, which would greatly suppress the enthusiasm of the peasants.
After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union became the "two poles" of the world and began a long war for hegemony, but at this time the Soviet Union had no way to be self-sufficient in terms of food, and the United States launched a food trade war against the Soviet Union in response to the weaknesses of the Soviet economic structure and system.
After the end of World War II, the United States quickly recovered its economy and ushered in a golden period of development. Not only is the economy developing rapidly, the United States has also become the world's major food exporter, and the importance of food to social development and people's livelihood is self-evident. After the war, the United States has always used the grain trade to suppress the Soviet Union.
The 1970s were the heyday of the Soviet Union, with rapid economic development and military hegemony with the United States, but at this time the Soviet Union had a serious food crisis. The Soviet Union was the country with the largest land area in the world, and Russia was the world's largest grain exporter until the beginning of the 20th century, but later for the sake of industrialization, Stalin began to carry out compulsory collective farms and state farms, and the land, production tools and livestock were communalized, with the result that the peasants preferred to kill livestock rather than give them to the collective farms free of charge, which seriously reduced the peasants' enthusiasm for production, and the grain production declined year by year.
By the 1960s, the Soviet Union, which was unable to provide food for itself, was forced to start importing grain from Western powers, and the United States, as a major food producer, forced the Soviet Union to exchange low-cost oil for grain. In the 1970s, the Soviet Union believed that it could only meet the short-term demand of importing grain, and there was no way to solve the problem of food shortage in the long run, so they began to reform agriculture, but it did not have any effect, and even in the second half of the 70s, the Soviet Union's grain production was reduced.
At this time, they could only re-target the import of grain from the West, and according to the usual American style, the Soviet Union would have to pay more if it wanted to import food. So the Soviets orchestrated a dark war and bought more grain from the United States for less. They first publicized to the outside world that the Soviet Union had entered a bumper harvest year, and that the disguise was so good that even the experts sent by the United States to the Soviet Union did not find out that it was only a disguise of the Soviet people. So he sent a secret report to the American agricultural agency that "the Soviet Union had a bumper grain harvest, and it was recommended that the grain in the warehouse be sold quickly." ”
So the United States made a quick decision to adjust its food policy, and the Soviet Union was secretly planning to buy a large amount of American grain. The price of wheat in the United States fell sharply due to the conviction of a soviet harvest, and soviet secret commissioners began to buy american wheat, barley, corn, oats, rye, and soybeans in large quantities. This directly led to the shortage of grain stocks in the United States' own country, and when the harvest came, the United States was very angry when it discovered the fact that the Soviet Union had a good harvest, and worse, it also led to an increase in food prices around the world. But the interesting thing is that the same operation, the Soviet Union did it again in a few years, and the United States also did not find it.
By the 1980s, U.S.-Soviet relations were becoming increasingly tense, and normal trade exchanges were becoming more and more political. The United States began to impose a food embargo on the Soviet Union, but the unexpected decision was issued as a blow to Its own farmers. Because the United States is a big food exporter and suddenly declares an embargo, who do American farmers sell their grain to? So the decision was repealed a few months later.
However, the United States did not give up its suppression of the Soviet Union, he began to show a new strategy, began to liberalize the grain trade in the Soviet Union, deepened the Soviet Union's dependence on the grain of the outside world, and eventually involved the Soviet Union in the Western trading system, forcing the Soviet Union to desperately extract oil to earn foreign exchange in the era of falling oil prices, which was used to buy grain, and the final result was to accelerate the end of the Soviet Union.
The trade war was won by the United States.