In modern China, under the condition of continuous internal troubles, the frontier areas are facing the threat of three strong neighbors (or bad neighbors). Some of them are the upstarts of the world powers, and some are the old Western powers. They look at China with the same color in their eyes:
greedy.
Their acts of aggression are the general root cause of china's national problems in modern frontier areas. Britain exerted influence on Tibet through colonial India, while Japan and Russia had great direct intersections in the north, northeast, and northwest of China.
The Mongolia we are talking about now is very different from the Mongolia we said in the past during the Qing Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty,
According to the needs of its rule, the Qing court divided Mongolia into inner Mongolia and outer mongolia; by now, Mongolia has been completely divided into inner Mongolia
Mongolia and Outer Mongolia (or Mongolia). The reason for this, in addition to the historical legacy of the Qing Dynasty's poverty and weakness, Chiang Kai-shek's choice as a person is crucial.
The independence of Outer Mongolia began with the Xinhai Revolution, first with the support of Tsarist Russia and then with the covert help of the Soviet Union. The two countries that have risen successively in the northernmost part of Eurasia, Russia and the Soviet Union, have the same attitude towards Outer Mongolia, because they are worried that such a large country as China will become strong and threaten their national security, so they take this method to make trouble and cause trouble.
The Beiyang government was so difficult to use military means to solve the problem of independence with Mongolia, so it had to "take a detour" and try to find a suitable opportunity to regain sovereignty through diplomatic negotiations. The efforts of the Beiyang government were not useless, and at one point made Outer Mongolia declare the abolition of autonomy and the re-ownership of the territory of the Republic of China. However, due to the defeat of the victorious king of the warlord melee, the Anhui warlord who contributed to this matter fell, Xu Shuzheng was defeated, and all efforts were lost.
Outer Mongolia established the Mongolian People's Government, and the Mongolian People's Party held power in Outer Mongolia. The Mongolian People's Party honored the 8th Living Buddha of Tibetan Buddhism, Jebtsundambahutuktu, as constitutional monarch and concluded the Treaty of Reconciliation with the Soviet Union, which recognized them as legitimate governments. The Beiyang government was too busy with the first war to take too much care of it, but only issued a statement that it did not recognize the legitimacy of Outer Mongolia's independence, and frequently demanded that the Soviet Union withdraw its troops from Outer Mongolia and not interfere in China's internal affairs.
The Soviet Union forcefully argued that the Issue of Outer Mongolia was handled in accordance with the 1915 Sino-Russian-Mongolian Entente, and Outer Mongolia did not achieve complete autonomy for a day, and the Soviet army did not withdraw every day. The problem, however, is that the Soviet Union was formally established in 1922, and the Tsarist Russia that signed this treaty was completely overthrown in 1917.
Isn't this a sword from the former dynasty to behead the officials of this dynasty?
On May 31, 1924, the Beiyang government signed the Agreement on the Outline of the Settlement of Outstanding Cases between China and Russia on behalf of China and the Soviet Union. The content is that the Soviet Union recognized Outer Mongolia as part of China and redefined China's sovereignty over Outer Mongolia. But this is more of a superficial form, with no fine print and no full implementation of the agreement. On November 26, 1924, the Outer Mongolian authorities took advantage of the sudden deaths of the Soviet Union and Jebtsundamba to abolish the constitutional monarchy and establish it
"The Mongol people are the masters of their own affairs"
The Mongolian People's Republic also became more and more closely associated with the Soviet Union.
In 1926, the Beiyang government talked about this matter again, and the Soviet Union once again argued. The Beiyang government knew that it was false, but due to its lack of military strength to sanction the Soviet Union, it could only cry out in vain, arousing the resentment of the people and the sympathy of the international community. On the issue of the independence of Outer Mongolia becoming the Mongolian People's Republic, the National Government in Nanjing implemented the strategy of "dragging words", no matter what the outside world said, that is, it did not recognize its legitimacy.
1931 yearbook
Adopted by the National Assembly and implemented nationwide of a constitutional nature
The "Law of the Republic of China during the Training period" specifically wrote such a sentence:
"The territory of the Republic of China is the provinces, mongolia and Tibet."
Constant emphasis
"Mongolia and Tibet"
They belong to the Republic of China, and they all belong to the "Chinese nation". This is equivalent to saying first, wait until the strength is later, and then regain the sovereignty of Outer Mongolia.
However, due to the drag of the Japanese army's all-out war of aggression against China, the Nationalist Government in Nanjing was simply unable to deal with The affairs of Outer Mongolia; moreover, they were at that time encircling and suppressing the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of the Communist Party of China over and over again, until after the Xi'an Incident in 1936. The Mongolian People's Republic and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet-Mongolian Agreement, which was inconsistent with international regulations, and the National Government in Nanjing reiterated it with only a few innocuous protests
"China has sovereignty over Outer Mongolia"
Old saying.
Looking at this history, sometimes I really worry that the Soviet Union will not face the face to include Outer Mongolia directly into its own federation. Compared with Outer Mongolia, which had been lost for many years and had no practical use in regaining it, Chiang Kai-shek was more worried that his words were too fierce and affected the alliance between the Nationalist government in Nanjing and the Soviet Union. Therefore, when the Nationalist government in Nanjing protested against the Soviet Union's disregard for China's sovereignty over Mongolia, it did not dare to say a slightly more serious protest, and there was often some room for words.
Chiang Kai-shek thought that he had paid such a great price, how could he not get some substantial benefits from the Soviet Union, so he secretly ordered Chen Lifu to push
"United States and The Republic of the Soviet Union"
("Communist" does not mean the Chinese Communist Party) plan, hoping to cooperate with the Soviet Union and resist Japan together. Why in secret? It is because Chinese know that the Soviet Union "stole" our Outer Mongolia, which is an enemy of the common heavens. Before Chiang Kai-shek's Nanjing Nationalist Government confiscated Outer Mongolia, it was certain that it would be infamous with the Soviet Union, which had severed China's ties with Outer Mongolia.
But where the Soviet Union is so good at fooling and harmonizing with each other, it is often the supremacy of interests between countries, and Chiang Kai-shek still thinks that the protest is quiet and the protest speech is convergent.
Good location and nice staff"
Will the Soviet Union ally with the Nationalist government in Nanjing? Idiots dream, whimsical.
On April 13, 1941, the Signing of the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Treaty directly dumped Chiang Kai-shek with a big mouth.
The plan fell through, and Chiang Kai-shek, enraged, drove toward Japan and the Soviet Union
"Cannon"
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the National Government in Nanjing stated emphatically:
"The four northeastern provinces and Outer Mongolia are the territory of the Republic of China, and the Chinese government and people cannot recognize any constraint between third countries that undermines the integrity of China's territory and administrative power. China will surely regain lost territory and restore China's sovereignty over the northeast and Outer Mongolia. ”
Five words to describe:
There is no deterrent.
Chiang Kai-shek might as well take some practical action and spend less time on the Chinese Communist Party. At the same time as the statement was issued, Chiang Kai-shek called US President Roosevelt and said:
China will never give up its determination to restore the northeast and vows to regain the sovereignty of Outer Mongolia.
The effect is still there, the Cairo Conference in 1943, Chiang Kai-shek received various military support and material assistance from the international community, as well as the Cairo Declaration
"Territories stolen by Japan from China, such as the four northeastern provinces, Taiwan, and the Penghu Islands, shall be returned to China"
One word.
In fact, at that time, these places were still occupied by Japan, and they did not return to the hands of the Nationalist government in Nanjing because of this declaration. As for the issue of Outer Mongolia, the Cairo conference provided a negotiating platform. For a long time, the information of the National Government in Nanjing on the situation in Outer Mongolia came from the Soviet Union, which had become a protectorate of Outer Mongolia. The restoration of Outer Mongolia's sovereignty must be agreed by the Soviet Union. Chiang Kai-shek offered to make Dalian a free port in exchange for China's restoration of Outer Mongolia's sovereignty.
The Nationalist government in Nanking was unqualified before the Soviet Union, and Chiang Kai-shek was also unqualified in front of Stalin. So Stalin did not respond. It wasn't until the Tehran conference, months after the cairo conference, that U.S. President Roosevelt asked Stalin about his attitude toward Outer Mongolia. Stalin said,
Outer Mongolia is a nomadic people, different from the Soviet Union's national conditions, the management is somewhat inconvenient, the Soviet army will not occupy for a long time.
Chiang Kai-shek, who learned of this news, was greatly encouraged, believing that the recovery of Outer Mongolia was promising, and his prestige would reach its peak at home.
But no matter how difficult it is to manage, it is also
Millions of kilometers, hundreds of thousands of people
Region, if you Chiang Kai-shek and Roosevelt touch their lips up and down, I will pay it back. In 1944,
"Xinjiang Incident"
Triggering the Sino-Soviet conflict, the Issue of Outer Mongolia was once again disputed;
"The Stilwell Incident"
This has also plunged Sino-US relations into a low ebb. The reconquest of Outer Mongolia was yellow again. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the United States adopted reservations about the status quo in Outer Mongolia, but hoped that the Soviet side could consult Chiang Kai-shek before negotiating.
Before the Yalta Conference, Soong Ziwen was sent by Chiang Kai-shek to visit the Soviet Union. When drawing up the proposal for a visit to the Soviet Union, he was not sure whether to raise the Issue of Outer Mongolia and was worried that it would upset the Soviet side, and Chiang Kai-shek constantly weighed the pros and cons and never made up his mind.
After the news of the postponement of the Soviet War against Japan came, Chiang Kai-shek stopped dwelling on this matter and turned to worry
"Roosevelt and Britain and Russia cooperate to conspire against each other"
Therefore, he entrusted the US ambassador to China, the Chinese ambassador to the United States and the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom to inquire about the attitude of the United States and Britain, and wanted to know the contents of the secret negotiations and transactions of the Yalta Conference. Unable to get specific information, the ambiguous news that came back made Chiang Kai-shek feel very anxious, no longer dwelling on the issue of Outer Mongolia's sovereignty, but thinking about World War III.
Chinese Ambassador to the United States Wei Daoming met with Roosevelt on March 12, 1945, and asked straight-forward about China at the Yalta Conference. Roosevelt was much secretive and overly optimistic about the issue of Mongolia's sovereignty. It is not considered that China's recovery of its sovereignty is a big problem. This remark made Chiang Kai-shek no longer pay attention to the issue of Outer Mongolia, believing that the status quo of Outer Mongolia was that sovereignty still belonged to China.
The Soviet Union abrogated the "Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Treaty," frequently made overtures to the Nationalist Government, and repeatedly invited Chiang Ching-kuo to visit the Soviet Union in secret. Chiang Kai-shek was excited and adjusted his Soviet policy. It was also from here that Chiang Kai-shek sold Outer Mongolia step by step. Chiang Kai-shek instructed the Nationalist government in Nanjing to recognize the autonomy of Outer Mongolia. Not only that, Chiang Kai-shek sent commissioners into Outer Mongolia for talks, and then the Nationalist government in Nanjing declared it an autonomous region.
This is only the first step. Soon after, in order to win the struggle between the Kuomintang and the Communists, Chiang Kai-shek felt that he had to win over the Soviet Union's support for the Chinese Communist Party, and Outer Mongolia was a big bargaining chip for Chiang Kai-shek's commitment to Stalin. During this period, Chiang Kai-shek also tried his best to obtain aid from the United States in order to improve the probability of his own victory. In Outer Mongolia, Chiang Kai-shek could grant a high degree of autonomy, and the autonomous government was established under the Chinese suzerainty, and the competence could be the same as that of the Soviets stipulated in the Russian Constitution.
The negotiations in June and July 1945 were extremely fierce, and Stalin was extremely resolute on the issue of outer Mongolia's independence, and could only agree to announce the independence of Outer Mongolia after Japan's defeat in the war, otherwise it would not be discussed. In fact, at this time, Chiang Kai-shek was still thinking about the Soviet Union sending troops to fight Japan. He believed that if this were not the case, even if the Kuomintang government finally drove out the Japanese invaders, it would not be able to deal with the Chinese Communist Party because it took too long.
Chiang Ching-kuo, who was conducting the negotiations, thought that the Sino-Soviet talks would be terminated, but did not want to call to inquire about Chiang Kai-shek's opinions, but the result was obtained
"Completely abandon outer Mongolia's sovereignty and pursue the interests of others"
。 The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance was signed, and the Nationalist Government in Nanjing, represented by Chiang Kai-shek, also agreed
"After Japan's defeat in the war, Outer Mongolia referendum to decide whether to become independent"
。 By this point, outer Mongolia's independence was unstoppable and had become a fact.
What a referendum is not a referendum. The Soviet Union stationed troops in Outer Mongolia for decades would allow it
"Outer Mongolia referendum is not independent"
Do the results appear? Chiang Kai-shek successfully sold Outer Mongolia in exchange for a great deal of benefits that favored Kuomintang rule. In addition, the referendum on the independence of Outer Mongolia is quite interesting. On October 20, 1945, the Authorities of Outer Mongolia held a referendum, adopting the method of registered ballot, in which the ballot paper must be named and then filled in in favor of independence or against independence. There are 494074 voters, 483291 in favor of independence, no 1 vote against independence, and the others are null and void.
Such a result, to say that there is no cattiness, junior high school students do not believe. On January 5, 1946, Chiang Kai-shek instructed the Nationalist Government in Nanjing to issue a proclamation,
Recognition of the independence of Outer Mongolia
。 Since then, China has completely lost the sovereignty and territory of Outer Mongolia. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance was also forced to be recognized
"Independent status of the People's Republic of Mongolia"
。 This is a broken tooth into the stomach to swallow.
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance was signed on February 14, 1950, and Before the signing of the treaty, Mao Zedong, the President of the People's Republic of China, repeatedly told Stalin about his request to reintegrate Outer Mongolia into China's territory, but he refused and expressed his reluctance to continue talking.
The treaty signed by Chiang Kai-shek deprived New China of its reasons and rights to reclaim Outer Mongolia.
The greatest significance of the signing of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance is the abolition of the humiliating and unequal Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance signed in Moscow in August 1945 by wang Shijie, a representative of the Republic of China government, and the Soviet government. If you want to say that the New Chinese People's Liberation Army in 1949 was much stronger than the Kuomintang army in 1945, I am afraid that it is not necessarily that at least all kinds of advanced weapons and equipment are not comparable, and in addition, the Kuomintang also has the foreign aid of the United States.
But Chairman Mao's new China is tougher than Chiang Kai-shek's Nanjing Nationalist Government! One should not think that the abrogation of the Kuomintang treaty and the signing of the treaty of New China were very simple matters, and that Stalin had abolished and signed them in the face of the same socialist country in New China; absolutely not. The ties between countries are various interests, as are the re-signing of treaties, not to mention that the Soviet Union abolished the old treaties that were very much in the interests of the past and signed a new treaty of equality.
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance was signed only after 89 days. Chairman Mao, Premier Zhou, and other leaders of New China engaged in many bloodless but extremely fierce games with the Soviet high-level, and in the end we won, and only then did a new treaty come out. If we say that Chairman Mao, Premier Zhou, and others did not embark on the train to the Soviet Union for negotiations with the mentality of seeing death as a homecoming, I am afraid that no one will believe it. Because no one is sure if they will collapse, which will lead to the disaster of killing or other dangerous things.
After Chiang Kai-shek's defeat in Taiwan, on October 10, 1952, the Seventh National Congress of the Kuomintang was held in Yangmingshan, Taipei.
It is my responsibility and my sin to make decisions on the Outer Mongolia issue. But our approach to diplomacy has always been consistent, and we trust the United States, and I don't think there is anything wrong with that.
Chiang Kai-shek never felt wrong to trust other countries and rely on other countries. He betrayed
Outer Mongolia, Lushun Military Port, Middle East Railway, South Manchuria Railway, Dalian Commercial Port
Is it useful to exchange national interests for the support of the Soviet Union and the United States? It has increased the difficulties and burdens of the new Chinese government after its establishment, and it is necessary to make more efforts and go through more twists and turns in order to get back some of the national interests, but some of them will never be taken back.
Even after the defeat of Taiwan, Chiang Kai-shek still believed that relying on the United States could help him return to the mainland; the Taiwan top brass after Chiang Kai-shek thought the same.
Just want to send them a word:
Playing iron also needs to be hard!
Less daydreaming.
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