Mongolia - full name Mongolia, referred to as Mongolia, located in the north of China, is the world's second largest landlocked country, surrounded by China and Russia, the capital is the country's largest city Ulaanbaatar. The main ethnic group is the Khalkha Mongols, accounting for about 80% of the country's population, in addition to ethnic minorities such as kazakhs. The official language is Mongolian. With an area of 1,566,500 square kilometers, Mongolia is the 19th largest country in the world in terms of land area and the landlocked country after Kazakhstan, with a population of about 3 million people, making it the least densely populated country in the world. Mongolia has less arable land and most of its territory is covered by steppes. There are many mountains in the north and west, and the Gobi Desert in the south. About 30% of the population is engaged in nomadic or semi-nomadic herding.
In history, Mongolia was ruled by many ethnic groups such as the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Ruoran, Turkic, and Khitan peoples. In 1206 Genghis Khan established the Great Mongol State. Its largest ethnic territory is more than 45 million square kilometers, stretching from the Korean Peninsula in the east, Poland and Hungary in the west, the Russian state in Siberia in the north, and the Indochina Peninsula in Showa in the south. In 1271 his grandson Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty the Mongols returned to the Mongolian steppe, but often clashed with the Ming Dynasty on the border, captives plundered money, in the 17th century Mongolia submitted to the Qing Dynasty, until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, but has always been internationally recognized, on February 11, 1921, with the support of the Soviet Union, Outer Mongolia rebelled, the Chinese garrison completely withdrew from Outer Mongolia after the defeat of the war, on July 10, 1921, Outer Mongolia established a pro-Soviet constitutional monarchy, On November 25, Outer Mongolia established the "People's Revolutionary Regime". The Mongolian People's Republic, founded in 1924, was placed under the Soviet Union's sphere of influence and joined the United Nations in 1961 and began to gain international recognition. After the upheavals in Eastern Europe, a democratic revolution broke out in Mongolia and in 1992 a new constitution with a multi-party system was promulgated, beginning the transition to a market economy.
Mongolia has a long history of animal husbandry, which has always operated five types of livestock, namely cattle, horses, camels, sheep and goats. The Mongols called them the "Five Treasures". Animal husbandry is developed, rich in experience, although the history is long, but the productivity is not high, has been in, "rely on the sky to raise livestock, follow the water and grass to live" production situation, Mongolia has been taking the development path of animal husbandry since independence. Because this is a gift of nature, Mongolia has a large area, but the population is small, and has a large area of grassland, so this is very beneficial to the development of animal husbandry, but the problem also comes, developed animal husbandry will inevitably make the land desertification, today's Mongolia 70% of the land is facing land desertification, developed animal husbandry has not driven Mongolia's economy, Ulaanbaatar has 45% of Mongolians, from its living conditions, the quality of life is not high, the economic development is slow.
Agriculture in Mongolia – Although Mongolia has a vast territory, there is very little arable land. On the one hand, the mountains are mainly distributed in the central and western regions of Mongolia, occupying one-half of its entire territory, while in the south, it is the vast Gobi, all of which are short of water, and the second is the bitter cold land in the north of The Country, with many disasters and difficulties, and a heavy snow on the steppe is enough to destroy Mongolia's poor agriculture. Some of the arable land is still very primitive farming methods, which makes the level of Mongolian agriculture low, so mongolia needs to purchase a large number of foreign agricultural products, and most commodities need to be imported from our country.
Mongolia's industrial production capacity is low, basically some light industries and mining, and the level of mining capacity is not high, and other industries are almost non-existent, in a state of stagnation. At present, Mongolia mainly obtains some export income through copper mines, and also manufactures textiles and obtains some profits. Mongolia in recent years has reported a lot of corruption cases, Mongolia's infrastructure construction capacity is insufficient, the people's life is very difficult, Mongolia is not only slow industrial and agricultural development, but also their infrastructure construction capacity is insufficient, so the mongolian people have very little income, living in great difficulty, eighty percent of the population is below the poverty line, underdeveloped agriculture and industry make Mongolia's economic level low.
Mongolia's military strength, the total strength of only about 20,000 people, police force of more than 10,000 people, reserve troops of 137,000 people, Mongolia implements a compulsory military service system, if the wartime state, the army can be increased to 300,000 people, almost the state of the whole people. The number of this army is undoubtedly enormous, and the burden is enormous for a small country of 3 million people who are impoverished.
The Mongolian Army has 8500 people, mongolian army soldiers are still wearing Soviet-era uniforms, the main weapon is the AK series of assault rifles, and the armored fighting vehicle unit still has a certain strength. It has more than 800 infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 450 movable anti-aircraft weapons, and about 1,000 cannons and mortars. The more advanced Soviet-made T-72 tanks also reached 85.
The Mongolian Navy, the smallest naval force among the few countries in the world with a landlocked navy, numbered 7 people, 3 tugboats with a displacement of only a few hundred tons (only 1 of which could be put into service), named after Damuddin Sukhbaatar, the most important figure in Mongolia's struggle for independence, named the Sukhbaatar, two guns and an engine. When this navy was first established, it was not for national defense, but to transport oil on Lake Kusugul. According to the data, there was oil trade between the Soviet Union and Mongolia, and through Lake Kusugul, the time for land transportation could be reduced from 4 days to 8 hours. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, since Kusugul Lake is a famous tourist attraction in Mongolia and has no pollution, in order to protect the environment, Mongolia stopped the use of oil ships to carry oil.
The Mongolian Air Force, with an active air force of about 1250 conscripts, has no reserve strength, including 1 combat regiment, 1 combat squadron, 2 transport squadrons, 1 helicopter squadron, 1 training detachment. Some Russian consultants and trainers may remain in Mongolia for training purposes. An-2 light aircraft - 10, MiG-21 fighter - about 9, MiG-29 - about 5, Su-27 - 4. Mi-24 Hinds helicopters - about 25, Mi-8 helicopters - about 32, Mi-17 helicopters - about 2. Mongolia has two air bases, Ulaanbaatar and Seinshand; Mongolia is home to a large number of remodeled or partially remodeled airfields.
Mongolian culture, because Mongolia is a nomadic country, so many cultures and we have a difference, Mongolian costumes are also called Mongolian robes, mainly including robes, belts, boots, jewelry, etc., Naadam Congress is a traditional festival with a long history of Mongolians. "Naadam", which means entertainment or game in Chinese, occupies an important place in the lives of the Mongolian people. It is a cultural and sports entertainment conference held by people to celebrate the harvest. A yurt is a type of house inhabited by Mongolian herders, suitable for pastoral production and nomadic life. The yurt is spacious and comfortable, and the Mongolians speak Mongolian, using Mongolian characters.