In modern history, there is often a saying that the Chinese version of the image is a leaf, which is bitten and occupied by the insects of the great powers. Later, China became a rooster, and the rooster that rose in the east drove away the insects of the invaders.
Outer Mongolia, once part of the leaf of China's territory, is now independent of China. What determined the independence of Outer Mongolia, destroyed China's international status, and caused the damage to China's post-war interests was the great rout in the Battle of Yuxianggui.
Why did the Great Rout of Yu Xianggui lead to such consequences? Why does Outer Mongolia have to be independent? To say this, we must start from the historical development of Outer Mongolia.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, the present-day Mongolian plateau was known as the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu were nomadic people who invaded the south, repeatedly invading the land of Guannei and plundering livestock. The famous Qin Dynasty general Meng Tian once commanded an army of 300,000 people to fight the Xiongnu cavalry on the banks of the Yellow River, and then defeated the Xiongnu and expelled the Xiongnu troops from Hetao.
In the early days of the Western Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu tribes gradually became stronger, and in order to appease the Xiongnu, since Han Gaozu, they began to make peace with the Xiongnu. The policy of peace and affinity during this period eased the military pressure of the Xiongnu on the Han Dynasty and also enhanced the economic exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu. The most famous peacemaker in history, Zhaojun out of the plug, occurred in this period.
However, peace and kinship could not stop the Xiongnu from going south, and the hidden dangers of the border still existed. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the economic and military strength of the Han Dynasty had reached its peak, and the contradictions with the Xiongnu were also expanding. Therefore, Emperor Wu of Han sent the generals Wei Qing and Huo to the xiongnu to recruit.
Huo went ill and led his troops deep into the hinterland of the Xiongnu and defeated the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu fled to the north of the desert, and the Xiongnu royal court declined from then on, and was no longer able to go south. After the defeat of the Xiongnu, the Xiongnu split the northern and southern Xiongnu, and the southern Xiongnu once again made peace with the Han Dynasty, submitted to the Han Dynasty, and became a vassal of the Han Dynasty. The Northern Xiongnu went to the north of the desert and lived in one place.
In the process of historical development, the Southern Xiongnu gradually sinicized and lived in the Hetao area. The Northern Xiongnu were limited in their development in the north of the desert, and once again intended to go south during the Eastern Han Dynasty, but were later defeated by Dou Gu. With the war with the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Northern Xiongnu tribes were in a worrying situation, with internal political changes and civil unrest.
By 36 BC, the Northern Xiongnu had been thoroughly purged and submitted to the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty established the Western Regions as the Protectorate of the Western Regions, which governed the Xiongnu region and included the Mongolian Plateau in the territory of China. The Xiongnu sinicized and intermarried, and gradually withdrew from the stage in history.
History progressed to the Tang Dynasty, and the Mongolian plateau was ruled by the Turks. The Turks were also nomadic peoples, and the nomadic peoples had a long history of going south, and there were conflicts between dynasties and dynasties. After Tang Gaozu made peace with the Turks and maintained a short period of tranquility, the Turkic Khan invaded the south again.
Emperor Taizong of Tang ordered Li Jing to lead an army of 100,000 to the Turks and defeat the Turkic army. The Turks were defeated and surrendered, and the capital was established to administer it, and the Mongolian plateau was once again included in the territory. Under the influence of policies such as economic trade, culture, and intermarriage, the Turkic nomads gradually transitioned from a tribal system to a semi-tribal and semi-feudal system.
After Genghis Khan unified Mongolia, he began to expand abroad, and Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty and destroyed the Song Dynasty. In the territory of the Yuan Dynasty in this period, in addition to the original Mongolia and the Central Plains, it also included most of the West Asia and overseas territories, and there were many clans.
During the Ming Dynasty, the Tatars lived in Mongolia, and Ming Chengzu went north to defeat the Tatars and set up a guardhouse. By the Qing Dynasty, Mongolia was divided into Inner and Outer Mongolia. The inner Mongolia was under the jurisdiction of the imperial court, and the outer mongolia had the right of autonomy and was under the jurisdiction of the Li Fan Yuan.
The distinction between the inside and outside of the Mongolian plateau began to emerge from this period, and among the outer Mongols, those who submitted in the early Kangxi period were called The Inner Zasak Mongols, and those who were submissive in the middle and late Kangxi Period were called the Outer Zasak Mongols. Outer Mongolia, which is now independent to the outside world, belongs to the Khalkha four parts of Outer Zasak Mongolia.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the great powers invaded and occupied, wolf smoke rose everywhere, and the modern history began to open a chapter. In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China was established. In 1913, the Sino-Russian Declaration recognized the autonomy of Outer Mongolia. However, Although It is autonomous, Outer Mongolia recognizes that it is still part of China's territory.
In 1917, after the October Revolution, the Russian government issued a declaration abolishing the Sino-Russian declaration. In 1919, Outer Mongolia abolished its autonomy and was taken over by the government. During the revolution, Mongolia was liberated and the privileges of serfdom were abolished.
The Battle of Yuxianggui was a large-scale campaign launched in April 1944 through Henan, Hunan and Guangxi. In 1943, the fascist battlefield was defeated in Europe one after another, and the Allies were victorious in the Western battlefield.
Japan lost one defeat after another in the Pacific Theater and the sea lines of communication were broken. Trapped in a corner, Japan is unable to support itself and is ready to start the final counterattack. Therefore, the Japanese Army planned the Battle of Yuxianggui, with the intention of using the offensive to stick to the plundering results in China and open up China's inland communication lines.
However, the Kuomintang army, which mainly participated in the war, due to its weak command and lack of combat strength, although it had far superior troops to the Japanese army, led to the great rout of Yu Xianggui, which made China lose face in the international arena.
In the Battle of Yuxianggui, three cities were the main target points of Japan, namely Changsha, Hengyang and Guilin. By opening up the nodes of these three cities, Japan has opened up more than half of the mainland transportation lines in China.
Battle of Yuzhong. In April 1944, the Japanese army gathered 150,000 troops and launched an attack on Zhengzhou and Luoyang in Henan, with the goal of competing for the Pinghan Railway. Jiang Dingwen, one of the five tiger generals of the Kuomintang, led an army of 400,000 to resist the Japanese attack, but after only more than a month, the battle against Japan was lost one after another.
On May 9, the Japanese army moved north from Xinyang to open the southern section of the Pinghan Railway. On May 25, Luoyang fell, the same day that the Japanese command marched west and occupied Hankou. In just over a month, the Central Plains was defeated, thousands of miles of land were lost, dozens of cities and pools fell, and more than 200,000 troops were lost.
With 400,000 troops against 150,000 troops, Jiang Dingwen, commander of the Kuomintang First Theater of Operations, lost in less than two months with several times the strength, and suffered 200,000 troop losses. For a time, the whole country was shaken, and the Kuomintang army was criticized by the people at the same time, but it was also questioned.
The Battle of Changheng. In May 1944, the Japanese army gathered more than 200,000 troops and attacked Hengyang and Changsha, this time targeting the Xianggui Railway. Xue Yue, commander of the Ninth Theater of Operations, led an army of 400,000 resistance, and friendly troops led troops to support. The battle plan was for some troops to set up positions in Tongcheng, Yiyang and other areas to consume Japanese troops; the other part of the troops controlled the key areas of Changsha and Hengyang, waiting for the opportunity to annihilate the Japanese army.
After many battles between the two sides, the Japanese army occupied Changsha on June 18, and on June 19, it captured Ningxiang and went south to Hengyang. In the early morning of June 28, the Japanese army launched a general attack on Hengyang, and on August 8, more than 10,000 officers and men stationed in the city suffered heavy casualties, and they were alone and helpless, surrendered their weapons, and Hengyang was lost.
Battle of Guiliu. After the capture of Hengyang, the Japanese advanced along the railway and attacked Guangxi. The Japanese army gathered 160,000 troops and attacked simultaneously from the two places of Hunan and Guangdong and the Vietnamese border, and the main target of the attack was the Guiyue Highway. The Kuomintang commanded more than 200,000 troops and resisted with the support of friendly forces.
However, on October 24, Nanning fell. On the 28th, the Nationalist army retreated to Guizhou, and the 3,000 troops of the Japanese army entered no man's land and pursued them on the Qiangui Highway. The Nationalist army fled, Chongqing was shocked, and counterattacked Japan to Hechi, Guangxi. On December 10, the Japanese forces met at Suizhu and all the mainland communication lines were opened.
However, at a time when Yu Xianggui was in a great rout and there was an uproar in China, the international situation was very good. The Soviet Union severely damaged the German army, the US army landed in Normandy, the international battlefield was victorious, but the domestic losses were heavy, which made China lose face in the allied front.
At the Yalta Conference in 1945, the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union attended and shut China out. Because of the great rout of Yu Xianggui, the United States was extremely disappointed in the Kuomintang government, believing that it was extremely corrupt and had no ability to fight. In order to get the Soviet Union to send troops and repel the Japanese forces in the Chinese mainland as soon as possible, the United States signed a secret agreement with the Soviet Union to allow Outer Mongolia to become independent under Soviet protection.
The political significance of the Great Rout of Yuxianggui was revealed at this moment: the destruction of China's international status and the independence of Outer Mongolia. For a long time afterward, China fought in the United Nations to abrogate the absurd agreement on outer Mongolia's independence, but was eventually suppressed by the United States and its people.
After the Yalta Conference, Italy and Germany surrendered one after another, but Japan refused to surrender. The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima, the Soviet Union attacked the Japanese Kwantung Army along the Trans-Siberian Railway, and Japan finally announced its surrender. On January 5, 1946, Chiang Kai-shek's government announced its recognition of the independence of Outer Mongolia.
The great rout of Yu Xianggui was a disgrace in the history of China's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. The corruption and incompetence of the Kuomintang army have brought China's international status to the bottom; and with regard to the issue of territory and the independence of Outer Mongolia, the incompetence of the Kuomintang has once again divided the territory and made arbitrary decisions by other countries.
After the founding of New China in 1949, China re-established its international status and promoted its prestige. Today, the oriental rooster stands proudly in the east of the world, the vicissitudes are no longer there, and the light blooms.