Alexander Nevsky, originally known as Alexander Jarosravich, was a Russian commander and statesman, Duke of Novgorod (reigned 1236–1251) and Grand Duke of Vladimir from 1252. Alexander Nevsky was the son of Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vorszevorovich of Vladimir. In 1236, he was elected Duke of Novgorod. His struggles with the Swedish invaders and the German Knights of Livonian saved the northwestern regions of Russia from being conquered by Western Catholic countries.
In July 1240, the Swedish army, under the command of the Son-in-Law of the King of Sweden, entered the Neva River in 100 boats from the direction of the Gulf of Finland, and after settling down by the Izhora River, Beagle sent an arrogantly worded letter to the Novgorod Maharaja Alexander Jarosravić, saying: "If you dare to rebel against me, I am already here to meet you, and I will invade your territory and kill every piece of armor."
Upon learning of the Swedes' arrival to challenge, Alexander Jaroslawic decided to strike first, not waiting for reinforcements from his father or for the announcement of the mobilization order by the Novgorod Civic Assembly. Alexander led his legions and the novgorod volunteers who had come in. Before the expedition, Alexander told his generals that although you are few, you will win, because "God does not advocate force, but he advocates justice."
In the early morning of July 15, 1240, the Russians took advantage of the fog to launch a surprise attack on the Swedish camp, with infantry in the middle and cavalry on both flanks. During the battle, Alexander stabbed Beagle in the head with a spear. After fierce fighting, the Swedes were defeated and chased out of the Rus' border. Due to the suddenness of the attack and the proper tactics, the Russian army lost only 20 men. The Losses of the Swedes were much greater, with 3 Swedish warships sunk, more than 200 commanders killed, and countless ordinary soldiers killed, with only a small number escaping on board. The Battle of the Neva Brought Great Honor to Alexander Jaroslawich and earned Nevsky the honorific title of "Hero of the Neva River".
Shortly after this victory, Alexander Nevsky, over a dispute with the Novgorod nobles, who feared his growing power, left Novgorod and moved to his hometown of Pereslavl-Zaleski. The Germans, upon learning of the headache-inducing news that the King of the Neva had left Novkald, launched a new attack. In the winter of 1241, they successively captured Tysovo, Lugu, and Copolière. The vanguard of the Livonian Order reached 35 km from novgorod. In this situation, the Novgorods were in a panic and had to turn to Alexander again. The Archbishop of Novgorod of the Orthodox Church himself acted as a lobbyist to ask the Neva King's son, Yaroslav II Vladimir, to let his son out of the mountains. Yaroslav II Vorsevolodovich, aware of the gravity of the situation, pretended to be a bit and allowed his son to go into battle.
Alexander Nevsky fought back against the German knights who had invaded Rus' territory from the west. In 1241, he led the Novgorod army to capture the fortress of Kopolje with a strong attack, and then, together with the Suzdals who arrived later, captured Pskov. During this period, Alexander Nevsky showed his superb art of fortification, liberated Izborsk and drove out the invaders. On 11 April 1242, at the Battle of Chudsee, he cleverly deployed his forces, with powerful wings and an ambush regiment, to encircle the main force of the Knights of Livonian, thus preventing the German knights from invading Rus'.
The Battle of Ice determined the outcome of the war and prevented the Knights from advancing eastward. In 1243, the Knights of Livonia sought peace. The two sides concluded a peace treaty on the condition that the exchange of prisoners of war and the Knights would not continue their invasion of the east, and the Knights abandoned the Novgorod-Pskov region they occupied. The greatest significance of the Battle of Chude Lake was also that it had a great inspiration to the spirit of the Rus' people, and the Russians began to gain a sense of superiority and self-confidence in the Western army; The Knights of Livonia, on the other hand, were intimidated by the tenacity of the Rus' (according to the fact that this spiritual and wall-like tactics of the Rus' had caused the Byzantines a headache centuries ago), and they developed a sense of jealousy, coupled with great damage, and although they fought some wars with the Rus' intermittently, they never came out of the shadow cast by the battle. From this point of view, it was also a decisive battle.
When the Mongols' unstoppable cavalry ravaged and conquered a large area of Russian land, Alexander's father, Archduke Yaroslav, surrendered to the Mongols, and in September 1246, Grand Duke Yaroslav was poisoned and died after seeing the Mongol Great Khan return home, and in the struggle for the throne of the Grand Duke, Alexander and his brother Andrei went to see the Khan of the Golden Horde, Battu sent them to Helin, and met the Great Khan's son, Guiyu Khan, who appointed Andrei as Grand Duke of Vladimir in spite of the custom of the succession of the eldest son of Russia. Alexander was the Grand Duke of Kiev.
Later, Andrei united with other Russian princes and Western countries against the Mongol occupiers, and Alexander went to Sarai on the Volga River to inform Battus' successor, Bergo, who sent troops to drive out Andrey Yaroslavich, and in 1252 Alexander Nevsky was made Grand Duke of Vladimir by the Golden Horde, as the prince of Kiev, Vladimir and Novgorod, Alexander Nevsky worked to unify the northern Rus' principalities. He sent his son Vasily to rule Novgorod.
In 1255, the Novgorods, unable to tolerate the brutal rule of the Grand Duke, expelled Vasily. Alexander mobilized his army and re-established his son. In 1257 Mongolia conducted a census of most of Russia to collect taxes. When news of the census reached Novgorod, the local people revolted. In 1258, Fearing that the Mongols would punish all Russians for the Novgorod rebellion, Alexander assisted the Mongols in forcing Novgorod to accept a census and pay taxes to the Mongols. This action brought the Russian north into complete submission to the yoke of Mongol rule.
In 1262 many towns and cities revolted against the Muslim tax collectors of the Golden Horde. Alexander made his fourth trip to Sarai to persuade the Mongols to send troops to suppress it, and on November 14, 1263, he fell ill and died on the way home at Gorodjec on the Volga River. After his death, Russia was once again divided into many quarreling principalities.
Buried in Vladimir Christmas Monastery in Vladimir. In 1547, the Russian Orthodox Church enshrined Alexander Nevsky as a saint and commemorated him on September 12. On the orders of Peter the Great, the remains of Alexander Nevsky were transported to Petersburg in 1724 and buried in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery. In accordance with Peter I's will, on 21 May 1725 it was ordered to install the Order of Alexander Nevsky in Russia. During the years of the Great Patriotic War in the USSR, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR re-established the Order of Alexander Nevsky on July 29, 1942.
On July 29, 1942, when the armies of Nazi Germany penetrated deep into the heart of the Soviet Union, Stalin declared Alexander Nevsky a national hero, and the Soviet army established the Order of Alexander Nevsky.
Alexander was a great commander of that era, who creatively applied some of the existing methods of warfare in battle, striving to be sudden and rapid in the attack, taking full account of the characteristics of the terrain and the length of the enemy's and our armies, breaking through the enemy and consolidating the achievements of military and political victories. Alexander Nevsky's art of commander-in-chief is the quintessence of Russian military scholarship. He defended Russia's northwestern border from swedes and Germans. This image of him was beloved in northwestern Russia. Alexander Nevsky did not accept the Pope's suicidal advice to fight the Mongol invaders to the death, knowing that a head-on confrontation with the Mongols in that era would not be victorious. Alexander Nevsky began to act as a mediator between the Golden Horde established by the Mongols and the Russian principalities.
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (Bulgarian: Храм-паметник "Свети Александър Невски, hram-pametnik"sveti aleksandar nevski) is a cathedral in the Bulgarian capital, Sofia. The church is a neo-Byzantine building, the main cathedral of the Bulgarian bishop, one of the largest orthodox churches in the world, one of the symbols of Sofia, and a major tourist attraction. The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral covers an area of 3,170 square meters and can accommodate 10,000 people. It is the largest church in the Balkans.
Russian: Орден Александра Невско), formerly known as the Imperial Medal of St. Alexander Nevsky, awarded by Empress Ekaterina I of the Russian Empire in 1725, was abolished in 1917, but the Soviet Union reinstated the award on July 29, 1942, removing the words "holy" and "empire", and awarding individual officers who were heroic and decisive, flexibly commanded the battle and inflicted heavy damage on the enemy.
Alexander Nevsky lavra is a monastery ordered by Peter the Great. At that time, Peter the Great decided to build St. Petersburg in 1240 where the Grand Duke of Novgorod (Alexander Jaroslavich) fought against Sweden on the banks of the Neva River. At the same time as the construction of the new city, he built the monastery and moved the remains of the Grand Duke to this monastery in order to obtain the protection of the gods.
The monastery is surrounded by four cemeteries from the 18th to the 19th century. To the left of the entrance to the arch is the Lazarev Cemetery. The cemeteries of the architects Voronišin, Zakharov, Gouzrovsky, Rossi, scientist Lomonosov, etc. who left many buildings in St. Petersburg are all here. To the right of the entrance is the Tikhvin Cemetery, where writers such as Dostoevsky, Zhukovsky, and Karamzin and composers Tchaikovsky and Mussorgsky are buried.
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is an Orthodox church in Tallinn, Estonia, typical of the Russian style, built between 1894 and 1900, when Tallinn was under the rule of the Russian Empire. Tallinn Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is the largest and tallest domed Orthodox Church in Tallinn. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is located at the top of Cathedral Hill in Tallinn's Old Town.