Education is Confucius's beloved profession,
Politics is his ambition, and Shushi is his ideal.
Confucius gave a lecture at the altar of apricots
Confucius was a man with a deep interest in history, and he also used "sensitive and good to be ancient" as his own examination language. After he tried his best to study the three-generation system, he felt that the Zhou Dynasty had absorbed the essence of the previous two generations, and the cultural relics were brilliant, and he couldn't help but say: "I am from The Zhou!" Except for some minor corrections, such as "When the summer is done, take advantage of the Yin ,...... Le Ze Shao Dance" and so on, he accepted all the cultural relics of the Western Zhou Dynasty and appointed himself as their guardian. He hoped that the whole of China would restore the old view of the zhou dynasty of the Wu king.
Zhouko Image
How can his ideals be realized? According to his impolite view, he could only wait for a "Ming King" to come out and use him as the King of Wu to the Duke of Zhou. Zhou Gong with a big cymbal in his hand was the image he had envisioned all his life. In his later years, he also lamented his decline because he "no longer dreamed of seeing The Duke of Zhou". Secondly, if there is a hegemon who credits him, like Huan Gong to Guan Zhong, his ideals can also be partially realized.
……
"If it helps me, it's okay for just one anniversary, and it will be successful in three years." He said.
But who can pluck Confucius? Needless to say, Lu Zhaogong took the throne at the age of nineteen, "like a child's heart", and he was also a puppet. Meng Yizi, the master of the Meng Sun clan, was a protégé of Confucius, but he was still a descendant. Among the three families, the Ji clan was the strongest and had monopoly on power, but he had once used tianzi lile to make Confucius lament that "it is intolerable and intolerable". Soon, something even more intolerable happened, Zhaogong was expelled, and Confucius ran to the State of Qi.
When he came to the country of Qi, there were probably fewer elements to avoid chaos, and more ingredients to find opportunities... In the seventh and eighth years of Qi, Confucius, although he was pampered, still lived like a gourd (using his own metaphor) and was "tied but not eaten" by people. Is this something that Confucius could endure? Riding on the throne of Duke Lu Ding (59 BC), lu may have a turnaround, and he returned to the motherland.
Ming Dynasty Confucius Yanju map
About three or four years after his return to Lu, yanghu's dictatorship began. The Yanghu with torch-like eyes must rely on Confucius. He knew that Confucius would not come to him, but he could not bend down to worship a poor Confucian. According to the courtesy, if the nobleman has a gift to the corporal and he does not receive it at home, he is thanked at the door of the nobleman. So Yang Hu probed Confucius when he went out and sent him a large amount of cooked pork. Confucius also probed him out, and then went to thank him. But they actually met on the way, and Yang Hu split his head and said, "Come! I'll have a word with you. Is it benevolent to carry your own treasure, but to hide it from the people of your country? Confucius had to reply, "No." "Is it wise to like activities but miss the opportunity?" Confucius had to reply, "No." Yang Hu said, "The days have passed day by day!" Years don't wait! Confucius had to reply, "Yes, I am about to leave." ”
But he did not come out, and Yang Hu had fallen. At this time, his opportunity really came. His protégé Meng Yizi naturally gained considerable voice in the government because of his great achievements in driving away the Yang Tiger. On the one hand, in order to clean up the hearts of the people, and on the other hand, the Jisun clan thanked Confucius for not attaching yanghu, so they gave him a seat for Si Kou. At this time, Confucius was more than fifty years old, more than twenty years after the death of Zheng Zichan.
The personality and achievements of the descendants are praised by Confucius. He said that the son has the fourth way of a gentleman: "He is also respectful in his deeds, respectful in his deeds, beneficial to his people, and righteous to his people." At this time, Confucius's status was also somewhat similar to that of his son; Zheng was to Jin and Chu, Yulu was to Qi and Jin; Zheng had seven Mu, and Yulu had three Huan. The difference is that the son himself is one of the Seven Mu and has the most powerful support of the Seven Mu, the Han clan, while Confucius did not have a field and a half, and he was really dependent on the Ji clan for only three months, although he served as an official of Si Kou for at least three years (from the tenth to twelfth year of The Duke of Ding). But his measures in the midst of the inability to do so are also quite childlike.
In the first five years (the tenth year of the Dinggong), Confucius assisted the Dinggong and the Qi Jing Guild in the Jiagu (Qi BorderLand). Someone said to Jing Gong: Although Kong Qiu is familiar with etiquette, he does not have the courage; if he asks Lai Bing to coerce Lu Hou, he will definitely be able to win the will. Jing Gong is calculated. Unexpectedly, Confucius, who was "afraid of things and good at plotting", had long set up armed equipment. As soon as he saw Lai Bing, he escorted Ding Gong to retreat, and ordered the samurai accompanying him to move; he continued to say, "Yi bu chaos... The truth that soldiers are not good" directly rebukes the Qi people for this move, which is ominous to God, unjust to morality, and disrespectful to people. Qi Hou was discouraged and had to send back the Lai soldiers. When the alliance was about to be formed, the Qi people added to the letter of alliance: "Those who go out of the Qi division and (Lu) do not ride from us with three hundred in a car, there is such an alliance!" Confucius immediately ordered the people to declare that if the Qi people did not return the fields of Wenyang and blamed the Lu people for supply, they would also be punished by the gods. Later, the Qi had to return the fields in Wenyang.
The great events that Confucius experienced during His tenure at Lu Sikou, in addition to the Meeting of the Valley, were the "Fallen Three Capitals" movement in 498 BC. The so-called "three capitals" are the Feiyi of the Jisun clan, the Qiuyi of the Shusun clan, and the Chengyi of the Mengsun clan; the "fallen three capitals" are to demolish the three cities. Among the three yi, Fei and Hao were the base of the rebellion of the former family ministers, and Fei Yi soon fell into the hands of another family minister, Gong Shan Buhu, after the defeat of Nanpu. Bu Hu was Yang Hu's henchman, and since Yang Hu had fallen, he was still standing still. On the one hand, the "fall of the three capitals" is to prevent the family and subjects from causing trouble, and on the other hand, it can also weaken the three huans. Both are consistent with Confucius's long-standing political ideas, so he strongly advises this move, although it seems that the initiative is not him, but his protégé Zilu, who is doing ji's family slaughter at this time. Zi lu's initiation of this matter was originally the loyalty of a courtier. At this time, Fei Yi had become a plague in Ji's heart, and it was inevitable that he would fall. Ji Sun's land is wide and wide, and he doesn't care about destroying a city. However, the destruction of a large city by the Shusun and Mengsun clans each lost a great deal of vitality, which was also beneficial to the Jisun clan. As for the fall of the Meng Sun clan, it is like a disease-free person who accompanies someone to eat a dose of rhubarb croton, which is completely impossible. Therefore, when the fallen city was discussed, he blindly pretended to be deaf, and later Dinggong led his troops to besiege the city, but did not capture it, so he let him go. But in the end, Guo and Fei were degraded, and the fall cost was the most laborious, and Confucius was entrusted by Ji Sun for three months at this time. It turned out that Gongshan did not wait for Ji Sun's move, first spontaneously difficult, led the Fei people to attack the capital, Ding Gong and Sanhuan Canghuang hid in Ji Sun's fort, and were besieged by the Fei people. The traitors were about to reach Dinggong's side, but fortunately the reinforcements sent by Confucius arrived in time to kill the Fei people. After that, he fled to the State of Qi.
Although Confucius made great contributions in the Battle of Fallen Fees, not long after (497 BC), Confucius resigned, and the direct reason for his resignation, some people said that the roast meat of the sacrifice was not delivered as usual, and some people said that Ji Sun received the female music of the Qi people and did not go to the dynasty for three days. What is right and wrong has nothing to do with the grand purpose. In short, after the power of the Jisun clan was fully restored, there was no longer any place where Confucius could be used, and it was no longer possible to maintain Xiang Ri's courtesy to Confucius; lu guo no longer had the opportunity for Confucius to walk the road. He had to try his luck in foreign countries again, although he did not have any extravagant hopes. As a hermit guarding the city gate of Lu Guo said, he was originally a "person who knew what he could not do."
But where to go? Although Qi's Shaole was worth hearing again from Confucius, Qi Jinggong was not worth his review. Although Wei was a small country, it was closest to the state of Lu geographically and politically. It just so happened that Zilu's son-in-law, Miko, was very favored by Wei Linggong. The following year, Confucius led a group of disciples to Emperor Qiu of Weidu (in present-day southwestern Puyang, Hebei). At this time, it was more than 160 years since the Wei people first avoided Di and moved the capital from Chaoge (in present-day Qi County, Henan) to Chuqiu (in present-day Huaxian County, Henan), and more than 130 years since the Wei people moved the capital from Chuqiu to Diqiu for the second time. When the capital was first moved, the total number of men and women left behind in Chaoge was only 730. After a long period of recuperation, xindu has become a bustling dayi. When Confucius entered the country, he couldn't help but sigh, "How prosperous!" Ran You, the disciple who drove Confucius's car, asked, "Since it is prosperous, what else should we add?" Confucius replied, "Add wealth." "If you are rich, what else will you add?" "Add to the teachings."
But at this time, Wei Lingzheng was fascinated by Lady Nanzi, and there was a leisure to care about what fu grinning, teaching grin, and only using Houlu to perfunctory Confucius as usual. When Confucius was staying in Wei, he felt tasteless, so he went to him again (496 BC?). ）。 For more than a decade after that, his whereabouts were poorly documented and quite uneven. We can more certainly know that after he left Wei, he went to Caidi in Song, Chen, and Chu Xinde, and lived in Chen for several years in between; he returned to Chen in 485 BC (the tenth year of lu aigong); and returned to Lu in self-defense about a year later. In addition, he may have also passed through Cao and Zheng, and traveled to the Chu realm outside of Gu Cai. In this long-term rush, Confucius not only encountered a Ming Jun, but also encountered several times his life was in danger. When he passed the Song Dynasty, Xiang Shu's great-grandson Huan Kui did not know why he had an ill feeling towards him and wanted to kill him, but fortunately he disguised himself and escaped. When he crossed Kuang (Zheng Di?) At that time, the Kuang people who had been poisoned by Yanghu Tea mistakenly recognized him as Yanghu and surrounded him with a group of disciples. Thankfully, Kuang Ren was not wrong to the end. At the border between Chen and Cai, because there was no "friendship between the upper and lower levels", the grain was cut off, and he and his disciples were so hungry that they could not stand.
These hardships did not overwhelm Confucius's self-confidence. When Song was killed, he said: "Born with virtue from me, Huan Yu Is What Am I!" When he was killed in Kuang, he said, "After King Wen died, won't Wen Jiao be here?" Is the heavens going to abolish these cultures? Can't the people who came after them bear these cultures? Heaven has not abandoned these cultures and religions, Kuang people are not what I am! ”
During his travels, Confucius was ridiculed by many hermits. Once he sent Zilu to two farmers who were cultivating together to ask where the ferry head was. A said, "Who is on the wheel in the car?" Zilu replied, "It's Kong Qiu." "Is it Ruconcho?" "Yes." A said, "Then this man knows where Watanabe is!" "Zi Lu had to ask B. B said, "Who are you?" Zilu replied, "It's Zhongnan." "Is it Ruconcho's apprentice?" "Yes." "The whole world is full of floods, and there is no return. Who can change it? And instead of following the aspirants who want to avoid people everywhere, why should you simply follow the hermits who are avoiding the world? B finished speaking, and kept oversampling. Zilu went back and told Confucius. Confucius said, "Birds and beasts cannot be in the same group." Who am I with when I am not with the world? If there is a way under the heavens, I will not change it. ”
But the political denial made Confucius's enthusiasm for salvation finally have to change direction. When he finally returned to Chen from Cai, he sighed, "Return! Go ahead! Our naïve boys are like weaving a splendid brocade, but they don't know how to cut it. At this time, he already had the intention of educating for the rest of his life. By this time he was indeed old, he was sixty-eight years old, though he had always been "angry and forgetful, happy to forget his worries, not knowing that old age was coming."
Excerpt from The Outline of Chinese History, published by the People's Literature Publishing House in January 2022
The only monograph of the unborn historical genius Zhang Yinlin
Added four essays such as "The Rise and Fall of the Han Empire"
A book to understand the history of China before the Eastern Han Dynasty