In June 1946, Chiang Kai-shek brazenly launched a full-scale civil war, which did not surprise most people, but went against the wishes of most Chinese. Chiang Kai-shek tried to rely on the superiority of the Kuomintang army in terms of equipment, troop strength, and American support to carry out a combat strategy of quick battle and quick decision, and arrogantly shouted:
Within 3 months to 6 months, the Communist Party and its army were swore to be wiped out and the goal of basic purging within 2 years.
Chiang Kai-shek's gaze was set on the Central Plains, which was the first goal of the strategic principle of making a quick decision in a quick war. The task of attacking the Liberated Areas of the Central Plains was entrusted to Chiang Kai-shek by his confidante Liu Zhi. After Chiang Kai-shek made this decision, he was doomed to the defeat of the Kuomintang army in the first battle.
Liu Zhi looked round, his head was round, his face was round, his body was round, and no matter from any angle, he didn't look like a general, and he had nothing to do with the majesty. Liu Zhi is more like the owner of a common butcher shop in the market, or a cook who greets guests with good food and drink. The dazzling general star on Liu Zhi's fat shoulders is the epaulette of the second-class army general of the National Government in Nanjing.
The legend of Liu Zhi's life is not a famous general in Qingshi, but a fool with both ends of the first rat and "no ink in his chest". In the Northern Expedition War, Liu Zhi was a "fu general"; in the Central Plains War, Liu Zhi was a "general who always won"; in the War of Resistance Against Japan, Liu Zhi was a "long-distance running general"; in the Liberation War, Liu Zhi was a "pig general". Liu Zhi could not be a man without ability to gain the appreciation and reuse of the two big men of the Kuomintang, He Yingqin and Chiang Kai-shek, but his ability was completely insufficient to look at when facing the invasion of China and the People's Liberation Army.
Liu Zhi (劉峙), also known as Tianyue (天岳), is a character for Jingfu (字經符). On June 30, 1892, Liu Zhi was born in Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, to an ordinary peasant family. After the early death of his father, Liu Zhi followed his mother back to live in his grandfather's house, and when he grew up, he was adopted by his uncle Liu Jinkuan. Liu Jinkuan adopted Liu Zhi, mainly to continue the incense. Liu Zhi entered the private school in the township at the age of 7 to enlighten, and at the age of 14, because of his hard work, he was highly regarded by the local famous teacher Liu Buquan and received personal teaching from his side.
The young Liu Zhi had read the Catholic Church school, studied English, read the revolutionary book "Revolutionary Army", was deeply moved, and planted the seeds of revolution in his heart. Soon after, Liu Zhi dropped out of school and returned home because his family could not afford the high tuition fees. In 1907, Liu Zhi was helped by noble people and sponsored to enter the third phase of the Hunan Army Primary School, and was the only person from other provinces in the class. After three years of military study, Liu Zhi entered the third phase of the Army's Third Middle School after coming out. This was in February 1911, and the school was established on the shores of The South Lake in Wuchang, Hubei Province.
In the winter of the same year, the Xinhai Revolution broke out, and Liu Zhi joined the student army as a student of the military academy, personally participated in the Wuchang Uprising, and also participated in the defense of Wuchang. After the war, Liu Zhi returned to his hometown of Ji'an, where he studied at the Gendarmerie Cadet's Cadet Institute for a period of time, and then entered the Nanchang Gendarmerie For a month. In July 1912, Liu Zhi was admitted to the Preparatory School of the First Division of the Army and participated in secret anti-Yuan Shikai activities; in July 1913, he went south to participate in the "Second Revolution", and returned to the military academy after failure.
In June 1914, Liu Zhi, who graduated from the military academy, was assigned to the 4th Company of the 1st Battalion, 78th Regiment, 39th Brigade, 39th Brigade, 20th Army, for one year, in Xinmin County, Fengtian Province. In December of the same year, Liu Zhi re-entered the first company of the 2nd Infantry Section of the Baoding Army Officer School to learn military knowledge. In May 1916, Liu Zhi, who graduated for the fifth time, was assigned to the Kaiping Patrol Battalion in Jidong as an apprentice.
Liu Zhi's academic resume is destined to make his life not disappear. Sure enough, in the summer of 1917, Liu Zhi received an invitation to come to Zhaoqing, Guangzhou, to serve as a captain and staff officer of the headquarters of the Two Guangdong Protectorate Forces, and soon after he was recommended by his classmate Zhou Qinxian to enter the Defending Dian Army as a company commander. With years of systematic military study and the passion and enthusiasm of the youth, Liu Zhi came to prominence in the battle against longji guangbu and was promoted to infantry battalion after the war.
In the spring of 1918, after being introduced by his classmates, he entered the Gan army and became the commander of a team and a battalion. In the spring of 1920, Liu Zhi left the Gan Army and joined the Second Army of the Fujian-Guangdong Army, becoming acquainted with Chiang Kai-shek, who was then chief of staff. In January 1921, Liu Zhi served as a major aide-de-camp in the commander-in-chief of the Guangdong Army, and in the same year, after being introduced by Peng Sumin, an elder of the Kuomintang, he joined the Chinese Kuomintang. From 1921 to 1924, Liu Zhi's military rank and rank were slowly improved.
On May 12, 1924, Liu Zhi became the first tactical instructor to enter the Whampoa Military Academy and teach the first batch of students. Since then, Liu Zhi has risen to the top of the military circles of the Republic of China. If one ignores the April 12 coup d'état of 1927 and what happened afterwards, Liu Zhi and Chiang Kai-shek are enviable good ministers and ming juns. Chiang Kai-shek is 5 years older than Liu Zhi, and Chiang Kai-shek's military school resume and grade have surpassed Liu Zhi's by many; the same is naturally true of his rank after joining the army.
Before the Whampoa Military Academy, Liu Zhi followed Chiang Kai-shek around, and he, together with He Yingqin, Gu Zhutong, Qian Dajun, Jiang Dingwen, Chen Cheng, Zhang Zhizhong, and Chen Inheritor, was a total of eight people, collectively known as the "Eight Great King Kongs", and was Chiang Kai-shek's most trusted eight cadres and generals, and held heavy power and real power in the Kuomintang party, government, and army. Liu Zhi not only hung up the number of the "Eight Great Kongs", but also had a name in the "Five Tiger Admirals".
The saying of the "Five Tiger Generals" under Chiang Kai-shek originated from the generals of Chiang Kai-shek's concubines who were able to recruit good warriors and distinguish themselves in battle during the Northern Expedition and the Great War in the Central Plains:
Liu Zhi, Gu Zhutong, Jiang Dingwen, Chen Cheng, Wei Lihuang.
Five Tiger Generals, Liu Zhi was in the first place. It is rumored in the outside world that the Five Tiger Generals, the "Fu General" is Liu Zhi, the "Loyal General" is Gu Zhutong, the "Flying General" is Jiang Dingwen, the "Cadre General" is Chen Cheng, the "Tiger General" is Wei Lihuang, and the first four are all from the Huangpu family, but Wei Lihuang is not.
Before getting to know and surrendering to Chiang Kai-shek,
Liu Zhi's promotion has been in a tepid state for a long time. In October 1924, the Whampoa Military Academy prepared to prepare for the establishment of the teaching regiment, and Liu Zhi was designated as one of the three battalion commanders. On March 13, 1925, the second battle of the Whampoa Army, the Battle of Mianhu, was launched, because the Whampoa Teaching Regiment was a tired division, and it was outnumbered, and soon fell into a dangerous situation of collapse, Liu Zhi did not give up hope, commanded and led his company to bravely charge, resisted the enemy who attacked head-on, successfully reversed the situation, and turned the battle from defeat to victory.
Liu Zhi trained his subordinates well, and in wartime, he personally charged into the battlefield and fought with the enemy with bayonets, thus gaining praise for "fighting bayonets and making battle achievements". In September 1927, Liu Zhigao was promoted to commander of the 1st Army and commander of the 2nd Division, and moved his troops to Shanghai. At this time, Liu Zhi commanded the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 14th, 20th, 21st, and 22nd Divisions, the Independent 4th Division, and the newly organized 1st Division. The huge size of the army structure is unprecedented, which shows the status and role of Liu Zhi himself in the Northern Expedition.
Throughout his life, Liu Zhi had no bad habits, did not smoke, drank, nor gambled, liked to wear a native cloth military uniform to inspect the grass-roots level, and took the initiative to memorize the infantry exercise code to the point of being familiar. Liu Zhi's troops, Xiao Yong and good at fighting, almost every battle will be won. In 1927, on the eve of Chiang Kai-shek's departure from the field, Liu Zhi was already an important general in the National Revolutionary Army. However, Liu Zhi always regarded Chiang Kai-shek as his absolute leader and tried his best to prevent Chiang Kai-shek from leaving.
In October 1927,
Liu Zhi was a member of the Military Commission of the National Government in Nanjing, and he looked like the third most important person in the Kuomintang, and except for Chiang Kai-shek, He Yingqin, and Gu Zhutong, the rest of the people looked down on him. In the Battle of Linhuaiguan in December 1927, Liu Zhi turned the tide and led his troops to defeat Zhang Zongchang's troops, occupy Bengbu, and reverse the situation in the Central Plains. When He Yingqin heard about this, he clapped his hands in admiration and called him a "blessed general." In January 1928, Liu Zhizhi took up the post of commander-in-chief of the 1st Army of the 1st Group Army and commander of the First Army, continuing to participate in the Northern Expedition.
In December 1928, Tang Shengzhi's ministry electrified against Chiang Kai-shek.
Liu Zhi commanded the 1st Army to fight a decisive battle with Tang Shengzhi's main force at Zhumadian, and secretly instigated a division to copy Tang Shengzhi's rear road, which won a complete victory. In March 1929, Liu Zhi defeated the Gui clan Hu Zongduo's troops in the first battle and took Wuhan directly. In December 1929, Liu Zhi attacked The Three Departments of Tang Shengzhi and Shi You, disarming and incorporating them all. After the Central Plains War, Liu Zhi first opened the Longhai Line, and then launched a counterattack against the Jin Sui Army, conquering Tai'an and Jinan, and the combined forces of Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang were defeated by Liu Zhi, and the Central Plains War ended here.
Postwar
Liu Zhi was awarded the title of the most capable general of the National Revolutionary Army's Northern Expedition. After the Zhongyuan incident was completed, Liu Zhi began to proceed steadily
Operation "Strike Red". June 1932,
Liu Zhi commanded 7 columns of the Kuomintang Middle Route Army, adopted the tactic of advancing side by side, step by step, and captured the base area of Dabie Mountain, forcing the Red Fourth Front to withdraw from Dabie Mountain and begin to enter the Long March. In April 1935, the kuomintang army carried out a reform of the military system, and Liu Zhi was awarded the rank of second-class general, ranking 7th among the generals.
At this time, Liu Zhi, 42 years old, was proud of the spring breeze and the middle-aged ambition, and the limelight was indistinguishable. The Xi'an Incident was an important turning point in China's modern history, too
Liu Zhi's military and political career and the watershed of his brilliant life. On December 12, 1936, he was put in charge of the Northeast Bureau
Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, the commander-in-chief of the 17th Army, launched a military campaign against Chiang Kai-shek and detained Chiang Kai-shek and other high-ranking Kuomintang military and political officials.
As soon as the incident came out, it caused an uproar. Liu Zhi was in Ganyu, Jiangsu Province, and after receiving the news of Chiang Kai-shek's detention, he rushed back to Xuzhou overnight, and then, following He Yingqin's orders, came to Luoyang to quickly gather troops and prepare to march to Xi'an, and sent a telegram ordering the 70th Army to seize Tongguan, and then asked the commander of the Luoyang garrison to disarm the heavy artillery brigade of the Northeast Army stationed in Luoyang.
On December 16, the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee appointed Liu Zhi as the commander-in-chief of the rebel Eastern Route Army. On the day of receiving the appointment, Liu Zhi disregarded Chiang Kai-shek's safety and divided his troops into six routes to force Xi'an. This is completely against Soong Mei-ling, Soong Zi-wen, Kong Xiangxi, Gu Zhu and others, and it is obvious that Chiang Kai-shek must be put to death. Liu Zhi followed He Yingqin's steps and tried to get Zhang Xueliang, Yang Hucheng, and others to kill Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an, which made people puzzled.
The Xi'an incident was resolved peacefully, Chiang Kai-shek flew to Luoyang, and Liu Zhi took the senior military and political officials of Luoyang to the airport to greet him, and arranged for many people to wave the banners of "Welcome the Principal's Victorious Return," "Long Live Chairman Chiang," and "Down with Yang Hucheng and Zhang Xueliang." Chiang Kai-shek saw it as soon as he got off the plane, and with a gloomy face, he called Liu Zhi to the front and reprimanded him, asking him to withdraw all his things. After this incident, Liu Zhi's official fortunes and good fortunes, the rivers and rivers declined day by day, and they did not return to the past.
Chiang Kai-shek sent Liu Zhi to reorganize Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng's troops, but in fact he was roasted on the fire. After the xi'an incident, its influence was still there, and Chiang Kai-shek's trust in Gu Zhutong gradually surpassed that of Liu Zhi, and slowly elevated Gu Zhutong's position above Liu Zhi. In 1937, the Anti-Japanese War broke out in full swing, and Liu Zhi, deputy commander of the Kuomintang First Theater and commander of the Second Army, held heavy troops in his hands, but was beaten by the Japanese army and lost to pieces, and won the nickname of "Long-legged General".
Successive defeats against Japan led Chiang Kai-shek to abandon him on the frontal battlefield and transfer him to Chongqing as the commander of the garrison, guarding the center. It was not until February 1945, near the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, that Liu Zhi returned to the battlefield and took over Li Zongren's post as commander of the Kuomintang Fifth Theater. After the end of the War of Resistance Against Japan, Liu Zhi, who had made no meritorious achievements, was awarded the Order of the Blue Sky and White Sun.
On the eve of the outbreak of the Liberation War, Liu Zhi took office
Director of the Zhengzhou Appeasement Office, commanding the troops of the First and Fifth Theaters of Henan and Shaanxi Provinces.
On behalf of the Kuomintang army, Liu Zhi took the lead in attacking the PLA troops in the Liberated Areas of the Central Plains, and the PLA in the Central Plains was forced to begin a difficult strategic shift. Liu Zhi used more than 300,000 troops, tens of thousands of pillboxes, thousands of miles of trenches, countless manpower, material and financial resources, and in 8 months, laid down a net of heaven and earth, and the Central Plains Liberation Army, which was thought to be in the bag and boiled duck, ran away!
Not only that, in the Battle of Dingtao, the 3rd Division of the Kuomintang Army was too forward on the front line, surrounded by Liu Deng's army that crossed the Yellow River, and the entire army was destroyed.
On September 6, 1946, when the news of the defeat reached Lushan, Chiang Kai-shek was furious and sent Chen Cheng, chief of staff, and Gu Zhutong, commander-in-chief of the army, to Xuzhou to hold a military review meeting. At the meeting, Chen Cheng did not give at all
Liu Zhi was faced, openly accused Liu Zhi of incompetence, and announced on the spot chiang kai-shek's warrant to revoke Liu Zhi's post.
The next day, September 10, Liu Zhi was escorted to Nanjing by Chen Cheng, and Chiang Kai-shek scolded him again in person, and then arranged for him in the presidential palace and gave him a false post. Liu Zhi had nothing to do all day, idle at home in Shanghai, and complained privately to people:
"Premier Sun is the public of the world, and the chairman of the committee is the private of the world."
In the summer of 1948, the Kuomintang and the Communists continued to mobilize heavy troops in the Huaihai area, and a major battle was about to break out.
To everyone's surprise, Chiang Kai-shek sent Liu Zhi to Xuzhou for operational command, and there was a lot of discussion within the Kuomintang, saying in private:
"Xuzhou is the gate of Nanjing, and a tiger should be sent to guard it; if a tiger is not sent, a dog should be sent to guard it; now only one pig is sent, and it is impossible to guard the gate."
No, as soon as Liu Zhi took office, the People's Liberation Army liberated Jinan, Shandong.
Liu Zhi was very optimistic and threatened:
"If We lost Jinan at the hands of Wang Yaowu, we must soon regain Jinan in my hands, so that the Communist Party will not be able to repay its losses and taste my might."
However, not long after, the Kuomintang army in the Xuzhou area fell into the predicament of being passively beaten, and on the Huaihai battlefield of the strategic decisive battle, the Kuomintang army was defeated again and again. Only then did Chiang Kai-shek realize that Liu Zhi was no longer available. Chiang Kai-shek knew that it would not be good to change the front, so he sent Du Yuming to Xuzhou to assist Liu Zhi in command. Relieved, Liu Zhi immediately handed over all military command to Du Yuming, and casually found an excuse to leave Xuzhou and take refuge in Bengbu.
In January 1949, after the Battle of Huaihai, Liu Zhi returned to Nanjing from Bengbu and was too frightened to see Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek was angry and hateful, and dismissed him from his post to investigate and deal with it. At this point, Liu Zhi ended his military career, and in his later years, he wrote a memoir about the Huaihai War, saying:
"The trend of the times, during this period, anyone's actions are very limited, of course, I have at least some military responsibility."
At the end of 1949, Liu Zhi, his wife Huang Peiqiong and his three children moved to Kowloon, Hong Kong, where they were robbed by kidnappers. In April 1950, Liu Zhi was dismissed from his position as a strategic adviser by the Taiwan authorities. In October 1950, Liu Zhi's family moved to Indonesia and taught for a living.
In January 1954, Liu Zhi came to Taiwan and settled in Taichung City. Liu Zhi, who is in Taiwan, has always lived a poor and uneventful life, reading and writing a diary every day. A few years later, a "My Memories" was compiled, and because there was no money to publish, it was circulated to the former colleagues in the form of mimeographs, and then it was officially published by the publishing house.
In 1965, his wife, who had suffered together in Indonesia
Huang Peifen died of illness, give
Liu Zhi caused a great blow, and since then he has become more depressed, waiting for death in loneliness and loneliness. On January 15, 1971, Liu Zhi, who suffered from diabetes, died in Taiwan at the age of 79.