In the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211), Liu Bei entered Sichuan, and in the nineteenth year (214) he attacked Chengdu, which is recorded in the annals of history. However, the relatively unknown person is that Liu Bei also carried a Eastern Wu soldier and horse when he entered the river.
The commander of this Eastern Wu ally was Lü Dai. The relevant records are found in the "Biography of Wu Fan" and Wei Yao's "Book of Wu", which can be known to be true.
Lü Dai's performance in the Battle of Jinchuan was mediocre, with few records, and he returned to Eastern Wu halfway, and it can be seen that his main task was to act as Sun Quan's eyeliner. Behind the incident is the game balance between Sun liu and Liu.
In this article, I would like to analyze the logic of Lü Dai's behavior and the background of the times in the beginning and end of Lü Dai's entry into the river.
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The historical background of Lü Dai's entry into the river
Liu Bei entered Sichuan, ostensibly to defend Liu Zhang against foreign insults, but in fact he was harboring evil intentions and plotting against Yizhou. At that time, many people of insight expected this.
When don't drive Zhang Song suggested, it is advisable to greet the lord first and make Zhang Lu. (Huang) Quan admonished: "General Zuo has a nickname ... If you want to treat guests with courtesy, a country cannot tolerate two kings. "--Shu Shu Huang Quan Biography"
Lord Liu went to Ba County, and Ba County's Yan Yan sighed: "This so-called sitting alone in the poor mountain, letting the tiger defend itself." "--Huayang Guozhi"
In view of this, Liu Bei and Lü Dai into sichuan appear to be superfluous, and may even lay hidden dangers for "sharing the loot afterwards". Therefore, it is necessary to talk about why Liu Bei did this.
This is related to the strategic layout and interest demands of Eastern Wu.
In Lu Su's "Policy on the Bed", Sun Quan needed to first manage Jiangdong, then attack Liu Biao, and finally annex Liu Zhang, unify the lower, middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River Basin, and compete with the north.
Because of his many duties, he eliminated Huang Zu, invaded Liu Biao, and even the Yangtze River (referring to the capture of Yizhou), according to it, and then established the emperor to seek the world. --Wu Shu Lu Su Biography
Lu Su: The Yangtze River is extreme, and the emperor is built to seek the world
Long before Liu Bei entered Sichuan, Eastern Wu had repeatedly tried to enter Yizhou.
The first time was when Zhou Yu made a punctual plan to enter Sichuan alone, but unfortunately died of illness on the eve of the army. The second time was after Liu Bei borrowed Nan Commandery, Sun Quan sent his clan Sun Yu to lead troops into Sichuan, but was blocked by Liu Bei.
(Zhou) Yu Nai Jing saw (Sun) Quan Yue: "Now Cao Cao is newly folded, And Fang is worried in his heart, and he has not been able to deal with the general Company. Begging and Fenwei (referring to Sun Yu) are both enterprising Shu. --Wu Shu Zhou Yu Biography
(Sun Quan) sent Sun Yu to lead the water army to live in Xiakou. (Liu) Bei did not listen to the army. --"Emperor Spring and Autumn"
Liu Bei's excuse to obstruct Wu Jun was very grandiose, not only on the grounds of "entrusting the name of the clan room", but even declaring that "if you are not invited, you should release it to the mountains and forests". Forced Sun Quan to be dumbfounded.
Zhou Yu and Gan Ning also advised (Sun) Quan to take Shu, the right to consult, and the internal desire to regulate themselves, but still falsely reported: "Bei and Zhangtuo are the clan room, hoping to rely on the heroic spirit, to Kuang Han Dynasty." Now that Zhang has offended the left and right, he is prepared to be afraid of his own, and he is not afraid to hear it, and he is willing to grant leniency. If he is not invited (referring to Sun Quan's abandonment of cutting Shu), he will be released and returned to the mountains and forests. --Wu Shu Zhou Yu Biography
Therefore, Liu Bei entered Sichuan alone this time, although he was named to assist Liu Zhang in the battle, his actual thoughts were difficult to predict.
Sun Quan's side did not want Liu Bei to swallow the fruits of the battle alone. In view of the big words made by Liu Bei's side before, he stated that he had no intention of advancing into Yizhou, and it was not good to refuse the eyeliner installed by Sun Quan, so he had to take Lü Dai with him.
Judging from the records of the Fa zheng zhuan and the yun bei biography, Sun Quan should have gained insight into the actual purpose of Liu Bei's entry into the river. This is because Liu Bei's step-brother Lady Sun has always been in the same breath as her brother.
When Lady Sun married Liu Bei, in addition to her maids, she also carried many parts, which were "illegal" in Jingzhou. It is not difficult to see that the "Eastern Wu officials" were responsible for spying on Jingzhou intelligence on behalf of Sun Quan in the name of dowry.
(Sun) Quan Mei was arrogant and arrogant, and many of the Wu officials were lawless. --"The Legend of the Clouds"
According to Lady Sun's status as the "master mother", it was natural that her henchmen could infiltrate the Zuo General's Mansion and report the relevant movements of Liu Bei's clique to Sun Quan.
From this point of view, "every time the lord enters, the heart is always cold", reflecting the mutual vigilance between Liu Bei and Lady Sun. The two have been married for several years and have no heirs, which should also be the reason.
(Sun Quan) Sister Cai Jie is fierce and fierce, has the style of a brother, and serves more than a hundred people, all of whom hold the sword and stand up, and every time the Lord enters, the heart is always cold. --Shu Shu Fa Zheng Biography
Lady Sun was fierce and fierce, and Liu Bei's heart was often frozen
Judging from historical development, soon after Liu Bei entered Sichuan, Lady Sun took Liu Chan to the east of the river, while Sun Quan "sent a large boat to welcome her sister". It can be seen that the Sun brothers and sisters already knew the actual purpose of Liu Bei's entry into Chuan, so they drew salaries from the bottom of the pot and tried to use Liu Chan as a chip to increase the capital of Jingzhou in the future.
Quan Wen prepared for the western expedition, and sent a large boat to welcome his sister. Madame wanted to return the Hou Lord to Wu, and Zhao Yun and Zhang Feile intercepted the river, but the Hou Lord returned. --"The Legend of the Clouds"
From this, it can be seen that Lü Dai, who accompanied him into Sichuan, could be regarded as a spy who spied on Liu Bei for Sun Quan.
Lü Dai's troop strength, itinerary and time with the army
Through the retrieval and analysis of historical materials, the relevant information of Lü Dai's entry into the river can be roughly restored. The following is discussed according to the number of soldiers, the itinerary into Sichuan and the time spent with the army.
(1) The number of soldiers
Judging from the visible historical data, Lü Dai brought at least 2,000 people into the river. However, for the purpose of monitoring Liu Bei, Lü Dai did not seem to participate in the combat tasks on the front line, but only accompanied the army.
According to Wei Yao's Book of Wu, Lü Dai once "lured the Han thief Zhang Lu to hanxingcheng with 2,000 soldiers", and it can be known that the number of Wu troops who accompanied him into Shu was not less than 2,000.
In the sixteenth year of Jian'an, the general Yin Yi and others lured the Hanzhong thief Zhang Lu to Hanxingcheng with 2,000 soldiers. --Wei Yao, Book of Wu
When Liu Bei entered Sichuan, the total number of soldiers and horses he carried was "tens of thousands", which can be roughly calculated from the proportion of Lü Dai's army in Liu Bei's army.
The first lord left Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others in Jingzhou, and sent tens of thousands of infantry into Yizhou. --The Book of Shu
In addition, when Liu Bei and Liu Zhang turned against each other, Liu Zhang's adviser Zheng Du once said, "The left general is dissatisfied with wan, and the hanging army attacks me." It can be seen that the 2,000 soldiers under Lü Dai's command did not participate in direct military operations, resulting in Liu Bei's less than 10,000 people under his command when the real battle was fought.
Zheng Du said (Liu) Zhang: "The Left General County (Hanging) army attacked me, the soldiers were not satisfied, the soldiers were not attached, and the wild valley was the capital. "--Shu Shu Fa Zheng Biography"
(2) Itinerary into the river
Judging from the place where Lü Dai seduced Zhang Lu (HanxingCheng), he had undoubtedly reached the hanzhong front.
Hanxing County was a newly established county state at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and some later scholars suspected that it was Han'an County, in the area of Yong County and Chen Cang, and was later classified as Fufeng. Lü Dai did some seduction work on Zhang Lu here, but the results were limited.
Cao Gong divided Guanzhong into hanxing county, and You Chu was made taishou. --Liu Zhao's citation of Wei Zhi
HanXing, suspected that Han'an changed its name, or the late Zhongping County was abolished, until Wei Wufu was separated, and also changed its name. --Hong Liangji
Among them, the accounts of Wu and Shu on this matter are slightly conflicting. The Book of Wu states that Zhang Lu was suspicious of Lü Dai's temptations and could not do anything about it, but the Book of Shu had another account.
(Lü Dai) lured zhang Lu, a thief in Hanzhong, to the city of Hanxing with 2,000 soldiers, and Lu was suspicious and broke the road, and the matter was not up. --Wei Yao, Book of Wu
Judging from the records of the "Biography of Li Hui", "Biography of Peng Xi", and "Biography of Huo Jun", after Liu Bei arrived in Yemeng, he did not launch a direct military confrontation with Zhang Lu,but instead sent envoys to tong.
(Li Hui) from Luocheng, (Liu Bei) sent to Hanzhong to make good friends with Ma Chao, and Chao obeyed his orders. --Book of Shu, Biography of Li Hui
The ancestors also thought it strange, and the number of orders (Peng) to publicize the military, instructed the generals, and received the honor of the envoy (Hanzhong), and met riga. --The Book of Shu
In the twentieth year of Jian'an (215), when Zhang Lu was defeated by Cao Cao, Liu Bei also sent Huang Quan to "lead the generals to meet Lu".
And Cao Gong broke Zhang Lu, Lu walked into Bazhong, Quan Jin said: "If you lose Hanzhong, then the three Babas are not vibrant, this is the arm of cutting Shu." "So the first lord took the power as his protector and led the generals to meet Lu. --ShuShu Huang Quan Biography
Therefore, Lü Dai's "westward temptation of Zhang Lu" may only be a part of Liu Bei's exchanges with Zhang Lu's envoys, not to be unfavorable to Zhang Lu. In view of the limited nature of historical data, this right is speculated.
(3) Time with the army
Lü Dai's history of the time of the army is not contained, but it can be slightly speculated from the "Biography of Wu Fan".
According to the records, when Lü Dai returned to the White Emperor, he declared that "Liu Bei's people were gone, dead and half", and it can be seen that when Lü Dai returned to Wu, Liu Bei and Liu Zhang had already gone to war.
Lü Dai returned from Shu and met the White Emperor, saying that (Liu) Beibu was gone, dead and half, and things would not be conquered. --Book of Wu, Biography of Wu Fan
The White Emperor, also known as Yong'an, belonged to Badong County, and was the gateway to and from Yizhou. If the White Emperor had been controlled by Liu Zhang, Lü Dai would not have been able to make the trip. In other words, when Lü Dai returned to Wu, the White Emperor had already been captured by Liu Bei's clique.
According to the Biography of the Ancestors, the White Emperor was captured by Liu Bei's clique in the following year (212), and Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, and others "traced the troops to the White Emperor, Jiangzhou, and Jiangyang". It can be known that Lü Dai's return to the east will not be earlier than the seventeenth year of Jian'an (212).
The first main army was strong, and the generals Ping's subordinate counties were dispatched, and Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and other generals traced the flow of the White Emperor, Jiangzhou, and Jiangyang. --The Book of Shu
Lü Dai: Liu Bei's people are gone, dead and half
The record of "the people falling away, dying and half" is not found in the Book of Shu, possibly because Liu Bei avoided it. However, according to the fierceness of the war, it should refer to the Battle of Luocheng, which was defended by Liu Xunzhen, the son of Liu Zhang, and was "attacked for a year".
The first lord marched to besiege Luo; Shi (Liu) Zhangzi (Liu) followed the siege of the city and was attacked for a year. --The Book of Shu
At the end of that year (212), which coincided with the Cao army's conquest of Wu, Sun Quan "called on the lord to save himself". However, at that time, Liu Bei was deeply involved in the quagmire of war and could not get out. Therefore, Sun Quan had no choice but to summon Lü Dai to defend against The Cao Army.
Next year, Cao Gong enlisted Sun Quan, and Quan called on the lord to save himself. --The Book of Shu
In the winter of October (17th year), (Cao) enlisted Sun Quan. --Book of Wei, Chronicle of Emperor Wu
From Liu Bei's side, carrying Lü Dai, the Eastern Wu eyeliner, into Sichuan was forced, so it was just a matter of pushing the boat along the water and sending this hot potato away.
I don't know if it was due to personal emotional factors, after Lü Dai returned to Wu, he told Sun Quan that Liu Bei would not be able to overcome everything when he entered Sichuan (see note above), of course, the outcome of the war was not as lü Dai predicted. This was probably because the follow-up reinforcements of Zhuge Liang, Zhao Yun, Zhang Fei and others changed the comparison of troops between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang.
In addition, from the records of the "Biography of Yuan Zhuo", when Lü Dai left Yizhou, the situation in which Liu Bei was located was indeed very bad. At that time, Cao Wei even rumored that Liu Bei had been killed, resulting in the Wei state of "congratulating all his subjects".
Judging from the order of the writing of the "Biography of Yuan Zhuo", this incident occurred during the "first founding of the State of Wei", that is, around the eighteenth year of Jian'an (213).
At the beginning of the State of Wei, (Yuan Zhuo) was Lang Zhongling... At that time, it was rumored that Liu Bei died, and all the courtiers congratulated him; Zhuo Yi was a prepared official (Yuan Zhuo was Mao Cai, who was raised by Liu Bei), and he did not congratulate him. --The Book of Wei, The Biography of Yuan Zhuo
From time to time, it was rumored that Liu Bei died, and Wei Ting's courtiers congratulated him
Strictly speaking, Liu Bei lasted four years (211-214) from entering Sichuan to capturing Chengdu, and there were many unexpected events such as the death of Pang Tong and the surrender of Ma Chao. He was able to seize the State of Yizhou, and indeed there was a large element of chance. This can also explain the historical background of the "Wu Fan Biography" in which "the subject speaks the Heavenly Dao, and (Lü) Dai sees the personnel".
Lü Dai returned from Shu and met the White Emperor, saying that the people of Beibu were gone, and they were half dead, and everything would not be conquered. (Sun) Quan Yi Nan (Wu) Fan, Fan Yue: "The subject speaks of the Heavenly Dao, and the person dai sees is the ear of the person." "Prepare for shu. --Book of Wu, Biography of Wu Fan
Lü Dai's military achievements in the river
Although Lü Dai's main purpose in entering the river was to monitor Liu Bei and his contribution to combat was limited, he still achieved considerable results.
This result was that Lü Dai plotted against and surrendered some of the generals who were formerly subordinate to Liu Zhang.
One of the more famous figures is the general Li Yi.
Wu generaled Lu Yi, Li Yi, Liu A, and others to conquer The Witches and Zi Gui; the generals Wu Ban and Feng Xi Zi Wu attacked the Yi and so on, and the army returned to Zi Gui. --The Book of Shu
This Li Yi is suspected that Liu Zhang will surrender wu. --Zhao Yiqing
Li Yiqi's origin is unknown, and in various records, he has been called together with Pang Xi, Gan Ning and others. Pang Xi was a native of Sili Henan (see Biography of Liu Yan), and Gan Ning was a native of Ba County, Yizhou. Therefore, whether Li Yi belongs to the Dongzhou Group or the Yizhou Group is still in doubt.
Ganning character Xingba, Ba County Linjiang people also. --WuShu Gan Ning Biography
However, judging from the fact that Li Yi was involved in the killing of the late lord Zhao Yun (a Brazilian), and Zhao Yun was also "the big surname in Yin Jie Prefecture", Li Yi was more likely to be a Yizhou person.
(Zhao) Yun plotted rebellion because of the people's grievances, but Hou bribed Jingzhou to please peace, Yin Jie Prefecture zhongda surname, and all the troops rose up, and fought back against Zhang... (Zhao) Yun killed Pang Le and Li Yi and beheaded Yun Jun. --Heroes
According to the Fa Zheng Biography, when Liu Bei besieged Luocheng, Fa Zheng advised Liu Zhang to surrender. The letter states that "daotong in present-day Jingzhou is dozens of times larger, and Jiasun Che rides his brother and Li Yi and Gan Ning as his successors."
In present-day Jingzhou Daotong, there are dozens of times as many, and Jiasun Che rides his brother and Li Yi and Gan Ning as his successors. --Shu Shu Fa Zheng Biography
Sun Che rode his brother and Li Yi and Gan Ning as his successors
Among them, "Sun Che Riding" refers to Sun Quan, and "brother" should refer to Sun Yu, that is, Sun Quan sent Sun Yu, Li Yi, Gan Ning and others as the backup force for entering Sichuan.
According to this record, after Lü Dai returned to Wu, Sun Quan actually sent another team to enter Sichuan to divide the fruits of victory. It can be seen that at this time, Li Yi had already defected from Liu Zhang's command and surrendered to Eastern Wu.
When Zhang Song was alive, he once told Liu Zhang, saying that "Pang Xi, Li Yi, and others are arrogant and arrogant, and want to have external intentions", that is, the two are suspected of collaborating with the enemy.
(Zhang) Songfu said (Liu) Zhang: "The generals Pang Xi and Li Yi in the present prefecture are all arrogant and arrogant, and if they want to have external intentions, they must not yu prefecture (referring to Liu Bei), then the enemy will attack outside them, and the people will attack them inside, and the way will be defeated." "--Book of Shu, Biography of Liu Zhang"
Although Zhang Song betrayed the Lord and sought glory, this statement was in line with the actual situation. Pang Xi later surrendered Liu Bei (see Biography of the First Lord), and Li Yi submitted to Eastern Wu. Judging from the changes in Li Yi's resume, before Lü Dai entered Sichuan, he was Liu Zhang's general, and after Lü Dai entered Sichuan, he became a minion of Eastern Wu, of which the beginning and end are self-evident.
From the perspective of place of origin, in Sun Quan's follow-up action, Li Yi followed Gan Ning to act together, perhaps because the two were born in Yizhou and were familiar with the local environment.
In addition, according to Wei Yao's "Book of Wu", Lü Dai once lured Zhang Lu with "Governor Lang and Yin Yi". Yin Yi only sees this in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Pei's notes, perhaps a false writing of "Li Yi", which is speculated in view of the limited historical data.
(Lü) Dai Dulang (Lü) sent Yin Yi and others to lure the Hanzhong thief Zhang Lu to hanxingcheng with 2,000 soldiers. --Wei Yao, Book of Wu
brief summary
There are very few records of Lü Dai's entry into the river, and even Lü Dai's biography does not reach this matter. This is undoubtedly caused by the deliberate concealment of Liu Bei and Sun Quan.
The reason is not difficult to understand. Lü Dai accompanied Liu Bei into Sichuan, which fully proved the fragility and shallowness of Sun Liu's alliance, and fully exposed the deceit and conspiracy and calculation of both sides.
Lü Dai led his troops into Sichuan, and there were few records of participating in the battle, but he was committed to luring Liu Zhang's troops; Liu Bei took Lü Dai into Sichuan and enjoyed the benefits of Eastern Wu reinforcements such as Gan Ning and Li Yi, but he did not want to give his allies a piece of the pie.
In view of this, Sun Quan, after hearing Lü Dai's report that "Liu Bei will not succeed", denounced Wu Fan, a warlock who predicted that "Liu Bei will gain Yizhou", and there was no lack of schadenfreude.
After Liu Bei captured Chengdu, he did not want to return Jingzhou, but he also said that "Liangzhou must be obtained", and the degree of roguehood was equally shocking.
(Jian'an) Twenty years later, Sun Quan had already gained Yizhou as his ancestor, so that the envoys wanted to obtain Jingzhou. The first lord said: "Liangzhou must be obtained, and Jingzhou should be with him." --Book of Shu
Of course, from the standpoint of a third party, both the Sun and Liu families played a very disgraceful role in the Battle of Jinchuan, and Lü Dai was precisely the most important witness, witnessing and participating in various ugly deeds almost the whole time.
Therefore, the "Biography of Lü Dai" completely ignored this matter, and his resume quickly stepped into the "Twenty Years of Jian'an" since "Sun Quan's Unification". As for the matter of following Liu Bei into Sichuan, there was no clue, and he could only ask Pei Fore.
In summary, the analysis of Lü Dai's deeds in Sichuan is helpful to understand the strategic layout and interests of Sun and Liu, and also to understand the historical background at that time.
I am Fat Mi, the original author of the history of the headline number. Talk about historical anecdotes and focus on the history of the Three Kingdoms. From the clues in Shi Hai's sinking hook and the Yoshimitsu katayu, to analyze the hidden meaning behind the unfolding.
Thanks for reading.