Clothes: Follow up with the last lecture. Lü Yi and others, under the instruction and support of Sun Quan, vigorously attacked the courtiers, causing a number of ministers to hate Lü Yi to the bone. However, last time we specifically analyzed that It is true that Lü Yiju's son-in-law and zuo general Zhu Zhu had embezzled 30,000 taels of money, and lü Yi was a proper anti-corruption heavy blow, and there was no wrongful accusation against Zhu Zhi at all.
We need to break the bread -
Did Lü Yi create an unjust case?
There are a total of four cases clearly recorded in the history books, including the Zhu Case, the Zheng Yin Case, the Gu Yong Case, and the Diao Jia (Yes Yi) Case.
Zhu Zhi. Embezzlement of thirty thousand taels of money, it is true, but Zhu Is Sun Quan's son-in-law, the case well, hehe...
Zheng Ji. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Sun Quan, Pei Songzhi's commentary quoted in the Biography of the Scribes, Zheng Ji, Zi Jingxian, Pei Guoren. His father, Zheng Zha, was very popular with Sun Quan, and when Sun Quan was serving as a general of the Han Dynasty Court, Zheng Zha worked with Zhang Zhao and Sun Shao to formulate imperial ceremonies. Zheng Ji is the younger son of Zheng Za, who has been famous since childhood, and is the kind that can write and fight. Zheng Yi's guests broke the law and were imprisoned by Zheng Yi, who was beaten to death during the torture (Lü Yi's guests broke the law in the county, and Lü Yi paid the prison and examined them). Lü Yi held a grudge in his heart, and after doing school work, he said bad things about Zheng Yin in front of Sun Quan. Sun Quan was furious and summoned Zheng Back. Pan Mao and Chen Biao (sons of the partial general Chen Wu) interceded for Zheng Yi, and Zheng Was released (Pan Mao and Chen Biao were released for please).
Yi Zhilu said: Lü Yi raised zheng yi, and Sun Quan was furious and recalled him. Then, Pan Mao and Chen Biao interceded for Zheng Ji together and were released. Note that it was Pan and Chen who "did not please", not Pan and Chen who proved that Zheng Yin had not committed a crime. From this, we can infer that even if Lü Yi did declare a personal vendetta, he must have caught Zheng Yin's pigtails and did not wrongfully accuse him.
It is generally believed that this incident is a typical case of Lü Yi's communiqué of personal vendetta and bullying of power. However, if Lü Yi is a personal vendetta, then how should Zheng Yi's disciple who killed Lü Yi be characterized? If a capital offense should be sentenced to death, how can someone be beaten to death during the interrogation? On the other hand, if Lü Yi's doorman made a Taishou County Order, and it happened that Zheng Ji was breaking the law in the territory, and the doorman beat Zheng Ji to death with a board during the interrogation, could this doorman continue to be his official? Of course not. We have reason to believe that the status gap between Zheng Ji and Lü Yi's disciples is huge, and zheng ji tortures and kills the doormen, there is nothing to do, not even a story; if Zheng Ji is tortured to death, it must be an accident, because the scholars and doctors measure their behavior completely differently.
Gu Yong. According to the "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Pan Mao", Lü Yi, the school secretary of the time, manipulated the authority, played the role of Gu Yong, the left general Zhu Zhao, and so on, all of which were prohibited.
Yi Zhilu said: Lü Yiquan checked what problem Gu Yong had, but the history books did not say. However, in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Gu Yong's Biography", there are "one class gradually becoming WeiFu ... If you raise a crime and correct adultery, you will hear it, and you will repeat the words of deep case scandal." It can be seen that the historian believes that Lü Yi's investigation and handling of Gu Yong is not out of thin air, but "the fiber must be heard", and everything that is big must be reported to Sun Quan, and it is too much to deal with small cases and heavy cases! That is to say, Gu Yong, or someone who is related to Gu Yong, must have committed some crime, but no one had ever taken these things seriously before, but now it suddenly did not work, even if there was a mistake of "Fiber Jie", Lü Yi and others had to check it. Obviously, Lü Yi did not wrongfully accuse Gu Yong, but Sun Quan wanted to repair Gu Yong.
In addition, Gu Yong and others were banned. "Prohibition" does not necessarily refer to guan da prison, which is about to a certain extent restricting the freedom of personal activity, for example, Gu Yong may only be able to stay at home, not allowed to go out, not allowed to contact other courtiers, and so on.
As we mentioned when we talked about the Ji Yan case, the Eastern Wu Qunchen generally believed that "overcoming the past with merit" was one of the basic policies of the Eastern Wu regime, that is, for a person with meritorious service, if he made a mistake, he should consider his merits and could not cling to his mistakes. In that year, Ji Yan was boycotted by the courtiers because he was not affectionate, and Sun Quan had to kill Ji Yan to calm the anger of the people. This time, Lü Yi and the others were taking the old road of Ji Yan again, but this time the momentum was bigger and fiercer than that time.
Diao Jia (yes Yi). Last time we said, Lü Yi falsely accused Jiang Xia of being too defensive of Diao Jia for slandering state affairs, and the people implicated said that they heard that Diao Jia did say something about major state affairs, but only Yi Yi did not echo it, saying:
Now that the knife is on my neck, why should I hide it for Diao Jia, kill myself, and become a ghost of disloyalty! Gu Yi knows that there should be an end to it.
Sun Quan eventually let Goi go, and Diao Jia was spared.
Yi Zhilu said: I have a deep respect for Yi Yi! Risking death and refusing to fall into the well, such a character is scarce in any era and is worthy of respect. However, did Diao Jia slander the state government? I tend to think that there is, or rather, that there is.
We have to pay attention to the fact that it is Yi who says that I will not hide it for him... Gu Yi knows that there should be an end to it. What does this sentence mean? It is roughly to say that to judge a thing, we cannot judge a thing in terms of partial generalizations, we cannot take it out of context, but we must look at it comprehensively, with a beginning and an end. We don't know exactly what Diao Jia said, but it is very likely that some of the words suspected of "slandering state affairs" came out of his mouth and were used by Lü Yi as evidence. For example, Zhang San said, and Li Si told me that Wang Wu was a king and a bastard. When Zhang San spoke, many people may have been present and heard. Later, someone accused Zhang San of calling Wang Wu a bastard, but omitted the words "Li Si told me to say." Although the whistleblower's act of taking things out of context is extremely bad, it makes it impossible to argue with three hundred mouths. Then, it is Yi who said, "Gu Yi knows that there should be a end to it," and the implication of his words is that Diao Jia did say some bad things, but whether he had slandered the state government in the end, he could not only pick those few words to say things, but should be looked at in its entirety and combined with the front and back, so that he could find out the truth.
Looking at it this way, Lü Yi has indeed wronged Diao Jia.
wait!
Let's look at it from another angle.
If Zhang San said that "Li Si said that Wang Wu is a king and eight eggs" and followed up with a sentence, "In fact, Li Si is a king and eight eggs", then we can conclude that Zhang San definitely does not think that Wang Wu is a king and an eight egg. However, if Zhang San did not say that "Li Si is the king of the eight eggs", how does Zhang San himself view Wang Wu? I personally think that there is a high probability that Zhang San also thinks that Wang Wu is a king and a bastard, and he agrees with Li Si's judgment of Wang Wu before saying so.
Therefore, although there is no exact evidence as to whether Diao Jia is slandering the state government, I personally believe that if it is strictly handled, it will certainly be able to be verified in the end.
Readers may think that when I say this, it is almost the same as Lu Yi, it is too much of a thing!
It's not like that.
Two reasons:
First, under the rule of Sun Quan, Eastern Wu had strict laws and regulations, and the officials and clans were generally dissatisfied, especially after strengthening the school system, hundreds of officials were panicked, and even people like Lu Xun and Pan Mao would shed tears when they talked about current politics. Therefore, diao jia complained and said a cool word, which is very likely.
Second, I judged that if we strictly investigate and deal with it, we will certainly be able to turn the Diao Jia case into an iron case, which has a theoretical and practical basis. We have previously talked about Zhang Tang, a cool official during the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who invented a "crime of belly slander", which means that although you did not say it, but you thought so in your heart, you are guilty! So, on this matter, why are so many ministers silent, and only Yi alone insists on not giving perjury? Because, whether Diao Jia's slander of the state government can sit down or not depends only on how Sun Quan thinks, and has nothing to do with what Diao Jia says. If the courtiers are not careful, they will take their lives.
Writing this, my heart is also tense. Under the ancient autocracy, if you want to get a fair legal trial, you have to rely on bad luck.
We are fortunate that we now live in a society governed by the rule of law.
In addition to the above few, Zhuge Jin, Lu Xun, Pan Mao, Zhu Ran, Lü Dai and others may also be more or less involved in some cases, and the history books are not clear, so we will not talk more about them.
But one thing we can be sure of is that all those who have been accused by Lü Yi must not have been completely wronged, but the matter of their accusations has not been a matter at all before it was put aside, and after Lü Yi came to power, it was a matter. For example, Jiang Ji, an elder chancellor of Cao Wei, was in charge of the selection and appointment of military generals when he was defending the army. Jiang Ji was famous for buying and selling officials and children, and at that time it was compiled into a paragraph: if you want to ask for a tooth gate, you deserve a thousand horses; a hundred people supervise, five hundred horses. I dare say that Cao Wei's laws must have clauses prohibiting the purchase of officials and the sale of officials. If Jiang Ji is taken to blame for this incident, will he be wronged? Of course not. But did the Cao Wei government investigate Jiang Ji? No. Why? Because everyone thinks that selling an official is no big deal, but if jiang ji is done, it will cause the public indignation of the courtiers. This logic is really a jerk, but many times, things evolve and change according to this logic.
In this way, when we re-examine the Policy of the Eastern Wu Regime of "overcoming merits with merit," we will find that the entire official arena has turned a blind eye to some violations of the law. If Sun Quan wants to crack down on illegal and criminal acts, in fact, he is an enemy of all courtiers and clans, and he will be regarded as a "must-hear" of the family.
So --
Lü Yi must die
Personally, I believe that the overthrow of Lü Yi was the result of the joint efforts of almost all the courtiers, but on the surface, there were three people who played a relatively large role, Pan Mao, Bu Qi, and Li Heng.
1. Pan Mao. According to the "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Pan Mao's Biography of Pan Mao" hates Lü Yi to the bone, and even when he talks to Lu Xun about this matter, the two people are angry and tearful. Pan Mao wrote back to Nanjing, planning to invite the hundred officials to a meal, and directly slaughtered Lü Yi during the banquet. After Lü Yi heard about it, he excused himself as ill and did not attend the banquet. After that, as long as Pan Mao entered Sun Quan, he denounced Lü Yi's treachery and insidiousness. As a result, Sun Quan's favor for Lü Yi gradually declined.
2. Step by step. In the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, the Biography of Bu Qi quotes a number of letters from Bu Qi to Sun Quan, denouncing Lü Yi and others, and supporting Gu Yong, Lu Xun, Pan Mao and others.
Sun Quan then juewu and killed Lü Yi.
3. Li Heng. In the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Pei Songzhi's notes cite the Xiangyang Chronicle, li Heng, zi shuping, born in the xiangyang warrior family, in the last year of the Han Dynasty, ran to Wuchang for refuge. Li Heng was probably a little skilled, not willing to be an ordinary person, and there was a man named Yang Wei (衟 read like a tao. At the same time, the State of Wei also had a famous scholar who was good at judging characters. Li Heng visited Yang Heng, who praised Li Heng a lot. When Lü Yi began to manipulate their authority, the ministers were very afraid, and no one dared to resist. Yang Wei said that the only person who could handle Lü Yi was Li Heng (not Li Heng's incompetent and sleepy). Therefore, the courtiers jointly recommended Li Heng as a Lang official. Sun Quan introduced Li Heng, and Li Heng was when he took pain in Chen Lüyi's treacherous behavior, and spoke for half an hour in one breath (thousands of words short of Chen Lüyi's adultery), and made Sun Quan look ashamed. A few months later, Lü Yi was reprimanded.
Yi Zhilu said: We are not good at judging which of these people played the most role, but we can be sure that Sun Quan's determination to kill Lü Yi was not because of someone's words, but because of the joint efforts of the courtiers, Sun Quan felt a strong pressure, and there was no way to end it without killing Lü Yi.
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The history books give us the feeling that Lü Yi and others have examined many people, but those who have clear records are only Gu Yong, Zhu Zhao, Zheng Yin, and Diao Jia (it is Yi who is implicated, not Lü Yi).
Gu Yong, a native of Wu County, was then a chancellor, a large family, and one of the four surnames of Wu County.
Zhu Zhao, a native of Wu County, was then a general of the Left Clan, a member of the Great Clan, and a brother of the former general Zhu Huan.
Zheng Ji (郑胄), a native of Peiguo, held an unknown position at the time. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 10, a historian commented that Chen Biao was the son of a warrior family, but he was on a par with the son of the "celebrity" Zheng Ji (and the celebrity of The Famous People), outstanding, not also beautiful! It can be seen that Zheng Ji is also from a large family.
Diao Jia, then the Taishou of Jiangxia County, other circumstances are unknown. However, at the same time, Eastern Wu also had a Danyang man Diao Xuan, known as the famous Confucian. At that time, there were many branches of the big clan, and such a rare surname as Diao was most likely of the same clan, so I tended to think that Diao Jia was also from a large clan.
This gives us a feeling that Sun Quan is probably dissatisfied with the great clans, so he reuses Lü Yi and others to strike at them.
Why?
One of the reasons why it's important is that —
Governing philosophy is different
Sun Quan attached great importance to the legal system, and in fact, the leading figures of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu basically followed the line of legalists and advocated governing the country with severe punishment and harsh law, but to different degrees.
However, the Confucian-born wu courtiers were quite resistant to Sun Quan's harsh punishment.
According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Sun Quan once asked the ministers about the gains and losses of political affairs, and Zhang Zhao believed that the laws were too tight and the punishment was too heavy, and there should be some reduction. Sun Quan was silent. He also asked Gu Yong's opinion. Gu Yong said that Zhang Zhao and I agreed. Therefore, Sun Quan asked people to discuss the matter of mitigating the punishment.
In October 226, Lu Xun wrote a letter exhorting Sun Quan to extend benevolence, suspend punishment, reduce rent, and exempt household transfer taxes. Sun Quan replied:
The decree was set up to prevent and contain evil, to prevent trouble before it happened, and how can there be no punishment for those bad elements? This is called first restricting by decree and then punishing by decree, and the starting point is that no one wants to commit a crime at all. You think the punishment is too severe, so why would I want to do that? It's just a last resort. According to your meaning, it should be renegotiated and it is important to ensure that the legal provisions are feasible.
Therefore, Sun Quan ordered the relevant departments to copy all the laws and regulations and send them to Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin, so that if they felt that something was inappropriate, they would directly add and revise them.
[Sun Quan: We must rule the country by law!] 】
In the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Lu Xun's biography, in 229 AD, Lu Xun wrote:
The subject thinks that today's science law is too severe and there are too many violations of the law. Over the years, the soldiers have violated the law, and indeed they should not, but the world has not yet been unified, and we must still forge ahead, and we should give a little grace and forgive these people to calm down. Now that various undertakings are on the rise, it should first look at the talents of the cadres, and if they are not the kind of villains who are bad embryos in the womb and have not committed unforgivable crimes, they should be reused and let them serve the country. The Holy King can forget to remember the merits in order to achieve the king's cause. At that time, Han Gaozu did not count Chen Ping's evil deeds, but used his strange schemes, which established the Han Dynasty, and his merits were thousands of years. Severe punishment cannot accomplish the great cause of the emperor, only punishment is not forgiven, nor is it the policy of naturalization in the distant distance.
Obviously, Zhang Zhao, Gu Yong, Lu Xun, zhuge Jin, as the spokesmen of the Confucian clan in the imperial court, all of them opposed the harsh punishment law, while Sun Quan was properly in the Shen Han line, and these two opposing ideas have a long history. During the war years, the contradictions were not yet prominent, but in the relatively peaceful period, the contradictions between the Confucian clan and Sun Quan became increasingly prominent. In the controversy between Sun Quan and the courtiers, on the surface, it was often Sun Quan who made some compromises; but deeper, Sun Quan never surrendered to the courtiers. It is mainly manifested in two aspects: First, the result of the controversy is often that Sun Quan amends the decree according to Lu Xun's opinions, and even lets Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin personally go into battle. But in fact, the controversy over the excessively strict laws has not stopped over the years, which just shows that Sun Quan did not take Lu Xun's opinions too seriously at all. The second is to swing a sword at the courtiers from time to time. In 224 AD, Sun Quan used Ji Yan to attack the Hundred Officials, but in the end he had to kill Ji Yan. This time, Sun Quan once again took out the knife and used Lü Yi and others, and the blows against the courtiers lasted for several years, but they were still defeated again in the strong opposition of the courtiers and the great clan.
I have a feeling that the reason why Sun Quan resolutely promotes the legal system may be that he distrusts "people", and he does not believe in the Confucian rule of benevolence and rule by virtue at all. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms is a biography of Yi in:
It has been a ceremonial country for decades and has never made a mistake. Lü Yi reflected to Sun Quan the problem of the chancellor, almost everyone had it, and some of them were even reflected again and again, only Yi was alone, and there was no problem to reflect.
Sun Quan sighed and said that if everyone could be like Yi, they would still need the hair of the legal branch!
Sun Quan's exclamation is not so much a compliment of Yi's high and clean character as a sigh at the current situation in the official field. It is precisely because the officials cannot do what they are, so they need to formulate legal regulations, and they need to appoint Lü Yi to rectify the rule of officials!
In the Lü Yi case, Sun Quan failed, but his struggle with his ministers was far from over. And look --
Did Sun Quan sin against himself?
After Lü Yi was executed, Sun Quan engaged in a profound self-criticism and sent Zhongshu Lang Yuan Li to various places to thank the generals, and at the same time asked everyone for their opinions and suggestions on current political affairs. After Yuan Li returned, he reported to Sun Quan. Sun Quan rebuked Zhuge Jin, Bu Qi, Zhu Ran, Lü Dai, and others, saying:
After Yuan Li returned, he said that he had met with Ziyu (Zhuge Jin), Zishan (Bu qi), Yifeng (Zhu Ran), and Dinggong (Lü Dai) and consulted opinions on the priorities of current political affairs. But you all refused to say more than half a word on the grounds that you were not in charge of the civil affairs, and all of them were pushed on Lu Xun and Pan Mao. When Lu Xun and Pan Mao saw Yuan Li, they burst into tears, their attitude was earnest, and their words revealed bitterness and pain, and even their hearts were uneasy. After I heard about it, I was also very intimidated and made a profound self-analysis. Why? Only the saints in the world may be at fault, and the wise man can only discover his own mistakes. How can people do everything right? But sometimes, without realizing it, it has hurt everyone and made everyone suspicious. I have worked with you, from adolescence to adulthood, my hair has been gray, what kind of person I am, from the surface to the inside, it can be said that it is under your eyes, public and private, I am one with everyone. I hope that everyone can open their hearts, speak their minds, and fill in the gaps. There are no pure white foxes in the world, but there are pure white foxes. Why? Of course, it was made up of the fur of a large group of foxes. I am nominally a monarch with you, but in fact it is not an exaggeration to refer to flesh and blood. Loyal subjects should not hide the truth, wise men should not retain their strategies, no matter what is right or wrong, how can you stand aside, stand by and watch, and be at ease! We are all in the same boat, who can cross the river alone? If Qi Huangong has good deeds, Guan Zhong will certainly praise them; if there are mistakes, Guan Zhong will definitely advise, and if he does not listen to the advice, he will continue to advise. Now, I think I don't have the virtue of Qi Huan, but you refuse to give advice. In this regard, I am stronger than Qi Huangong, but I don't know if you are comparable to Guan Zhong? Together, we will set the great cause and unify the world, and who else will be with me! Now that Pepsi is on the move, I long to hear opinions that will correct my mistakes and omissions.
[Zhuge Jin, extremely rigorous. 】
Yi Cilu said: This edict reveals that Zhuge Jin, Bu Qi, Zhu Ran, and Lü Dai have all learned to be obedient, and Sun Quan asked about political affairs, and everyone did not say a word. It is better to be blamed for silence than to be guilty of excessive words. As for Pan Mao and Lu Xun mentioned by Sun Quan, if Pan Mao had a good life, he died the following year, that is, in 239 AD, which is a good death. Lu Xun was trapped in the Ergong case a few years later, and was scolded to death by Sun Quan. Sun Quan's relationship with his subjects can no longer return to the early days of court-to-face strife.
Although the Lü Yi case is over, its impact is far-reaching, especially for Sun Quan himself, which may have been seriously stimulated. Sun Quan found that those who opposed him included not only the great clan but also the Hanmen (Li Heng); not only the Jiangdong clan (Lu Xun, Gu Yong, Zhu Zhao, etc.), but also the northern scholars (Bu Qi, Pan Mao, Shi Yi, Zheng Yin, etc.); not only ordinary courtiers, but also imperial relatives and noble relatives (Bu Qi, Zhu Zhao), in other words, almost all the courtiers were in a group, and all of them opposed him. If you want to clean up these guys, so hard, it is definitely not OK, you must find a way to divide them, provoke them to fight among them, in order to sit and reap the profits.
Soon after, Sun Quan single-handedly triggered the Ergong case, which can be called the most tragic court fire during his reign, many important ministers and ministers were killed and exiled, and the final outcome was not in line with Sun Quan's expectations, I don't know, but Sun Quan must have learned the lessons of The Lü Yi case, and indeed divided the courtiers into two factions, so that they themselves could fight to the death.
The Ninomiya case, we will talk about it later.
【Picture from the network】