During the Republic of China, government agencies frequently "changed their vests", and administrative organs such as the Beiyang Government, the Nationalist Government, and the Wang Puppet Government appeared. The government of the "Changing Banner of the King of the City" not only undermined the authority of state institutions at that time, but also caused trouble to future generations in studying the history of the Republic of China.
What is the relationship between these three governments?
Yuan Shikai fished
Beiyang Government
When it comes to the Beiyang government, it is inseparable from the controversial Yuan Shikai. On October 10, 1911, the success of the Wuchang Uprising shocked the world. In order to suppress the revolutionary party, Yuan Shikai, who held a new army in the six towns of Beiyang, became the first choice of the Qing court. On October 14, the Qing court announced: "The cabinet has issued an edict, and the governor of Huguang has written Yuan Shikai's supplementary teachings and handled the matter of suppression." ”
On the one hand, yuan shikai, who had entrusted him with a heavy responsibility, did not accept the order in danger; on the one hand, he asked for his resignation on the grounds that "he was close to the sudden cold of autumn, phlegm and asthma, and was inclined to have dizziness and palpitations, and his thoughts were in a trance." On the other hand, he proposed to the Qing court that the Qing court convene a congress, organize a responsible cabinet, take over military power, expand the new army, grant military expenses, and lift the party ban. After bargaining, Yuan Shikai, who had seized military and political power, went south to take up his post on October 30.
Li Yuanhong (October 19, 1864 – June 3, 1928), formerly known as Bingjing (秉經), was a native of Huangpi, Hubei
After the Qing court, Yuan Shikai, who had a heavy army, was hunted by imperialism. On November 26, British Consul General in Hankou Ge Fu came forward to "mediate". Proposed peace to the Hubei military government. Li Yuanhong, the governor of Hubei Province, also intended to negotiate peace on the grounds of military defeat. The north and south hit it off and on December 18, a peace talk began at the British Concession City Hall in Shanghai.
During the negotiations, Britain, the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan, France, and other countries exerted pressure on the peace talks, claiming that "if China's war continues, it will endanger the interests and security of outsiders," holding that "it is necessary to settle the peace situation at an early date to put an end to the current dispute," and demanding that the two sides shake hands and make peace as soon as possible. The old bureaucrats and constitutionalists who had mixed into the revolutionary ranks expressed their support for Yuan Shikai one after another, and the situation tilted in favor of Yuan Shikai.
At this time, the consuls general of Britain, the United States, Russia, France, Japan, and Germany in Shanghai issued a note entitled "Bringing the present conflict to an end" to impose influence on the North-South council and the deputies. On January 15, 1912, Sun Yat-sen, under internal and external pressure, issued a statement: "If the Qing Emperor abdicates and declares a republic, the Provisional Government will never renege on its word, and can officially announce its dismissal. ”
Ai Xin Jue luo Puyi (1906-1967), the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the last emperor in Chinese history
With Sun Yat-sen's assurances, Yuan Shikai accelerated the pace of forcing the Qing Emperor to abdicate and establish a republican form of government. In early February, the Qing court and Yuan Shikai reached an agreement to retain the title of Qing Emperor, that the Qing Emperor still resided in the Imperial Palace, and that he would enjoy a special fee of 4 million yuan per year. On February 12, Emperor Puyi of the Qing Dynasty announced his abdication. At the same time, Yuan Shikai eagerly recognized that "the republic is the best form of state" and promised that "the monarchy will never be allowed to work in China again." ”
Sun Yat-sen complied with his promise and resigned as president for 44 days, recommending Yuan Shikai to succeed as interim president. On October 6, 1913, Yuan Shikai was inaugurated as the president of the Republic of China in Beijing as he wished, and the Beiyang Government was established. After his death, the Beiyang system split. In 1928, the Beiyang government lost the Northern Expedition and died. On the surface, the Beiyang government is the fruit of the victory of the Xinhai Revolution, but in fact it is the product of the concessions made by the bourgeois revolutionaries to the big landlords and the representatives of the big compradors.
Yuan Shikai was restored
National Government
After Yuan Shikai came to power, he actively suppressed the "second revolution" through government, military, economic, diplomatic and other means, and even overthrew the republic on December 12, 1915, and restored the emperor. In the face of Yuan Shikai's arrogance, the Kuomintang Political Committee decided to organize a government. On July 1, 1925, the National Government in Guangzhou was established, with Chiang Kai-shek, Wang Jingwei and Tan Yanmin as the standing committee, and Wang Jingwei as the chairman. The armies in various localities are collectively known as the National Revolutionary Army. The first task of the new government was to conduct the Northern Expedition.
With the change of the situation, the National Government has moved to Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing and other places, of which Nanjing and Chongqing are the most important. Since Sun Yat-sen's death in Beijing in March 1925, the Kuomintang leftists led by Wang Jingwei, the rightists led by Chiang Kai-shek, and the Xishan Conference faction headed by Lin Sen have engaged in power struggles. Fierce partisan struggles prompted the left and right to form the Wuhan National Government and the Nanjing National Government respectively, and Chiang Kai-shek was forced to step down in August 1927.
Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975)
In September 1927, the internal strife within the Kuomintang tended to ease, and the Nanjing government, the Wuhan government, and the Xishan Conference formed the "Central Special Committee" to establish a new National Government in Nanjing. In January 1928, Chiang Kai-shek was reinstated. Thanks to the successive victories of the warlords in the melee, coupled with the strong support of the financial capitalists, Chiang Kai-shek was able to win the water. He used excellent strategists to combine the power of the party, the government and the military in October of that year.
On December 1, 1937, the situation of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression became increasingly severe, and the Nationalist government moved Nanjing to Chongqing. With the relocation of administrative agencies and government personnel, Chongqing became the political, economic, military and cultural center of the country, the capital of China during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and the world's anti-fascist Far East command center.
On May 5, 1946, the Nationalist government returned to Nanjing, and Chongqing ended its duties as the capital of the war. On May 20, 1948, after deliberation and approval by the National Assembly, the National Government was reorganized into the Presidential Palace, and Chiang Kai-shek was appointed as the The President of the Republic of China. The "National Government" withdrew from the stage of history. Under Chiang Kai-shek's manipulation, the Nationalist government was effectively reduced to an instrument of his dictatorship.
Wang Jingwei in his youth
Wang puppet government
The part of speech of "pseudo" is a derogatory word in Chinese. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Wang Jingwei lacked confidence in defeating his opponents, and he once told Chen Gongbo: "China should find a path of peace for Japan." Wang Jingwei's advocacy of the so-called "peace movement" is actually an act of defection to the enemy in the pursuit of glory.
In March and December 1938, at the behest of Wang Jingwei, the "International Research Society" and the "Japanese Research Society" were established in Hong Kong successively, and Lin Baisheng, Mei Siping, Gao Zongwu and others used the name of these research associations to secretly communicate with Japan. In November 1938, with the permission of Wang Jingwei, Gao Zongwu and Mei Siping negotiated with the representatives of the Japanese military department, Akira Akira and Takeo Imai, to determine the Draft Basic Treaty on Sino-Japanese Relations.
After that, Wang Jingwei fled to Hanoi and interacted frequently with the Japanese side. On December 22, Japan's Konoe Cabinet issued the "Third Statement of the Japanese Konoe Cabinet to China", which involved three items: good neighborliness and friendship, joint defense of communism, and economic promotion. In the face of the statement, Chiang Kai-shek refused and refuted it, and Wang Jingwei, who was in Hanoi, published a beautiful telegram in response to the statement in major Newspapers at home and abroad in Hong Kong, and his shameless face was fully revealed.
A recent photo of Chiang Kai-shek's work, and documents are being approved
In the autumn of 1939, Wang Jingwei reached a secret agreement with the Japanese side on the "basic plan for peace", and on the other hand, he accelerated the pace of forming a puppet government. On March 30, 1940, the Wang puppet government was established in Nanjing. The next day, Wang Jingwei issued the "Declaration on the Return of the National Government to the Capital" and the "Political Program of the National Government", falsely claiming that the pseudo-National Government "is still the only one and only legitimate central government in the whole country." ”
After the establishment of the Wang puppet government, it signed with the Japanese side "On the Basic Relations between the Republic of China and Japan," the "Attached Protocol," the "Sino-Japanese-Manchurian Joint Declaration," and the "Sino-Japanese Alliance Treaty" and other treaties that humiliated and humiliated the country. On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally, the Wang puppet government collapsed, and Chen Gongbo, Mei Siping, Chu Minyi and others were severely punished by law.
The Mainichi Shimbun newspaper with news of Japan's surrender
Throughout the history of the Republic of China, the Beiyang government, the Nationalist government, and the Wang puppet government of the Republic of China are indispensable and important puzzles in modern history. The Beiyang government and the National Government are "iterative" institutions that express the will of the state and exercise state power, and have become the symbols of different periods of the Republic of China, while the Wang puppet government is a farce of jumping beams and clowns and is spurned by people.
Resources:
[1] Wang? tender? "A Brief Analysis of the Reasons for Chiang Kai-shek's Victory in the Early Period of the Nanjing Government"
[2] Wang Hongxia? "A Brief Discussion on Yuan Shikai's Theft of the Victory Fruits of the Xinhai Revolution"
[3] Cao Yulian? "Documentary of Wang's False Collaboration with the Enemy"