To sum up, there are three main things: the first, the early years of the expedition, repeated military achievements; the second, properly handle the dispute over the throne; the third, into the regency, lay the foundation of the dynasty.
The first, in the early years of the expedition, repeatedly made military achievements. Dorgon was Nurhaci's most beloved son, and his love for Dolgun was not a pampering and doting like that of Dorgon, but a deliberate cultivation and training. When his biological mother died, Dorgon was only 15 years old. The early death of his parents was the greatest misfortune for the young Dorgon, which had a profound impact on his lifelong growth and political career. The year after his mother's death, Dorgon marched with his brother Emperor Taiji into the Chahar department of Mongolia. The first time he performed his prancing horse with a bow and armor, he showed an incomparable divine martial art. Emperor Taiji gave him the nickname "Morgen Daiqing" (Mongolian for wise warrior). Huang Taiji also publicly declared that for those who do not call their beautiful names but still call themselves by their real names, "if they are men, they will be punished with quivers with bows and arrows inserted; if they are women, they will take off the clothes she wears." This year, Dorgon was only 16 years old.
During the reign of Emperor Taiji, Dorgon participated in almost all major battles and gradually became an outstanding military commander. In the battle against Dalinghe City, he personally charged into the battle, straight to the dalinghe City, the city was fiercely fired, and the Later Jin army suffered many casualties. Afterwards, Emperor Taiji angrily rebuked his subordinates for not dissuading them, saying: "Murgen Dai Qing also charged in, and if there is any negligence, you will be severely punished and intolerant!" Attacking Jinzhou City, he took the lead again and rushed to the front. The Ming general Zu Dashou's army fired cannons south from Jinzhou Chengtou, while Hong Chengzuo's army fired artillery from south to north, and Dolgun was caught in the attack and almost killed. Later, when Zu Dashou surrendered, Dorgon talked to him about the danger at that time, and Zu Dashou said with trepidation: "Is there such a thing?" If artillery fire hits the king's mount, the consequences are unimaginable!" Dorgon said frankly, "At that time, the two enemies were enemies, lest they not be able to hit." ”
There are a few things that speak volumes about Dorgon's strategy and heroism:
First, it clearly put forward the strategy of "crippling" the Ming Dynasty. Dorgon was sharp-eyed and strategic. In the seventh year of Tiancong (1633), Emperor Taiji discussed with Zhu Belle and the ministers the grand plan to further rejuvenate the country, and asked them which should be the first in the conquest of Ming, Chahar, and Korea. Dorgon advocated the conquest of Ming first. Proceeding from the strategic purpose of shaking the foundation of Ming rule and then seizing power throughout the country, he suggested that Emperor Taiji reorganize the soldiers and horses every year, take advantage of the valley to go deep into the Ming Realm, besiege Yanjing, intercept its reinforcements, destroy its Forts, and consume its national strength. Dorgon's strategy, in line with Houjin's strategic goals, was adopted by Emperor Taiji. Because the area outside Shanhaiguan was still heavily guarded by the Ming Dynasty at that time, the Eight Banners Army detoured through the Mongolian region, crossed the Great Wall, and repeatedly went deep into the Ming Realm, ravaging the land and people, and dealing a heavy blow to the Ming Dynasty.
Second, he attacked the Mongol Chahar Department and obtained the National Seal. Earlier, when Houjin conquered and recruited the Mongol tribes, only the powerful Chahar department, under the leadership of Lin Dan Khan, refused to surrender, and always adopted an attitude of confrontation and maneuvering with Houjin. In the eighth year of Tiancong, Lin Dan Khan died of smallpox in Qinghai. Emperor Taiji took advantage of this favorable opportunity and in February of the ninth year of Tiancong ordered Dolgun and others to lead 10,000 elite troops to the Yellow River Loop area to recruit chahar's people. The march proceeded smoothly, and successively recruited Lin Dan Khan's wife Nang Nang Fujin, SuTai Fujin, and Lin Dan Khan's son Erke Konggol Erzhe. Lin Dan Khan once received the Yuan Dynasty's imperial jade seal, which had the words "Treasure of Making Curses" on it, and Dorgon presented the jade seal to the Emperor Taiji. Because this jade seal symbolizes "the rui of the unification of ten thousand years", the emperor Taiji was greatly pleased. The following year, Emperor Taiji changed his name to Khan. Dorgon was also made more highly valued by the Prince of Shuorui because of his meritorious promotion. The second is to properly handle the dispute for the throne. In August of the eighth year of Chongde (1643), Emperor Taiji died suddenly, and he did not have an heir before his death, so there was a sharp and complicated struggle within the Qing imperial family over the selection of an heir. The two yellow flag ministers led by The Emperor Taiji and the two white flag ministers led by Dolgun and Duoduo were at odds with each other, the former supporting the Emperor Taiji's eldest son Hauge, and the latter supporting Dolgun, and the situation developed to the point of sword-rattling. Although Dorgon coveted the throne, at the critical moment, he still did not want to see a situation of military confrontation within the Qing Dynasty.
Finally, he proposed a compromise plan, establishing Fu Lin, the ninth son of emperor Taiji, at the age of 6, as emperor, and he and Zilharang would assist him in the government, and when Fu Lin grew older, he would return to power immediately. This plan broke the deadlock and was accepted by both sides. Regarding this process, which has already been mentioned, it will not be repeated here. But this is indeed a great achievement of Dorgon's great deeds. On the eve of the Qing Dynasty's large-scale entry into the customs, the divisions and even bloodshed caused by the power struggle were avoided, and if such a scene occurred, the development of history would be a different end. Dorgon took care of the overall situation, although he did not get the throne, but he was not the loser of this battle, because of the 6-year-old Fu Lin, a real power in his hands, soon became the de facto supreme ruler of the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, Dorgon's tolerance, wisdom, and flexibility in resolving internal conflicts also raised his prestige in the country. The third, entering the regency of Customs, laid the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. From the first year of Shunzhi (Ming Chongzhen seventeenth year, 1644) when the Qing Dynasty entered the customs to the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650) when Fu Lin was in power, in the seven years in between, the heroic Dolgun actually held the military and political power of the country. Under his command, the Qing army reached the front and quickly swept through most of China. He was regent for 7 years and had five main achievements:
(1) Enter the Central Plains and set the capital in Beijing. In March of the first year of Shunzhi, Li Zicheng's Dashun peasant army captured Beijing, and the Ming Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself. The sudden change in the situation in the Central Plains created a rare opportunity for the Qing Dynasty to enter the customs. In April of the same year, the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan and defeated Li Zicheng's army of more than 200,000 people, and wu Sangui, the defender of Mingshan Customs, surrendered. In early May, Dorgon led a large army into Beijing. Dorgon's reputation was greatly shocked, and for a while "inside the guanguan outside the guan, Xian knew that there was a rui king". When the Qing army entered the customs, there was a serious disagreement within the Manchurian nobility over whether the Qing Dynasty should establish the capital of Beijing. Dorgon's half-brother-in-law, the Eighth King, Azig, advocated that the kings should be left to defend Beijing, and the soldiers would either remain in Shenyang or return to Shanhaiguan, so that there would be no trouble. Dorgon was very firm in his attitude toward such a major strategic issue, which was directly related to the fate of the Qing Dynasty, saying: Having acquired Beijing, he immediately moved the capital in an attempt to forge ahead and unify China. On October 1, Fu lin announced its accession to the throne in Beijing. The Qing Dynasty shifted the center of its rule from Guanwai to Guannei, taking a big step forward on the road to unifying the country.
(2) Use troops to the south to unify the Central Plains. After the Qing army entered Beijing, the Ming bureaucrats in Jiangnan supported Zhu Yousong, the King of Mingfu, to claim the title of emperor in Nanjing, with the era name Hongguang. In order to maintain the small imperial court in the midst of turmoil, Zhu Yousong sent envoys north to Beijing to negotiate peace with the Qing Dynasty, and on the condition of cutting up land and collecting silver, he asked the Qing army not to go south. Historically, the northern ethnic minorities have entered the Central Plains many times, such as the Northern Wei Tuoba Xianbei, the Liao Khitan, the Jin Jurchen, the Western Xia Dangxiang, and the Yuan Mongols, of which the Mongols have achieved great unification in China and established the emperor across Europe and Asia, and the other ethnic minority regimes have only half of the country, and the ruling area is limited to the Yangtze River or the Yellow River and the Huai River, facing the Han regime in the south. The Hongguang regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty proposed division and rule, which has a sufficient basis in history. However, Dorgon firmly stated that he was not interested in "cutting the land and collecting silver", and he said in his letter to Shi Kefa: "If you have the title of honor now, you will have two days in the sky, and you will be like a fierce enemy." "His goal is very clear, that is, to sweep through southern Xinjiang and unify China." Regardless of Dorgon's subjective wishes, his firm attitude enabled China to avoid another situation of north-south division and chaos.
(3) Exempt from the three salaries, and promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages. In order to use troops in Liaodong and suppress peasant uprisings, the rulers of the late Ming Dynasty implemented the three salaries (that is, "Liao's salary", "suppression salary" and "training salary") to increase the number of dispatches, which greatly exceeded the positive endowment. In addition to the three salaries, there are also various private factions, so that the people do not have a good life, and the officials force the people to rebel. After Dorgon entered Beijing, he announced that from the first year of the Shunzhi Dynasty, all those who were sent to the right place would be exempted from juān. This measure reduced the burden on the people to a certain extent, and became the beginning of the long-term policy of "lightly dispensing with small gifts" implemented by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty.
(4) According to the imitation of the Ming system, reuse the Han people. Dorgon believed that "those who have come to fix the world in ancient times must take the snare of talents as the main plan", the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and everything was in ruins, and non-Han People could not govern the Central Plains. In the military and political affairs of the country, he relied heavily on the Han officials Fan Wencheng, Hong Chengzuo, Feng Quan and others, and under their planning, the Qing Dynasty system basically followed the Ming Dynasty. This is what historians usually call the "Qing Chengming system". In addition, in order to resolve the Manchu-Han contradictions, Dorgon vigorously promoted the unity of Manchu and Han and encouraged Manchu-Han intermarriage. Fu Lin chose the Han official daughter as a concubine of the Six Palaces, and Concubine Ke was one of them, she was a native of Luanzhou, the daughter of Shi Shen, a servant of the official department, and ju Yongshou Palace. Under the emperor's example, Manchu officials and people were encouraged to marry each other. The intensification of the Manchu-Han contradictions was, in the final analysis, due to a series of ethnic oppression policies imposed by the Manchu nobles against the Han nationalities, which could not be alleviated by merely encouraging intermarriage. However, Dorgon's idea of "Manchu Han family" is still valuable.
(5) Rehabilitate unjust prisons and resolve contradictions. During the reign of Nurhaci and Emperor Taiji, due to internal struggles for power, some clan nobles were imprisoned and executed, and their children and nephews were linked. Over the decades, the grievances have deepened, weakening the cohesion within the royal family and weakening the effectiveness of the rule. After the Qing Dynasty settled on Beijing, the country was in ruins and waiting to be rebuilt, and it was in urgent need of the unity and virtue of the members of the imperial family. Dorgon dared to redress the wrongs of his father and brother, and resolved the inherent contradictions by using the descendants of the deposed and restoring their clan membership. It takes a lot of boldness.
Within the royal family, the deepest grievances were between the Nurhaci and Shulhazi families. From Nurhaci's killing of his brother Shulhazi to the imprisonment of his cousin Amin by Emperor Taiji, behind the appearance of bean frying is the permanent victory of one family over another. Besides, Huang Taiji did not stop there. In the fourth year of Chongde (1639), Emperor Taiji recalled the past when Amin was disrespectful to himself and wanted to pull the banner out of the division, and ordered that Amin's third son, Gurmahun, be stripped of his title and deposed from his clan, and his younger brother Gong'a was deposed. After the regency of Dorgon, he first restored the ancestral status of Shulhazi's grandsons. Gurma Hun reinstated the title of Duke of Fuguo, and because of his family's poverty, he was rewarded with 3,000 taels of silver, and was promoted to the title of Gushan Beizi. Brother Gong Afeng Zhenguo Duke. This is a good start for Shulhazi's rehabilitation.
In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), Shulhaqi was finally reinstated in honor 43 years after his death, and was posthumously crowned prince of Heshuozhuang. After Nurhaci's eldest son Chu Ying was killed, his descendants were devastated. In the seventh year of Chongde (1642), Chu Ying's grandsons Du Erhu, Muerhu, and Terhu were deposed as dukes by Emperor Taiji for the crime of "harboring resentment", and were deposed from the imperial household, and their youngest son Sa Bi was also subjected to zhulian. Dorgon re-enlisted the Durhu brothers and restored them to knighthood. After Durhu was promoted to Dorobele, Mulhu, Telhu, and Sabi jingushanbeizi. Wakda, the son of Nurhaci's second son, Daishan, was deposed for incident, and Dorgon restored his clan. Daishan's grandson Adali was deposed for making Dolgun emperor, and his brother Lek dehun was implicated, stripped of his clan and deposed as a Shuren. Dorgon restored his clan and was given the title of Baylor. After Leke Dehun was promoted to the rank of King of Shuncheng County with military merit, he was later "hereditary". During the regency of Dorgon, he restored the clan status and knighthood to these discredited noble descendants, isolating potential opponents and expanding his power. Chu Ying's son Prince Jingjin Nikan, Daishan's son Mandahai the Prince of Xun, Abatai's son Duanzhongjun Wang Boluo, Shu'erhaqi's grandson Gong Adai and Xihan, and others all became dorgon's cronies, not because they were all flattering villains by nature. Gong Adai and Xihan obeyed Dorgon's words and were the most loyal, and were later murdered for Dorgon's "conspiracy to usurp". However, due to his self-exclusive disposition, Dorgon, while rehabilitating the clan, politically expelled dissidents, and caused new contradictions within the imperial family and created new unjust prisons. This was highlighted by the persecution of Hauge the Prince of Su. Although the dispute between Dorgon and Hauge was resolved by a compromise between the two sides, Dorgon was always wary of Hauge and tried to weaken his power.
As early as March of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Dorgon used Hauge to "plot against him", cut off his prince, robbed the seven cattle personnel to which he belonged, fined 5,000 taels of silver, and abolished him as a commoner. Hauge was still very powerful at the time, and soon restored his throne. In the third year of Shunzhi, Dorgon sent Hauge as the general of Jingyuan and led his troops to Sichuan to suppress Zhang Xianzhong's Great Western Army. Five years later, Hauge triumphantly returned to Beijing without a grand welcome ceremony. Immediately afterward, Dorgon imprisoned Hauge on minor charges of harboring subordinates and impersonating leading the army, and confiscated all his property. Hauge was so enraged that he died in prison a few days later. Then, Dorgon raised a prison and persecuted the founding fathers and their sons who opposed him. The authoritarian rulers of history have always repeated the mistakes of revenge for wrongs. On the one hand, they are rehabilitating the old unjust prisons created by the previous monarchs, and on the other hand, they are creating new unjust prisons in the process of exterminating dissidents. There are so many such examples, even if they are as talented as Dorgon, they are powerless to get rid of this strange circle.
Dorgon presided over the government for 7 years, with outstanding merits, but at the same time cast three major maladministrations:
(1) Forcing the Han people to shave their hair and change their clothes. Dorgon issued the "shave hair and change clothes" order, forcing the Han people to shave their hair and change from the Manchu hairstyle as an important symbol of surrender. At the same time, it is stipulated that Han Chinese must wear full clothing. At that time, there was a saying called "leave the head without hair, keep the hair without the head". Forced shaving of hair and change of clothes is a serious damage to the traditional customs of the Han people, which will inevitably cause strong resistance. The Korean "Records of the Lee Dynasty" records: "At the beginning of the entry into the customs, killing and plundering were strictly prohibited, so the people in the Central Plains were all satisfied. And when there is a shaving of the head, the people are angry. "The resistance of the Han people in Jiangnan and other places was particularly strong, and they were brutally slaughtered by the Qing army.
(2) Gyeonggi area, occupying housing enclosure. The capital of the Qing Dynasty was Beijing, and a large number of Manchu officials and people moved into Guannei with them, distributed in Beijing and the Gyeonggi region. In order to solve their livelihood, Dorgon ordered two things: one was to forcibly relocate hundreds of thousands of Han Chinese from the inner city of Beijing (also known as the North City) to the outer city (Nancheng), and vacate the inner city to house the Qing imperial family and the Eight Banners officers and soldiers. Although the Han people gave a little moving fee when they moved, it was simply not enough to buy a house or build a house. Many Han Chinese were ruined or displaced. Another thing is the area of horse racing in the Gyeonggi area. The Qing court sent officials, rode on horses, pulled open the ropes issued by the household department, and occupied the people's fertile land in a horse circle, commonly known as "running horses to occupy land". Nominally, it was a circle of unowned wasteland and distributed to the princes and nobles and the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners, but in fact a large amount of land of the peasants was occupied free of charge.
(3) Forced surrender and arrest of fugitives. The rich families of the Qing Dynasty princes and princes did not engage in agricultural production, and they set up farms on the land they occupied, and because of the lack of labor, they implemented the policy of forcing the people to "surrender" and recruited peasants for their service. Many Han Chinese did not want to leave their homeland, or the economy went bankrupt, and they threw themselves into the name of the Eight Banners and served as slaves. Their situation is very tragic and has led to the problem of mass flight. Dorgon enacted a law prohibiting slaves from fleeing, stipulating: if a fugitive is captured, he will be whipped one hundred and returned to his master; the hermit shall be brought to justice and his family property shall be confiscated; and his neighbors shall be whipped for one hundred each, and exiled to a remote location. This kind of wanton and excessive punishment has produced serious consequences in society, and of course it is the opposite of Dorgon's "Manchu Han family" thinking.
(The content is from "The Twelve Kings of the Qing Dynasty")