After the Manchu nobles who founded the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, they encountered a major problem: As the ruling manchus, there were few Manchus, language barriers, unfamiliar geography, and so on, and it would be very difficult for the Qing Dynasty to rule the vast territory and hundreds of millions of Han and other ethnic groups on a vast territory with only a few tens of thousands of Manchurian men. Therefore, at this time, the "Manchurian fundamentals" and the "Manchu and Han families" became the basic national policies in handling the most important ethnic relations, that is, manchu-Han relations, after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty.
However, to say that, the implementation of the "Manchurian Roots" and the "Manchu Han Family" is not the same. Even, in the more than 200 years since the founding of the Qing Dynasty, the Manchus have looked down on the Han Chinese in their hearts, especially the Manchu Emperor. In the eighth year of Qianlong, a small thing happened in the imperial court, that is, hang shijun, a Han official, wrote to the court again, requesting preferential treatment of Han officials. Hang Shijun was thus angered by Long Yan, was reduced to a commoner, and was sent back to his hometown.
In fact, Nurhaci once proposed the policy of "ruling the Han with Manchus", but soon he realized that the Manchu governing routine could not work at all in the Central Plains, so he changed it to "ruling the Han with Han". During the reign of Kangxi Bingzheng, he also made it clear that the Manchu and Han officials in the imperial court had the same functions, but the treatment and grade were different, so they should be unified. Of course, Kangxi's policies were not implemented thoroughly, and the treatment of Manchu officials was still very different.
From this point of view, the so-called policy of "manchu and Han integration" is nothing more than the emperors' skillful use of Han culture. For example, This is the truth that Kangxi revered Confucius and educated the world with the Analects, and listed Zhu Xi's theory as orthodox.
Hang Shijun was not the first official to propose the unequal treatment of Manchu and Han officials, as early as the Shunzhi Dynasty, there was a Han Jinshi Wei Yijie who proposed: "Important positions such as governors should be carefully chosen, and all Manchu ministers should be adopted." Of course, Wei Yijie's suggestion was not adopted at all, otherwise, the Kangyong and Yong dynasties would not have had the problem of "silting in the atmosphere of the Manchu Han Dynasty".
Before Hang Shijun was demoted, the imperial court held a selection of imperial history, and every official who wanted to do imperial history had to take a written examination and write a political treatise for the emperor to see. Eight years ago, Hang Shijun, who had entered the career path, was now forty-eight years old, which was the age to do great things. Hang Shijun boldly wrote a thesis on "abolishing the boundaries between Manchu and Han officials", "Current Affairs Policy", which he felt not only satisfied the principle of "Manchu and Han integration" that had been implemented since the time of Emperor Taizong, but also effectively improved the coordination and cooperation of officials.
Hang Shijun even wrote: "All opinions and propositions cannot be predetermined, so there should be no boundary between the Manchu and The Han." There are many able people in the Manchus, but compared with the Han people, I am afraid that only 30% or 40%. However, the official situation is that the country's inspector-level officials are mixed with Han and Han, while the governors are all Manchus. So, why did the imperial court always adhere to the concept of light Han and heavy satisfaction? Judging from this description alone, Hang Shijun's words are very mellow and measured.
The so-called "Manchu capable people and heroes are many" is actually just a hypocritical polite remark, and even "three or four percent" is an imaginary number. In fact, how many times does the Han population not only be Manchu? However, even such a euphemistic expression still angered Qianlong. Qianlong felt that Hang Shijun was looking for stubble, and his views were absurd. Qianlong sent a fire, and then removed Hang Shijun from his official position.
In fact, the Han officials who served as officials in the Qianlong Dynasty all had a deep understanding of the "Manchu-Han unity", and every time Qianlong summoned his ministers, the Manchu officials could freely enter and exit the hall, while the Han officials could only wait for the emperor to name them. This is enough to show that although the Manchus and Han are one, there is still a distinction between noble and inferior.
At that time, the officials who knew Hang Shijun all saw his elated look, and even, a little overwhelmed, handed in the political theory of "Manchu and Han without boundaries", and Hang Shijun even promised his colleagues to invite everyone to have a drink. And what about Qianlong? Gossip news has come: "After reading Hang Shijun's political theory, the emperor was furious, threw the article on the ground many times, picked it up many times, and each time was greatly ignited." ”
Hang Shijun was not ready to entertain, and the news came from the palace that he would go home and change into an ordinary official, presumably, he could not laugh. However, after all, Hang Shijun was a great talent who had learned to be rich in five cars, and his colleagues around him were already terrified, but he still looked at ease. Hang Shijun said to the colleagues around him who were crying and laughing: "What are you worried about? Even if I was beheaded, I would be pulled to the market and cut off, and it would not pollute the apartment we lived in. ”
After eight years of career, Hang Shijun returned to Hangzhou, and after a period of leisure at home, he came to Yangzhou to work as a lecturer in a teaching institution called "Anding Academy", which was decades. Hang Shijun not only entertains and educates, but also likes to splash ink and is very open-minded. Hang Shijun liked an unrestrained life, and excessive freedom also made him contaminated with the vice of indulgence, and it was not long before Hang Shijun became famous for his money-loving gambling.
Hang Shijun loves money and is addicted to money.
Every month, the academy would pay him a salary, from which he would take out three fine official copper coins and string them up with rope and hang them on the bed. Over time, Hang Shijun had accumulated a foot thick copper coin. In addition, Hang Shijun also likes to collect all kinds of broken copper and rotten iron and copper coins secretly minted by the people.
Whenever Hang Shijun fiddled with these "treasures", it was inevitable that he would get a lot of patina. In addition, Hang Shijun usually likes to splash ink, his hands are often stained with ink, and the neighbors say that Hang Shijun "has two hands of non-ink stains that is, patina inches". Although Hang Shijun likes money and gambling, every penny he has come clean and never touched ill-gotten gains.
Once, a businessman offended a local official in Hangzhou, and it happened that the local official had a good relationship with Hang Shijun. The merchant visited Hang Shijun, hoping that Hang Shijun could say a few good words for him, and also took out a bag of money to bribe Hang Shijun. Unexpectedly, Hang Shijun casually threw the money bag out of the door. Gambling money with the income of his own labor and the harvest of picking up rags is the greatest pleasure of Hang Shijun's life.
Hang Shijun never gambles money secretly, but fights with people on the street.
Once, Qian Weicheng, a member of the imperial court, went to Hangzhou to inspect, and Qian Weicheng, as a junior, wanted to visit the old man Hang Shijun. Qian Weicheng is a Beijing official, so when traveling, the pomp and circumstance is very large, sitting in a palanquin to brag about the market and go to Hang Shijun's old residence. At this time, Hang Shijun was rolling dice on the Wangxian Bridge to kill the four parties, and a group of young people shouted five drinks and six drinks.
Qian Weicheng saw Hang Shijun at a glance, only to see that Mr. Hang was wearing a short coat and a broken fan in his hand, and was immersed in the gambling game. Qian Weicheng stepped down from the palanquin, and Bi respectfully came to Hang Shijun's side, hugged his fist and said, "Hang's predecessors were originally here." In fact, the sharp-eyed Hang Shijun had already seen Qian Weicheng and immediately covered his face with a fan, trying to fool him.
It wasn't until Qian Weicheng stepped forward to inquire that he laughed and said, "Do you recognize me?" Qian Weicheng said respectfully, "I was about to visit the home of my predecessors." Hang Shijun prevaricated, "Don't go!" My home is too small, I'm afraid, and your entourage doesn't even have a place to stay. ”
Qian Weicheng insisted on going to Hang Shijun's house to sit down, and Mr. Hang repeatedly resigned, and the two argued, and in the end, Qian Weicheng had to give in and return home sadly. When Hang Shijun and Qian Weicheng were pulling and arguing, the young men who gambled money with Mr. Hang had long ago discovered that Qian Weicheng's identity was not low, and they hid under the Wangxian Bridge to watch, and only when Qian Weicheng left did they dare to drill out.
The young men asked Hang Shijun, "Old man, what are you, and why do even the high officials of the imperial court treat you so respectfully?" "I used to be a petty officer, and this man was my junior." Hang Shijun casually prevaricated the past and said nothing about what had happened. "Come on! Kill two more hands! So, I played dice with a group of young people.
For Qian Weicheng, who has a humble attitude, Hang Shijun is already polite, while Liu Lun, who is the same as Hang Shijun, does not have this treatment. Liu Lun was the first name of qianlong in the first year, and when Hang Shijun was driven back to his hometown, Liu Lun had been promoted to cabinet bachelor. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong, Liu Lun's period of filial piety expired and he returned to the imperial court to serve as a household attendant. Before Liu Lun entered Beijing to report for duty, he specially came to Yangzhou to visit Hang Shijun.
When Hang Shijun saw Liu Lun, Liu Lun was wearing a gorgeous official uniform, and Hang Shijun asked, "How many products are you in the official residence now?" "It's no secret that I've been a cabinet bachelor for many years." Liu Lun replied. Seeing Liu Lun's situation and remembering his official career that year, Hang Shijun laughed and said, "You are such a hairy boy, can you also join the cabinet?" ”
Liu Lun originally wanted to talk to Hang Shijun about the past, but he did not expect to touch a nail and whisk his sleeve away.
In fact, Hang Shijun said that Liu Lun was a hairy boy is not excessive, although the two have the same generation in the official field, but Hang Shijun is fifteen years older than Liu Lun. At this time, Hang Shijun had regained his free body and did not have to pay any attention to the official set, so it was not impossible to call Liu Lun a hairy boy from the perspective of age.
Hang Shijun put himself in the shoes of the cabinet and thought about it, if he had not made a "political mistake" in that year, and how he had mixed into the cabinet with his own ability, the official residence would not be a problem at all. Unable to blend into the cabinet, nor did he become a member of the Yipin, but was driven back to his hometown, Hang Shijun could only live a hard life, for Mr. Hang Lao, this is just a small price for the pursuit of freedom.
Hang Shijun was indulgent by nature, very good at gambling, and did not care about winning or losing, and soon after being degraded, he was already in the middle of the family. In addition, Hang Shijun's wife died early, and no one in the family helped him manage his finances, so his life was even tighter. Although teaching and educating people can eat with mixed food, they cannot satisfy Hang Shijun's gambling addiction.
Therefore, in order to make his money more generous, Hang Shijun opened an antique shop on the edge of the West Lake, specializing in calligraphy and painting. Hang Shijun's unique vision, often able to collect valuable calligraphy and paintings, attracted countless knowledgeable and rich scholars to buy, so that Hang Shijun became more spacious. However, the purchase of calligraphy and painting requires capital, hang Shijun wanted to make more money, simply moved his crooked brain, began to counterfeit.
Hang Shijun's calligraphy and painting skills were excellent, and he mixed his masterpieces into other calligraphy and paintings to sell, and even made him a lot of silver by faking the real. Interestingly, after Hang Shijun's death, his works became treasures that collectors competed to collect.
After Hang Shijun's original wife died, she did not remarry, but bought a plain-looking girl to take care of the housework for herself. Hang Shijun planted flowers and plants in the backyard of the antique shop, and Hang Shijun often cultivated his sentiments here in his later years, and when the business was good, he would come to the courtyard to drink a cup and relax. Sometimes, Hang Shijun was in a good mood, simply did not open, rented a small boat to the West Lake to raft.
Curious neighbors took advantage of Hang Shijun's absence to peek through the crack in the door to peek into his antique shop, and as a result, they were all "only broken books and old paintings, mixed with broken magnetic iron."
Qianlong Nan toured to Hangzhou, and Hang Shijun also participated in the driving, qianlong saw him and asked, "What do you live on?" Hang replied: "Chen Shijun opened a thrift stall." The emperor did not understand and asked, "What is the purpose of opening a used goods stall?" Hang explained: "Put the broken copper and rotten iron you bought on the ground and sell it." The emperor laughed and wrote "Buy and sell broken copper and rotten iron" and gave him six big characters.
In the sixteenth year of Qianlong, Hang Shijun was rehabilitated and reinstated as an official. In his later years, he lectured at Guangdong Yuexiu and Yangzhou, Jiangsu.
Resources:
["Current Affairs Policy", "Manchurian Fundamentals" and "Manchu Han Family"" "Biography of Qing Dynasty Scholars"]