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| Peak documentary
"There are six continents under the eyes of the wind and rain, and there is thunder under the pen."
The famous late ancient writer Gao Heng once used poetry to warmly express his admiration for Mao Zedong's profound knowledge.
Old photo of Chairman Mao
Mao Zedong learned the causes
Mao Zedong was able to form such knowledge and foresight, in addition to the help of talent, to a large extent
Mao Zedong spent his life in his hands to explain the book
。
also
It is precisely because of the ancient and modern knowledge that history can be used as a mirror
Mao Zedong became a politician and military figure who was shocked by the world.
thereinto
Mao Zedong was particularly fond of reading the Zizhi Tongjian
The nurse who took care of Mao Zedong said,
Mao Zedong always kept a book next to his bed
Flip through to see yellowing everywhere with tape patching
Zizhi Tongjian.
Chairman Mao is reading
Zizhi Tongjian
For the Northern Song Dynasty
Written by Sima Guang
, itself with
It has a strong feudal nature
but
Mao Zedong said critically and sarcastically:
"I have read this book seventeen times, and I have benefited greatly from each reading. It's a rare good book. ”
"My view is that there are both essences and dross, both inherited and critically analyzed."
In this book, there is Mao Zedong's most talked about figure, Zhuge Liang, the Marquis of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period.
Portrait of Zhuge Liang
Why chairman Mao admired Zhuge Liang
Chairman Mao admired Zhuge Liang
And not just because later generations praised him:
"A true name for a thousand years."
It is also because of its professionalism of "bowing down to death and then dying"
Mao Zedong once asked people to ask for it
Learn the spirit of Zhuge Liang
，
Give full play to people's initiative
We should build a new China well and quickly.
Zhuge Liang is right
A timid veteran in his heart
Huang Zhong
Use words
agitate
, prompted him to be in Dingjun Mountain
Defeat Xiahou Yuan
, 1930
Mao Zedong used it for front-line propaganda
But Mao Zedong said critically:
"Our fighters have a high degree of class consciousness and do not need to radicalize the law, but we must learn from Zhuge Liang who is good at doing propaganda work."
Mao Zedong's tun tian policy has always been highly praised
On New Year's Day 1955, when the chairman discussed with General Wang Zhen how to place a large number of retired troops, he preached on the issue:
"You can organize the reclamation of the edge!" In ancient China, there was a tun reclamation system, Guan Zhong did it, and Zhuge Liang also did it in Hanzhong! It should be a good idea to open up jobs, heal the wounds of war, and consolidate frontiers. ”
Zhuge Liang
On the battlefield
Development of new armaments
The case was used in February 1962, when Mao Zedong and Kong Congzhou, dean of the Nanjing Artillery Engineering and Technology College,
Talked about
Rapid development
Military concepts and technical equipment
time
It mentions the breakthrough development of Zhuge Liang's military weapons
say:
"Among the weapons used by our ancestors, the bow and crossbow were offensive weapons, and later developed a crossbow machine, after Zhuge Liang did this, ten crossbow arrows could be fired at a time, and this was used as a weapon when recruiting Meng, but Meng yu had a rattan armor army, which made Zhuge Liang's crossbow machine ineffective, and Zhuge Liang's investigation found that the rattan armor was actually soaked with oil, so he lit a torch to burn all the rattan armor army."
Stills of Zhuge Liang in the 87th edition of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Zhuge Liang's historical position
Zhuge Liang as a generation of famous generals, his
Military prowess has been recognized throughout the dynasties
。 After Zhuge Liang died of illness, he was also made a general of Cao Wei
Sima Yi sighed that he was worthy of being a "wizard of the world"
Tang Taizong Li Shimin and Li Jing
In "Tang Taizong Li Weigong Asks Right"
Highly rated
still
specialized
Will Zhuge Liang
Enshrined inside the Wu Temple, with Zhang
Liang, Han Xin, etc
Nine soldiers enjoyed equal status
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition, Northern Expedition, and Southern Expedition,
It also plays a role in China's military history in carrying forward the past and enlightening the future. Not to mention
Zhuge Liang also had extremely high achievements in military technological innovation
he
The improved Zhuge Crossbow,
Its popularity in later generations can be described as well-known.
Zhuge Liang stills
But it is
Such an all-powerful person is still not saved, and the end of the shu Han's demise is still not saved
。 In this regard,
Mao Zedong bluntly commented on Zhuge Liang: "He has 3 deficiencies! ”
Then Zhuge Liang
finally
What are the deficiencies?
What was Mao's explanation?
Historical background
Late Eastern Han Dynasty
All kinds of natural disasters continue to be man-made disasters, and it is our country
Historically
Political and military economy
A period of violent change.
superstratum
Person's
Faint and decaying
place
Tough rolling
Divided, class contradictions intensified
。 ultimately
erupt
Famous in history
Yellow Turban Uprising
The Eastern Han Dynasty was divided into three, and the war lasted for a hundred years,
It brought long-term suffering to the Chinese ancestors at that time
Zhuge Liang as
At that time, he was living in Liu Bei
A member of the Kuang Fu Han Room Group
Eliminating the warlords in various localities and realizing national reunification was his lifelong wish
Stills from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms
As early as Liu Beisan Gu Maolu,
Take it
Out of "Longzhong Pair"
, how to formulate early
Unite sun quan against Cao Cao's plan
。 Zhuge Liang believed that Cao Cao had in fact completed the integration of northern territories after eliminating Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu.
In addition, Cao Cao imprisoned Emperor Xian of Han in Xuchang at this time, forming a general trend of "holding the son of heaven hostage to order the princes". if
To resist Cao alone is to commit suicide
At this time, Sun Quan's forces, which also had a fundamental contradiction with Cao Cao's clique, Zhuge Liang said that he could not be an enemy of him.
He suggested that Liu Bei take the initiative to contact Sun Quan's forces,
Establish the basic strategy of Liansun against Cao
Even if Sun Quan did not agree, the expansion of Cao Cao's power would bring Sun Quan closer to Liu Bei. After that, Liu Bei did too
Follow this step
of action
succeed
In Chibi
Use fire to attack
Great destruction of Cao Cao
The iron cable connects the ship.
Even before Sun Quan's forces reacted, take the opportunity
Take it off
is crucial
Jingzhou
。 Zhuge Liang then used Jingzhou
seizure
Sichuan's
Yizhou
Completed the construction of the basic plate of Shu Han forces
In order to stabilize the rear safety of the Shu Han,
Formulated
A policy of internal confucianism and external law
。 Right
Internal rewards and penalties are clearly open sourced and throttled, and land is distributed to recruit displaced people
, greatly
The economy and military of the Shu Han Were enhanced
power.
Externally, it is a wide dictatorship
Fight the Zhu Rong in the west
Make it used by Jiang Wei and others
, the southern attack on Yiyue
Harvest Meng's loyalty. This makes the military, Zhuge Liang can play more and more hole cards in his hands,
It laid a solid foundation for the subsequent Northern Expedition of the Shu Han Dynasty several times
Three Kingdoms stills
Things are unpredictable
But the world's major events are changing, Zhuge Liang
The direction of development as originally envisaged,
but was a series of them
Disturbed by accidents
After the great victory of Eastern Wu, its power grew rapidly
However, within a few years, he began to repeatedly violate Jingzhou.
As you know, that's what follows
Guan Yu was unaware
Lumont's actions
, thus losing Jingzhou
Liu Bei was sad and indignant
Xingshi rebelled against Sun Wu and was defeated by Sun Wu at Yiling
The family deficit accumulated by Shu Han before was lost
。 Zhuge Liang's plan
, at this time can be described
Declared completely bankrupt
Even after Zhuge Liang's death, the general trend of the world has not improved.
but
combine
There was no waiting
but
Take the initiative
Carried out several times against Cao Wei
Northern expedition
Although it did not achieve the expected effect, it also proved Zhuge Liang
Don't forget the essence of not forgetting the
In fact
someone
Will be here
Asked, why did Zhuge Liang not close the door, defend the Bashu Heavenly Graben, and concentrate on developing the economy
Restore national strength
？
It's not that I don't want to, I really can't
Do so
At this time, Shu Han's defeat of a battle has already broken the bones, and the land of Bashu is already everyone wearing ma dai filial piety, if it is at this time
Closing the country in isolation is actually the way to death.
then
Shu Han did not have Zhuge Liang's 5 active offensive strategies, firmly controlled the initiative of the battlefield, I am afraid that Shu Han estimated that it would not last for three years and the country would be destroyed
Some people don't understand what battlefield initiative means? As early as 1938, in "Strategic Problems of the Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War",
Chairman Mao
only
Talked about the initiative
Insights, says:
"In all wars, the enemy and us strive for the initiative in the battlefield and even in the whole war, even if the army is free. If the army loses its initiative and is forced into a passive position, the army is not free and is in danger of being destroyed or defeated. In the original strategic defensive warfare and internal warfare, it is more difficult to gain the initiative, while it is easier to gain the initiative in offensive external operations. ”
The hero sees the same thing
That is, compared to
The defensive side was fortified everywhere, resulting in a division of troops
Causes the power to decay.
Attacking side
OK
Gather any number of troops at any time to attack, so as to achieve local superiority
Zhuge Liang's 5 Northern Expeditions
Although the Cao Wei forces were passive defenses, although they successfully defended every time, in terms of personnel losses, Shu Han still had an advantage, which was
Led to Cao Wei
I didn't dare to send troops easily
Invade Shu Han, ensure
Shu Han's
Development time
Chairman Mao's thinking coincides with Zhuge Liang's idea of taking the initiative to attack, and it can be seen that what the heroes see is slightly the same
Zhuge Liang's behavior,
Although quite a bit
A pair of Zhongxing Shu Han
But his long-cherished wish to achieve national reunification and eliminate the separatist forces was shattered. In Gojohara
After his death, Shu Han
Nature doesn't last long
Attacked by Deng Ai
When Chairman Mao saw this scene, he could not help but sigh at this scene.
But also give
There are three reasons,
That's true
Word for word.
Chairman Mao, when talking about Zhuge Liang's mistakes,
Think of Zhuge Liang as the source of his failure
be
3 mistakes in military strategy and personnel
Old photos of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Disadvantage one, the strategic path dependence error
As early as the very beginning, Zhuge Liang formulated the "Longzhong Pair" as the basic combat policy. It was also under such a plan that Liu Bei took Jingzhou and Yizhou and so on.
Chairman Mao thought
This strategy
There are fundamental problems
。 When I read about Su Xun's evaluation of Zhuge Liang, I did
Wrote a brilliant critique
：
"It began with the mistake of "Longzhong Pair", thousands of miles away and two divisions of troops, and in the end, Guan Yu Liu Bei Zhuge divided three troops, and Andrew was undefeated."
Historically, various scholars have highly praised the "Longzhong pair",
Why did Chairman Mao say this?
Originally
At first glance, Jingzhou Yizhou can be defended with a horn
But the two are thousands of miles apart, and there are mountains in between
If the waterway is cut off,
The Shu Han who divided the troops between the two places
inevitable
Loss of superiority in troops
really
Guan Yu carelessly lost Jingzhou, father and son
Two people
Died in Sun Quan
Hands. Shu Han's exit on the waterway was also cut off by Sun Quan's forces. Then Liu Bei launched a war, which also had the meaning of opening up the situation, but unfortunately it was too late. At this point, the cost of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was half gone. It can be said that
Shu Han perished
Fundamental factors
, it's about strategy
Of the
careless omission
Mao Zedong said of this and sighed:
"Three points of strength, Ande undefeated!"
The second disadvantage is that there are mistakes in selecting and appointing people
In the middle of May 1948, Xibaipo, Mao Zedong, who had returned from a walk outside, had a child's thoughts, sneaked up behind the guard Li Yinqiao, and shouted:
"Don't move, raise your hands!"
Suddenly, Li Yinqiao turned around and made a tactical move, grabbing Mao Zedong's hands.
Mao Zedong smiled and said:
"You, the leader of the Guard, I didn't choose the wrong mile!"
Li Yinqiao said shyly:
"When will the chairman choose the wrong person?"
Li Yinqiao
Mao Zedong said:
"I Mao Zedong is not Shakyamuni, the second is not Zhuge Liang, it is Zhuge Liang, and there are also times when I use the wrong Guan Yu and Ma Mo!"
You must know that Li Yinqiao has listened to drama since he was a child, and his favorite is Zhuge Liang, and for a while he asked with some puzzlement:
"How did Zhuge Liang use Guan Yu wrong?"
Know in the multitude
Impression, Guan Yu
But
Martial Saint, pass five levels and slash six generals
Deeds
Enough to prove that he is
A character of both wisdom and courage.
Guan Yu stills
Mao Zedong replied:
"Zhuge Liang should not have left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou in the first place, and letting Guan Yu guard Jingzhou was a wrong move!" Guan Yu is proud! Guan Yu looked down on Eastern Wu ideologically and could not conscientiously implement Zhuge Liang's strategic policy of uniting with Wu to resist Cao, which fundamentally negated Zhuge Liang's strategic intentions, and as a result, he lost his base area, lost Jingzhou, and himself was killed by Eastern Wu. ”
The same is true of the facts
, Guan Yu was careless
Let go of the makeup of the businessman
Lu meng,
result in
Be attacked
Taken away
Jingzhou.
Thus let
The whole Shu Han
Had to act, and then
By Sun Wu
To give
Kill the lost armor
Third, as the commander-in-chief, he does not take the initiative to make adjustments and strategies for the battle situation.
Li Yinqiao, who got the answer, also had questions:
"All I know is that Zhuge Liang slashed the horse with tears because the horse was in trouble with the street kiosk."
Mao Zedong replied:
"This is also Zhuge Liang's improper use of people..."
When Mao Zedong read the Zizhi Tongjian, Vol. 71, Wei Jisan, he commented:
"The first battle is bright and it is advisable to personally come to the battle."
think
Battle of the Street Kiosk
There should be a large army to suppress the territory, not to disperse the troops,
Put your own
Delegate responsibility to others.
Mao Zedong believed that the street kiosk should not have entrusted Ma Mo to defend
Old photo of Mao Zedong
Be aware, though
Matthew is very knowledgeable and intelligent
, but always before
No experience in leading a single soldier
Most of them are working as counselors and other work. such
A newcomer with little experience
Suddenly, he was pushed to the front line by Zhuge Liang,
Defend a key area of your own
, and that's certainly some
It's hard to be sloppy
But this was no way, at this time Shu Han was really a talent wither, at this time Zhuge Liang also had the heart to support Ma Mo, so he entrusted Ma Mo with important tasks. Later everyone knew, Cao Wei
The famous general Zhang Gao marched into the street kiosk
。 In a panic, Ma Mo retreated to the street kiosk and closed the door. Zhang Gao, as a veteran of Cao Wei,
Send troops to cut off the mountain water source
, forced Shu Han had to go out and thus defeat Ma Mo
Took the kiosk
let
Zhuge Liang had to behead Ma Mo with a fierce heart
The loss of the street pavilion led to the cancellation of all the previous northern expedition exploits of Shu Han, and the empty city plan was also a remedy for Zhuge Liang.
Stills of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Zhuge Liang knew that he was wrong, so he immediately changed his style and began to personally command
Mao Zedong gave instructions on this: "Since the defeat of the street pavilion, every time it comes out, the light will be in the army." ”
illustrate
Indeed let it
Zhuge Liang knew
to your own
mistake
。 It's just a pity
Late
, hindsight
Northern Expedition again
, meet to see through
Shu Han essence
Sima Yi, there are some
Helpless
finish.
Sima Yi was determined
Zhuge Liang laborer
expedition
, Lee in
Fight fast
Sima Yi is
Can't hold on
。 From this time, it can be seen that Zhuge Liang
The loss is deeper
cause.
It also lies in Zhuge Liang
Too much emphasis is placed on war
Means, take the initiative to attack again
I don't know how to recuperate
, the poor military and the people's livelihood are poor, and there is a lack of comprehensive consideration of politics, economy and culture, etc., thus
Led to Zhuge Liang
Northern Expedition as a whole
fail
The Chairman's mind and dialectical vision of things
confront
Three big mistakes
This led to the demise of the Shu Han
Mao Zedong looked at this matter very openly.
Specifically at a meeting in 1957, he also proposed:
"We have a saying in China called three stinky cobblers, the top Zhuge Liang."
You can see him
There is no ill feeling for Zhuge Liang
target.
epilogue
We want to
Look at it dialectically,
He has
Faithful and rational
and other good aspects
There are also
Subjective absence
and other bad aspects
Overall
Mao's judgment of Zhuge Liang was objective and true
Yes, one
Good at analyzing the situation between the enemy and ourselves, excellent tactical literacy, for fighters
grasp
susceptible
of generals
In today's world
On the battlefield
There is still a certainty
Borrowing role.