For a long time, the north of the northeast has been an important region of our country, but in history, different dynasties and generations have ruled it in different ways, generally in the following three ways:
First, the tribal chief was appointed as the local ruler, and the central government would control the region through tribute and conferring, which was the "rule of bondage". Second, building castles on strategic bases, stationing troops, and moving in a certain number of people, making it a complete living system, this is the town system. Third, the county system was adopted for rule.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, due to the russian invasion of Heilongjiang, there were many crises on the frontier. In order to save the frontier, the Qing government changed the Ming Dynasty's "bondage rule" and implemented the zhenshu system, thus strengthening and consolidating the northeast and northern part of the Qing Dynasty.
During the Ming Dynasty, the northeast has always practiced the traditional "rule of bondage". Until the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the population of the north began to migrate south in large numbers, and many tribal leaders in the north still maintained close contact with the Qing court, which also showed that the Heilongjiang River Basin still belonged to China at this time.
Russia was not adjacent to China at that time, it belonged to a European country, far west of the Ural Mountains. It was not until the late 16th century that Russia began its crusades and, after more than half a century, successfully occupied the three major river basins of Siberia. But because of geographical limitations, China does not understand what is happening in Siberia, and Russia does not understand Heilongjiang.
It was not until the fourteenth year of Ming Chongzhen that the two Russian governors learned something about Heilongjiang from some indigenous people, and out of curiosity, they organized an expedition to Heilongjiang.
Two years later, the first Russian expedition successfully reached the Heilongjiang River valley and imposed a tax in kind on the local population, which caused great anger among the local population and stopped providing them with food. In desperation, these Russian colonists had to return to Russia. But then, more and more Russian colonists came to Heilongjiang, bringing great disasters to the local population.
In particular, the Khabarov bandits, after entering the Heilongjiang River Valley, led an army to massacre the locals and force them to flee their homes. Not only that, he also led his army all the way to the Songhua River, which directly threatened the security of the northeast inland. The reason why Khabarov did this was actually at the behest of the Russian governor to open up territory for Tsarist Russia. However, his actions not only caused great disasters to the local residents, but also undermined the frontier order of the Qing Dynasty.
So in 1651, the local residents sent their leaders to meet with the Chinese officials who ruled the Heilongjiang River valley to explain the situation and request protection. Only then did the Qing government learn about everything that had happened in Heilongjiang.
Because the Qing Dynasty had just been established at this time, the country was unstable, and Heilongjiang was thousands of miles away from the capital, the Qing government could not get the information at all. Moreover, heilongjiang at that time was still practicing the traditional "rule of bondage", and out of respect, the central government generally rarely asked about matters between border tribes. If it were not for the tribal leader taking the initiative to inform this time, perhaps the Qing government would not have known about it.
Since the Qing government understood the situation, it naturally could not ignore it. Therefore, the Qing government had ordered the army stationed in Ninguta to go to the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River to help the local tribes besiege Khabarov's army, but they were defeated. The defeat greatly shocked the Qing government, and prompted him to make an important decision, that is, to raise the rank of officer stationed in Ningguta to general, that is, to implement a military town system in the Heilongjiang region.
In the tenth year of Shunzhi, the Qing government appointed "The Blue Banner Maile Zhangjing ShaerHuda as the Angbang Zhangjing, the town shouning guta place". In fact, this is not the first time that the Qing government has sent troops to garrison Ningguta, in order to strengthen the control of tribal leaders in the northeast, at the beginning of the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government has already set up officials, stationed troops and collected tributes in Ningguta.
Later, the Qing government believed that the Heilongjiang River Basin had completely belonged to the Qing court, so it did not station troops here. It was also at this time that the Russian colonists broke into heilongjiang. Nowadays, the Qing government has stationed troops in Ninguta, set up generals in Ninguta, and changed the traditional border management model and implemented a military town system, which shows that the Qing government has begun to attach importance to the frontier.
After the establishment of the town of Ninguta, it began to fight against the Russian colonists. In the eleventh year of Shunzhi, the Qing government mobilized thousands of soldiers to successfully defeat the Jiepanov bandits on the Songhua River. Subsequently, several groups of Russian colonists invaded the upper reaches of the Heilongjiang River and attempted to conquer the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River. Fortunately, at this time, the Qing government had set up General Ningguta and strengthened its defenses against the Heilongjiang region, so that these colonists did not succeed. The frontier finally gained temporary tranquility.
However, although the Russian colonists temporarily withdrew from Heilongjiang, due to the large-scale burning and looting of Heilongjiang by these colonists in the past ten years, the population on both sides of the Heilongjiang River was greatly reduced. After the war, the Qing government only considered the military aspect, not the garrison and immigration, so that the population of Heilongjiang was far from sufficient.
Coupled with the fact that China and Russia have not negotiated territorial issues, the Russian colonists are likely to make a comeback at any time. Later generations have pointed out to this history: "The mistakes made by the Chinese are really regrettable, which shows that China has so far underestimated its enemies, and it is precisely without interference that the enemy has gradually returned and become more powerful than ever."
In the early 1660s, after killing the local Russian governor, some Russian colonists fled to the heilongjiang river and occupied the old city of Yaksa, where they lived. These colonists built castles, reclaimed land, and herded sheep and livestock in an attempt to attract more immigrants.
After twenty years, the population of Yaksa grew, the surrounding land was also developed, and even some natural villages gradually formed near the old city. As a result, the colonists gradually stopped being satisfied with a castle, but began to expand their power to the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River and other regions. In order to occupy Heilongjiang for a long time, these colonists have established many aggressive strongholds in various parts of the river basin.
As the Russian colonists rebuilt Yaksa and gradually expanded their power to the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River, in an attempt to completely split the left bank of the Heilongjiang River, the Qing government finally could not stand it. At this time, it was already the Kangxi Dynasty, and the Qing government began to send troops to fight and suppress these Russian colonists. As for why the Qing government waited until this time to start attacking the Russian colonists, there were two reasons.
First, at first, the Qing government was a bit hostile and did not pay attention to these colonists, until later when their power grew to threaten the frontier, the Qing government paid attention to it. Second, in the thirteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the San Francisco Rebellion broke out, and the Qing government concentrated a large number of troops on quelling the rebellion, so there was no time for him to take care of it. It was not until eight years later, when the San Francisco Rebellion was settled, that the Qing government found that the power of the Russian colonists was growing, and if it continued for a long time, it would inevitably invade Heilongjiang, so the Qing government had to send troops to fight and suppress it.
The Russian government has not concealed its ambitions in the slightest, not only openly demanding sovereignty over Heilongjiang at the negotiating table, but also deliberately studying the conditions of migration of that generation. They found that from Yaksa to the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River, there were some meadows east of the Jieya River and north of the Amur River, and beyond these meadows there were many endless pastures under the Tomi River, very fertile and a good place for growing crops, comparable to some pastures in Siberia.
A large amount of arable land can be opened up here, and thousands or more of the state-owned peasants can be relocated here. In addition, Russian officials proposed that the Tsarist government send additional troops here and wait for the opportunity to occupy the left bank of the Heilongjiang River.
From the above description, it can be seen that the Heilongjiang River Basin at that time was vast and sparsely populated, and if China did not strengthen its management, it would inevitably be occupied by Russia. The Qing government was already aware of this problem. In fact, as early as the Russian colonists began to rebuild Yaksa, Chinese officials in the Heilongjiang region had already gone to the imperial court to request additional troops in strategic places, such as Ninguta. However, due to the San Francisco Rebellion, the Qing government transferred the army away and did not have time to take care of the Heilongjiang River Valley, which allowed the Russian colonists to seize the opportunity to expand their power.
After quelling the rebellion, the Qing government began pre-war preparations for an attack on Yaksa. Due to the sparse population of the Heilongjiang River Basin, the harsh environment, and the difficulty of the army's combat, the Qing government decided to "Yongzhi Heilongjiang" for this reason. After full preparation, the Qing army finally defeated the Russian army, and the two countries signed the Sino-Russian Nebuchu Treaty, after which the Heilongjiang River Basin was tranquil.
After the Qing government decided to "Yongshu Heilongjiang", the entire northeast was subsequently divided into three parts, namely Shengjing General Zhenshu District, Ningguta General Zhenshu District and Heilongjiang General Zhenshu District. Among them, general Ningguta and Heilongjiang general Zhenshu district have the most prominent functions. In the early Qing Dynasty, the scholar Fang Gongqian, who was once exiled to Ningguta, once wrote an article describing the General Ofninguta's Zhenshu District, "This dynasty controlled Zhuyi, received ginseng and mink fox skin tribute, and loved to stay behind to kill it." Those who have the country of The Dragon, the People of The Eight Banners, the Eight Banners and the Eighty Men, and the Eight Banners and Eighty Men, the Enemy Is Invincible, and the Masses Are Mobilized, and the Eight Banners and Eighty Men Are Chosen. Niulu Zhangjing, Mailer, and Angbang were restored to their duties. ”
It can be seen from this that the purpose of the Qing Dynasty's Changshu Ninggu Pagoda is to maintain the order of the frontier, and its military significance is extremely important. In order to achieve the goal of the town, it is necessary to establish a complete management system, so that the whole region can become strong. It can be said that the formation of the town system in the northern part of the northeast is of extremely important significance to the social changes in the northeast frontier.
First, the traditional management model of "bondage rule" was completely abandoned, and Heilongjiang was tranquilized. Historically, although the central government once implemented the town system in the northeast, it did not completely abandon the "bondage rule", and many areas in the northeast still practiced the "bondage", in contrast, the Qing government has made great progress.
Second, the use of geopolitical organizations to replace clan organizations, thus removing the obstacles that have been difficult for thousands of years of Central Plains culture to spread northward. Third, the cities, camps, stations, and tuns formed by the implementation of the town system were the earliest settlements of exiles, and have now become the political and cultural centers of the northern part of the northeast. The development of these towns provided a foothold for a large number of immigrants in the future, thus promoting the development of the entire northeast.
In short, the implementation of the town system not only comprehensively cleaned up the space in the north of the northeast, but also created conditions for the northward advance of the Central Plains people and the spread of the Culture of the Central Plains, and laid the foundation for the implementation of the county system in the future.