Ninguta was one of the penal colonies of criminal officials and prisoners in the Qing Dynasty, and it was also a relatively bad place of exile. The Exile of Prisoners and Prisoners in the Great Qing Dynasty had many areas such as the northwest, northeast (Ningguta), and the south. Exile is used as a medium-to-upper punishment between killing, beating, and punishment.
For example, Ji Xiaolan, Lin Zexu, Hong Liangji and others were all exiled for their crimes. Of course, the direction and time of their flow are also different.
Specific to Ninguta, there is a difference between the Ninguta region and the Ninguta province. "Ninggu" means "6" in Manchu; "tower" means "one" in quantifiers, which means 6. The Ninguta area is very vast, that is, north of the Tumen River, on the east and west banks of the Ussuri River, near the Sea of Japan, all of which are Ninguta areas. The Fuye of the Ningguta region, also known as Ningguta, is located in the territory of present-day Ning'an County, Heilongjiang Province.
Because the Manchu Qing actually borrowed the harm of the king, he took advantage of the situation to enter the Central Plains. At that time, in the whole territory of the northeast, there were less than 100,000 troops and less than one million civilians. The capital is Beijing. The army and the people will certainly enter the customs and follow the offensive of the army, scattered in various places, and enjoy the gentle wind and rain in the Central Plains, spring and autumn.
As a result, there are not many Manchus living in the northeast. The Ninguta area is frozen for thousands of miles all year round, the weather is extremely bad, the traffic is extremely inconvenient, and many Manchu people have taken refuge. The northeast is also the land of Longxing in the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and it is used for retreat at any time. Not many people want to live, how can it be.
The Manchu Qing took advantage of the punishment of crimes and moved the officials and prisoners who had not been enslaved to the northeast to fill the emptiness and develop the barrenness. The exile of Ninguta and the enslavement of the armored people must be linked together, which is a consolation and reward for the soldiers guarding the extreme edge. However, for the exiled, the personal relationship is attached to the main family's Phi Jia mansion, and there is not even the right to open an independent household registration. That's worse than death.
Wu Zhaoqian, a Han poet who was caught up in the Shunzhi 14-year Kechang case, was a prisoner exiled to Ningguta. Because he was close friends with the famous poet Nalan Rongruo, his family begged Nalan Rongruo to save him, and Rong Ruo operated from it through his father, the Minister of Power Nalan Pearl, and Fang was released to his original hometown, but he died less than 3 years after returning home.
In Liuninguta, the prisoner must first go to the penal colony. This is the first level. Before the general prisoner comes out, he always has to execute additional punishments, such as "cane blame, stabbing", etc., first spanking his ass, injuring his legs and feet, and then in the wind and snow, he traveled a long way from the Central Plains to Ninguta. Don't say how the prisoners themselves feel, outsiders look at it, this is not Lin Chong of the Wind and Snow Mountain Temple, it is painful to look at, and it is very normal to die on the way.
In fact, the escort is more bitter, the prisoner only needs to go once, the escort must often rotate the escort, which is equivalent to one or two years, close to exile once.
Wu Zhaoqian is a reader, as long as he can reach Ninggu Pagoda alive, the treatment is still quite good. Although he was reduced to slavery, the local armored people really did not want to enslave him, and they all competed to let him teach his children to read. As a teacher, you can still go there. Living and eating is no different from the host, and even better. Or what if the teacher is confused?
The Phi Jia people were the han, Mongolian, and Korean people who were originally captured, and the Manchus served as soldiers on the defensive poles. Lo and behold, this ghost place, The Manchus themselves don't want to stay. Most of the soldiers have no culture, and naturally do not understand the teacher's subordinates. But there is a point, no culture also knows, if the children can not lift, this life will be the same as themselves, stay in the bitter cold place, who wants to.
As a result, the treatment of cultural people has become good. But even a literati like Wu, who did not suffer greatly, died in less than 3 years as soon as they were put back. Among them, it is bound to be destroyed by both spirit and body, and it is no longer suitable for life and living in the Central Plains.
There is Wu Zhaoqian's poem as evidence, "Ninggu cold and bitter world, from the beginning of spring to the middle of April, the wind is like thunder and lightning, May to July rain continuously, in mid-August it snows heavily, and the river freezes in early September." When the snow reaches the ground, it becomes solid ice, and there is snow for thousands of miles. "Just such a personal purgatory, an earthly temple."
Exile is a kind of mental and physical double delay, but in terms of time, it is much longer. The Manchu Qing Dynasty, with its ultra-long distance, degraded citizenship as a slave, extreme climate, and hard labor and humiliation as a knife, will be punished in the spirit and flesh of the people, in front of the public, this year a little, next year a little, when the film becomes a piece of skin duck. As soon as the prisoner's spirit collapsed, the flesh was like a mandarin duck with a bitter fate, and it immediately followed. Only the most powerful can endure the suffering of Liuninguta.
From the Shunye period to the abdication of Xuantong, many criminal officials and prisoners were sent to Ninguta because of punishment.
To give a few examples, such as Zheng Zhilong, the father of Zheng Chenggong, and his family; after the "Ping San Fan", all the civil and military officials and family members of san Francisco; and the famous "Literal Prison" case, the sons of Lü Liuliang, Lü Hongzhong, Lü Fuzhong, Lü Lizhong, and all the family members and servants.
The last criminal in history to send Ninguta was very fateful and belonged to the double stream. This man was the cousin of the Guangxu Emperor, the Duke of Fuguo, and the general ai xinjue Luo Zailan of the auxiliary state.
As involved in the Boxer Rebellion, it was first transferred to Xinjiang and then to Ninguta. When he came, he thought that after the noble and high-ranking officials had doubled, they could be spared, and they wrote to pray for release. It also coincided with the fall of Xuantong and China entered the Beiyang period, and Yuan Shikai, the great president, did not agree to his return to Beijing and had to die in Ningguta.
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