Since the Beginning of the Xia Dynasty, China has gradually established the five-punishment system of Ink, Sword, Sword, Palace, and Dapu. It can be said that punishment in ancient China was an important part of the ancient legal system, and its development and changes are essentially a condensation of the social development and progress of the whole of China. The reasons for the development and change of the penal system are multi-layered, with different characteristics in different eras and different measures taken by different generations of authorities.
Therefore, in ancient China, there was a kind of person, which was called "flowing people".
They are called this because they are those who were punished by exile by the rulers because they were dissatisfied with Manchu rule or had broken the law. The main reason for such punishment is that the ruler must defend his position and play a certain deterrent effect. Among the many rogues, the prisoners sent to Ninguta belonged to a special group during the Qing Dynasty.
So, why is there such a difference?
All along, the law of a country has been a dictatorial tool adopted by the ruling class against the ruled class, it is the embodiment of the will of the ruling class, and it is also a weapon for maintaining the status and power of the ruling class, even during the reign of the Qing government.
The legal system of the Qing Dynasty was inherited on the basis of China's traditional legal system, and at the same time, there were some developments and progresses, and gradually formed a complete legal system, which was relatively perfect in ancient Chinese history. In the first year of the Shunzhi Dynasty, the laws were revised on the basis of the relevant laws and regulations of the Ming Dynasty, and the "Great Qing Laws" were compiled.
After that, it was revised many times to make its content more perfect, and finally, in the five years of Qianlong, a relatively complete "Great Qing Laws" was formed. In addition, the Qing Dynasty also compiled the "Great Qing HuiDian" in accordance with the "Great Ming HuiDian", which was revised many times to form four kinds, of which the "Great Qing HuiDian Case" revised by Guangxu Shixiu became the most complete administrative code of the Qing Dynasty and The period of feudal rule in China.
The five methods of flogging, rod, disciple, stream, and death were the methods of punishment adopted by the Qing Dynasty during the Ming Dynasty, which was called "positive punishment". Moreover, there are measures to assist the correct punishment, including: relocation, replenishment, dispatch, exile, it can be said that these four punishments are related to the exile, of which the heaviest is the heaviest, the military is secondary, and the migration and exile are all light sentences.
During the Qing Dynasty, the northeast, northwest and north were the main concentrations of Shushu, followed by the southwest smoke miasma area. Among them, due to the poor living conditions in the northeast region, cold and poor, many people have been exiled to this place. According to relevant studies on the history of displaced people, during the Qing Dynasty, the number of displaced people exiled to the northeast was as many as 1.4 million, and the main place of exile was Ningguta.
Therefore, ninguta is very famous, and even in modern film and television works, it is often heard that punishments such as "exile ninguta" are heard. At the same time, there are many celebrities who have been exiled here for a long time. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, Zhang Jinyan was exiled to Ningguta, and in the "Collection of Extraterritorial Areas", he once said that the Ningguta streamers were "exiled people, many Wu, Yue, Min, Guang, Qi, Chu, Liang, Qin, Yan, and Zhao people." ”
In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi, Fang Gongqian, who exiled Ningguta, wrote in his "Chronicle of the Absolute Domain": "The Chinese (Han Chinese) have no provinces and no one in the thirteen provinces, and each of them is customary because of its place. This proves that the ninguta stream is widespread, and there are different customs in all provinces of the country.
So why are so many people exiled here? Next, let's summarize together a few reasons why during the Qing Dynasty, many displaced people were sent to the northeast:
First, the struggle against the Qing Dynasty.
After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was established, and the Manchus entered the Central Plains, bringing the Manchu way of life, as well as various cultures, ideas, habits, and customs to the lives of the Han people, which was a big impact on the original Han way of life.
At the same time, this kind of impact and change is coercive and dominant, and such behavior has given the original Han landlord class a sense of national urgency and crisis, so they have exposed the uprising and wanted to "oppose the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty." Eventually, these struggles were suppressed by the Qing government, and the leaders of these anti-Qing activities, as well as their relatives, were punished by the rulers, some killed, some exiled.
For example:
Yang Yue and Qi Bansun, who were implicated and punished for the "Tonghai case.".
The internal struggle of the ruling class.
Within the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty, there were constant disputes between various henchmen, and the struggle between the parties always had to be won or lost. And the victorious side will inevitably find ways to retaliate against the enemy side, then naturally there will be many people punished for various crimes.
Of these people, most of them were sent to the northeast and became displaced people.
Like what:
In the twelfth year of Shunzhi, Peng Changgeng, who was exiled to Ninguta, was exiled to Ninguta because he praised Dorgon's merits and requested to wash away his grievances and guilt;
Zhang Jinyan, who was punished for the dispute between the North and the South, Chen Menglei in the "San Francisco Rebellion", and so on.
These people were punished as exiles as victims of the parties.
3. The Section Field Case.
This method was mainly used by the Qing rulers to suppress some landlord classes of the Han chinese. The Qing Dynasty's handling of the Kechang case was quite cruel, and even some cases had reached an outrageous point.
Although some of them do deserve to be punished for joints and fraud for personal gain, there are also some who are framed, innocently punished, and exiled, and there are many unlucky eggs like this who have been framed.
The famous poets Wu Zhaoqian, Fang Gongqian and others are very typical cases.
Among the many science field cases in the Qing Dynasty, the Shunzhi Ding Youke Field Case and the Beiwei Branch Field Case were the most shocking. In the Guangding Unitary Field case, the number of people directly implicated reached hundreds of people, and they were all punished.
4. Literal hell.
From the Shunzhi and Kangxi dynasties to the Yongzheng and even the Qianlong period, the Qing rulers completely suppressed the anti-Qing ideology throughout the country in order to suppress the people ideologically. Therefore, a huge literary prison activity began, taking those literati who had anti-Qing ideologies and were dissatisfied with the qing dynasty's rule as the main target and suppressed them, so as to eliminate dissidents and consolidate the ruling position of the Qing government.
As long as some literati have inappropriate words in their poems, or express dissatisfaction with the government, and attachment to the rule of the Ming Dynasty, or are suspected of being anti-Qing, they will be immediately suppressed and convicted. This made many capable people and literati objects of exile and were sent to war. Famous people are the Tongcheng Fang clan who were sent to the northeast for the "Nanshan Ji" case, and the people who were implicated in the Lü Liuliang case.
These literati who were exiled because of the literal prison not only suffered very severe punishments for this matter themselves, but also affected future generations, some even to the fifth generation, and because of this matter, they were affected, it can be said that there are a wide range of people involved.
5. Dereliction of duty by officials.
The problem of official corruption has been caused by all dynasties and dynasties, and it is also the government that has vigorously cracked down on it and tried to rectify it. During the reign of the Qing government, if an official engaged in corruption and bribery, dereliction of duty, inaction, unfavorable handling, delay in warplanes, delay in military intelligence, or defection to the enemy and treason, he would be punished very strictly and severely in accordance with the relevant laws, regulations, and institutional requirements of the Qing government.
Therefore, some corrupt officials, according to feudal punishment, were to be sentenced to exile, and their families were also sent to those bitter and cold places to suffer as punishment.
Therefore, from the above reasons, we can see that among the exiled exiles in Ninguta, the composition of the personnel is still relatively diverse, including officials, literati, ordinary ordinary people, as well as the relatives of the prisoners, etc. It can be said that it is a snare of different social strata. The main reason for summarizing these is that these are all measures used to stabilize the rule of the Qing government and eliminate the adverse effects on its rule.
In addition, in order to maintain their authority over the people and ensure their interests, the rulers used various systems and punishments to rectify and suppress those who opposed them.
However, it must be mentioned that among the many displaced people, Chen Jiayou was the first person to be exiled to Ningguta, the character Jingyin, who was a Fujianese.
In the winter of the eleventh year of Shunzhi, the official Chen Jiayu was punished by the imperial court for his official position because he wrote a letter to mediate for others, and after the matter was revealed, he was punished by the imperial court for exile, which was Ningguta. After that, he went through more than a year of arduous trekking before he and his family walked with his family to Ninguta outside the northeast. Later, he once said to Yang Bin: "I was in the twelfth year of Shunzhi, Liuning Ancient Pagoda, and there are no Han Chinese. ”
This proves that Chen Jiayou was the first person exiled to the Ninguta area and recorded in writing. Since then, the door of this bitter cold place has been opened, and many prisoners have been continuously sent to this place and suffered from exile. As for the Qing Dynasty, the last person to be exiled to Ninggu Pagoda was Emperor Qingzong Aixin Jueluo Zailan, who was the son of YiXuan, the fifth son of the Daoguang Emperor.
According to relevant sources, Zailan was punished during the Boxer Rebellion in Guangxu's 26th year and later exiled to the area. In the first year of the Republic of China, most of the exiled people in Ningguta were literati bachelors, which was mainly the relationship between the literal prison, and they were all suppressed and punished by the rulers because of their own poetry or literary works, and they became victims of the literal prison.
In addition, these able people, not only can not exert their talents and ambitions, but even affect their own children and grandchildren, many of them, together with their families, forced to exile to Ninguta, suffering from desolation and cold.
However, among these people, there are also some ambitious people who do not wear down their will because of the hardships of the conditions, but on the contrary retain a positive creative enthusiasm, fight against a tragic fate, and constantly create literature or historiography, leaving us with a wealth of excellent works. They used the fire of culture to light up the night sky in the Ninguta area and dispel the cold, which not only promoted the improvement of local civilization, but also provided very valuable documents for later historical research.
Fang Gongqian's "Chronicle of the Absolute Domain", "He Burrow Collection, Extraterritorial Collection", Wu Zhaoqian's "Autumn Collection" and "Tiandong Xiaoji" and other works are very precious literary works.
At the same time, the influx of a large number of displaced people has also played a very great role in promoting the production and development of the northeast region. With the arrival of displaced people, the rapid growth of the local population has also brought vitality to the local economy, making production and life continue, making the original bitter cold place become lively, and playing a role in promoting the economic development of the region and helping greatly.
Resources:
[Ningguta Chronicles", "Miscellaneous Records of The Insights and Stories of the Study Hall", "Qing History Manuscripts, Volume 5, Benji 5"]