Text/Dong Xiaotong
Mao Zedong attached great importance to the cultivation of young people, and Mao Zedong seemed to be even more favorable to Wang Bo, a young talent in ancient China. Wang Bo was a highly talented literary scholar in the early Tang Dynasty, especially good at writing, and was known as the "Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty" along with Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, and Luo Binwang, but unfortunately died young. Wang Bo's talents triggered a sentiment of nearly a thousand words from Mao Zedong, which became the longest criticism written by Mao Zedong when he appraised historical figures.
This criticism of Mao Zedong was written in a qing dynasty Xiang Jiada's compilation of the Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty. He drew a circle in front of the title of Wang Bo's article "Autumn Chuzhou Hao Si Hu Zhai Guo Cui Envoy Order" and wrote this criticism next to it. The meaning of Mao Zedong's criticism can be roughly divided into three parts: one is to examine Wang Bo's life, the second is to evaluate Wang Bo's poetry, and the third is Chen's attitude toward young people.
Examination of life: "This person has been unlucky in his life"
The first part of this thousand-word criticism is a study of Wang Bo's life. Mao Zedong wrote:
It was made on the road to Jiaotong (Annam), and the land was in Huainan, or Shouzhou, or Jiangdu. In the second year of the first century, the year of Bo should have been twenty-three or four. He went to Nanchang to compose the "Preface to the Poetry of tengwangge", saying, "Wait for the weak crown of the final army." Weak Crown, according to Qu Li, is twenty years old. Bo died in the sea on the way to jiaotong, the Old Book of Tang says the year twenty-eight, the New Book of Tang says twenty-nine, in Huainan, Nanchang for the preface, it should be twenty-four, five, six. Ninety percent of the poems in the "Prince Anji" were written in the north—daizhou, Chang'an, Sichuan's Zizhou, and Henan's Yuzhou. Only a few songs were composed in the south, Huainan, Nanchang, and Guangzhou. There are more guangzhous, and only a few songs. There is no cross-toe, which shows that he overturned the ship and died in the sea before he reached the cross-toe. According to the tang dialect and the Taiping Guangji, some people concluded that he was thirteen years old or fourteen years old at the time of the preface in Nanchang. According to him, he served as an aide to Li Xian, the prince of Pei, and was expelled by Emperor Gaozong Li Zhi because he wrote an article for the kings fighting cocks. While in Yuzhou, he was sentenced to death for breaking the law and was pardoned. ...... This man had a bad life, was punished everywhere, and almost died in Yuzhou.
Mao Zedong's examination of Wang Bo's life focused on inferring the age when Wang Bo wrote the "Order of the Emperor Cui of Hao SiHu's Residence in Chuzhou in Autumn" in Huainan and the "Preface to the Pavilion of King Teng" in Nanchang.
◆ Mao Zedong's annotations on the Four Masterpieces of the Early Tang Dynasty (Central Archives).
Regarding the age at which Wang Bo wrote the Autumn Chu prefecture Hao Si Hu Zhai Zhai Cui Envoy Order, Mao Zedong believed that it was "done on the road to Jiaotong (Annam), in Huainan, or Shouzhou, or Jiangdu." In the second year of the first century, the year of Bo should have been twenty-three or four. Mao Zedong's reason for this inference is based on the time of Wang Bo's explicit account at the beginning of this preface—"Shangyuan Erzai, Gaoqiu August", that is, August 675 AD, which can be inferred from Wang Bo's age at that time.
Regarding Wang Bo's age when he wrote the Preface to the Tengwang Pavilion in Nanchang, there have always been two theories. One theory is that according to the records in the Tang Shuyan and the Taiping Guangji, Wang Bo was 13 or 14 years old when he wrote the preface in Nanchang; the other is based on the "Biography of Wang Bo" in the New Book of Tang and the Old Book of Tang, which believes that this preface was written by Wang Bo on his way to Jiaotong Province, and should be in his 20s. Mao Zedong is very familiar with Wang Bo's biography, and he once wrote in the "New Book of Tang Dynasty Wang Bo Biography" that "Bo Zhiwen did not think carefully at the beginning, first grinding ink for a few liters, then drinking heavily, and being covered with a cover." And 寤, the help of the pen into a piece, not easy to write a word. When people call it the belly draft, "cross the line under the emphasis." It was on the basis of the records in the Old and New Book of Tang, combined with the expression "the weak crown of the final army" in the preface, that Mao Zedong agreed with the latter theory and further deduced that Wang Bo's year should be in the "twenty-fourth, fifth, and sixth".
In order to further argue his inference of the age at which Wang Bo wrote the Preface to the Tengwang Pavilion, Mao Zedong also analyzed the geographical nature of Wang Bo's poetry creation, writing: "Ninety percent of the poems in the Prince Anji were written in the north—in the area of Daizhou, Chang'an, And Zizhou in Sichuan, and in The Prefecture of Henan. Only a few songs were composed in the south, Huainan, Nanchang, and Guangzhou. There are more guangzhous, and only a few songs. There is no cross-toe, which shows that he overturned the ship and died in the sea before he reached the cross-toe. Because Wang Bo wrote fewer poems in the south, and the "Autumn Chuzhou Hao Si Hu Zhai Cui Zhi Jun Order" and the "Tengwang Ge Order" belonged to this minority of southern works, thus increasing the similarity in the writing time between the two. Since the writing time of the article "Autumn Chuzhou Hao Si Hu Zhai Cui Envoy Jun Order" is basically undisputed, that is, twenty-three or four years old, then the writing time of the "Tengwang Pavilion Order" should also be not far from here.
After examining Wang Bo's age, Mao Zedong recounted Wang Bo's short life: "He served as an aide to Li Xian, the king of Pei, and was expelled by Emperor Gaozong Li Zhi because he wrote an article for the kings fighting cocks. While in Yuzhou, he was sentenced to death for breaking the law and was pardoned. "Wang Bo, who has little talent, should have had a smooth career, but his short life was full of ups and downs, and finally drowned, which can't help but make people sigh." Regarding Wang Bo's life experience, Mao Zedong wrote such a comment in a tone full of regret and slightly sentimentality: "This person has been unlucky in his life. ”
From this passage of examination of Wang Bo's life written by Mao Zedong entirely from memory, we can not only see his familiarity with history, but also see his extensive reading volume and rigorous analysis and judgment ability.
Evaluation of the poem: "In addition to the flow of Guangchang, there is also a party full of sorrow"
Wang Bo, who was "unlucky in his life", left behind a poem of "Guangchang Liuli"; it is also this special life experience of "a lifetime of bad luck" that makes his poetry more "full of sorrow". The second part of Mao Zedong's criticism is an evaluation of Wang Bo's poetry:
This person was highly talented and erudite, and was fluent in Wen Guangchang, reflecting the social dynamics of the feudal and prosperous world at that time, and was very readable. This man had a bad life, was punished everywhere, and almost died in Yuzhou. Therefore, in addition to his wen and guangchang liuli, there is also a party full of sorrow. Du Fu said, "Wang Yang Luluo was physically ,...... Don't waste the rivers and rivers that flow forever", is right. It is Wen Shangbiao, but the original Xin Biao and Live Piao of Wang Bo and others in the early Tang Dynasty are 108,000 miles away from the old Piao and The Dead Piao of the Six Dynasties. He was a figure of the seventh century, and for more than a thousand years, most of the literati supported the Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty, and only a few opposed them.
In this commentary, Mao Zedong first gave high praise to Wang Bo's literary works, saying: "This person is highly talented and erudite, fluent in literature and prosperity, reflecting the social dynamics of the feudal and prosperous world at that time, and is very readable." From the four words "very readable", it can be seen that Mao Zedong greatly appreciated Wang Bo's works. Mao Zedong once annotated a word "good" on the top of Wang Bo's famous poem "Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shu prefecture". He specifically mentioned Wang Bo's contribution to the creation of Biao Wen, pointing out that although Wang Bo was "a literary shang biao", he wrote "new piao and live piao", which was a difference of 108,000 miles from the "old piao and dead piao" of the Six Dynasties.
As one of the "Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty", Wang Bo was dissatisfied with the slender and weak literary style represented by the "Shangguan Body" that was prevalent in the literary circles at that time, and tried to reform its shortcomings. His literary works were "strong but not vain, rigid and moist, carved without breaking, pressed and strong", which had a very important impact on the literary circle at that time. In this regard, Mao Zedong quoted Du Fu's "Drama for Six Absolute Sentences" in which "Wang Yang Luluo was in his body at the time, and his lightness was unending. Ercao's body and name are destroyed, and the rivers and rivers are not wasted. The poem affirms the important role played by Wang Bo and others in changing the flashy literary style since the Six Dynasties and promoting the development of Tang Dynasty literature.
In particular, Mao Zedong not only saw the "Guangchang Liuli" side of Wang Boweiwen here, but also pointed out that his Wenwen "in addition to Guangchang Liuli, there is also a party full of sorrow."
The most prominent embodiment of the combination of Wang Bowei's "Guangchang Liuli" and "complaining and full of belly" is mao Zedong's "Preface to the Tengwang Pavilion" mentioned in his criticism.
Tengwang Pavilion, located in present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi, was named after Li Shimin, the younger brother of Emperor Taizong of Tang and Li Yuanbao, the King of Teng. Wang Bo passed through this place when he went to visit his father, coinciding with the feast of the governor Yan Boyu for the completion of the rebuilding of the Tengwang Pavilion. Wang Bo had the honor of attending this banquet, and the preface was made during the banquet.
On the one hand, this article is "guangchang and beautiful", and depicts the magnificent scene seen in the Tengwang Pavilion with vivid brushstrokes. The whole text is neat and tidy, the rhetoric is gorgeous, the use of classics is rich, the sound rhythm is harmonious, and it is very artistic. Although it is a piao text, it is rich in content and sincere in emotion, which is exactly what Mao Zedong said: "new and live". as:
In September, the order belongs to the third autumn. The water is exhausted and the cold pool is clear, and the smoke condenses and the twilight mountain is purple. On the road, visiting the scenery in Chong'a, the emperor's Changzhou, the old museum of the heavenly people. The layers are towering green, and the upper and lower levels are heavy; the flying pavilion is flowing, and the bottom is landless. Crane Ting, the haunting of the poor islands; Guidian Lan Palace, that is, the posture of the gangluan.
Cloaked in embroidery, overlooked, Yamahara is wide and its view, and Kawazawa is terrified. Lu Yan Po Di, Zhong Ming Ding Food House; Ship Mijin, Green Sparrow Yellow Dragon Ship. Cloud pin rain Ji, cai che district ming. The sunset and the lone bird fly together, and the autumn water is long and colorful. The fishing boat sang in the evening, sounding the shore of the poor PengLi; the geese were frightened, and the sound broke the pool of Hengyang.
Among them, the sentence "The sunset and the lone bird fly together, and the autumn water is long and the sky is colorful" has been passed down through the ages. Mao Zedong also liked this sentence very much. In the 1960s, Mao Zedong mentioned the "Preface to the Tengwang Pavilion" in a conversation with his children, and when the conversation was at its peak, he sat down at the table and wrote this sentence with a wave of his hand: "The sunset and the lone bird fly together, and the autumn water is long and colorful."
◆ King outbreak image.
On the other hand, this article is also "full of complaints", expressing the author's lament for the impermanence of life and the fate of the fate, and expressing his state of mind that he does not meet with talent. as:
The heavens and the earth are different, and the universe is infinite; the joy and sorrow come, and the number of the void is realized. Look at Chang'an under the sun, and look at Wu in the clouds. The terrain is extreme and deep in the south, and the pillar of heaven is high and far away in the north. The mountain is difficult to cross, who is sad about the person who has lost the road? Pingshui meets, all are guests of other places. Emperor Huai did not see him, what year was the Fengxuan Room?
Woohoo! Bad luck and bad luck. Feng Tang is old, Li Guang is difficult to seal. Qu Jiayi is in Changsha, not without a holy lord; is it not clear when Liang Hong is in Haiqu? The gentleman who relies on him sees the opportunity, and the master knows the fate. When old and strong, would you rather move the heart of the white head? Poor and strong, do not fall into the ambition of the clouds. Drink the spring and feel refreshed, and be happy in the rut. Although the North Sea is on credit, it can be shaken; the east corner has passed away, and mulberry yu is not late. Meng tasted high purity, and the feeling of repaying the country with spare time; Ruan Was rampant, and he cried out in exhaustion!
Bo, three feet of micro-life, a scholar. There is no way to ask for help, waiting for the weak crown of the final army; there is a long wind of carrying a pen and Mu Zongwu. She's in Bailing, and Feng Chen is in the middle of nowhere. The treasure tree of the non-Xie family, the neighbor of the Meng family. He grew in court, chattering with the carp, and now he was holding the praises, and the dragon gate was hito. Yang Yi did not meet, caressed Lingyun and regretted himself; when the bell period was encountered, how ashamed was it to play the flowing water?
In this passage, "It is difficult to cross the mountain, who is sad about the person who has lost his way?" Pingshui meets, all are guests of other towns" "Old and strong, would rather move the heart of the white head?" Poor and strong, do not fall into the ambition of Qingyun", "no way to please, wait for the weak crown of the final army; there is a pen, Mu Zongwu's long wind", are the author's sincere expression of combining his own life experience, and it is touching to read.
Mao Zedong had a unique insight and saw the unique literary style of Wang Bo's "Guangchang Liuli" and "Whining Belly" coexisting with his natural talent and endowment and the encounters of his acquired life.
Chen said: "Young people are better than the elderly"
Perhaps regretting Wang Bo's untimely death, Mao Zedong took this opportunity to express pity for the early death of the talents of ancient China, and made a statement about "youth":
A twenty-eight-year-old man wrote sixteen volumes of poetry, comparable to Wang Bi's philosophy (subjective idealism), Jia Yi's historiography and political science. They were all young Yingfa, Jia Yi was thirty when he died, and Wang Bi was twenty-four when he died. There were also twenty-seven when Li He died, and seventeen when Xia Wanchun died. They are all handsome geniuses who died too early.
Young people are stronger than the elderly, and the poor, the untouchables, the despised, the low-status, most of the inventions, accounting for more than seventy percent, are the work of them. Thirty percent of middle-aged and elderly people who are motivated also have inventions. This ratio of three or seven open, why is so, deserves everyone's deep consideration. The conclusion is that they are poor and lowly, have strong vitality, have less superstition, have fewer worries, are not afraid of heaven and earth, and dare to think and dare to say and dare to do. If the Party encourages them again, is not afraid of failure, does not pour cold water, and admits that the world is mainly theirs, there will be many inventions. Our recent national movement of the Four Modernizations (mechanization, semi-mechanization, automation, semi-automation) amply proves this assertion. The argument about Wang Bo's age when he was in Nanchang, thinking about a lot, really wanted to spit out this big pile. I threw up once at the 1958 Party Congress, and now I want to throw up again, and I will vomit again in the future.
The Wang Bi mentioned in this commentary is a scribe and philosopher in the Three Kingdoms period, a representative figure of Wei and Jin metaphysics, who was clear and intelligent when he was young, able to speak in a general manner, and the official To Shangshulang, who wrote "LaoZi Notes", "Lao Tzu ZhiLuo", "Zhou Yi Notes", "Zhou Yi Sketches", etc., was only 24 years old when he died of illness; Jia Yi, a famous political commentator and literary scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, had few talents, Emperor Wen was a doctor at the time, and later became the Prince of Lianghuai, who died of guilt and depression because of The Fall of Liang Huai's horse, died of depression, when he was only 33 years old; Li He, a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty, was born into a family. However, his career was not smooth, and he died young at the age of 27; Xia Wanchun, a poet at the end of the Ming Dynasty, a general of the Anti-Qing Dynasty, was 5 years old, 7 years old, Nengwen, 14 years old with his father to resist the Qing Dynasty, and was only 17 years old when he was arrested and killed.
Mao Zedong listed so many historical figures who died young at one time, on the one hand, expressing his regret, on the other hand, in order to elicit an important point: "Young people are better than old people."
To this end, Mao Zedong raised another question: "Most inventions and creations, accounting for more than seventy percent, are done by them. Thirty percent of middle-aged and elderly people who are motivated also have inventions. This ratio of three or seven open, why is so, deserves everyone's deep consideration. ”
To this question, Mao Zedong then gave his own answer, he wrote: "Because they are poor and lowly, vigorous, less superstitious, less worried, not afraid of heaven and earth, dare to think and dare to say and dare to do." This view of Mao Zedong actually contains the idea of dialectics. He discovered the intrinsic link between "poor and lowly" and "vigorous vitality", and believed that there was an objective necessity of causal transformation between the two. In Mao Zedong's view, the subjects with low status and repressed have more motivation to realize their inner desires; the subjects with higher status are full of inertia and fear. Therefore, as "young people", the former is full of vitality, not afraid of heaven and earth, dare to think and dare to say and dare to do; while the latter, as "middle-aged and elderly", only promises, think before and after, and even sometimes become an obstacle to the progress of the times.
◆ In May 1958, Mao Zedong was at the Second Session of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
Because of this, Mao Zedong was very opposed to the suppression of young people. In his comments, he said: "I threw up once at the 1958 Party Congress, and now I want to throw up again, and I will vomit again in the future." The phrase "I threw up once" here refers to Mao Zedong's speech on May 8, 1958, at the Second Session of the Eighth Party Congress, "breaking down superstition." In this speech, he cited the examples of 29 young and promising young people in ancient and modern China and abroad. The purpose of listing these characters is to illustrate that young people are better than the elderly, and that people with less learning can not be superstitious about people with more knowledge, and should not be intimidated by university inquirers! Dare to think, dare to say, dare to do, do not dare to think, dare not say, dare not do. This phenomenon of tying hands and feet is not good, and it is necessary to liberate itself from this phenomenon.
On May 18 of the same year, Mao Zedong again issued instructions on the document:
This document was printed and distributed to all comrades of the congress for reading. The central industrial and transportation departments were asked to collect materials and compile and print a popular and concise biography (pamphlet) of scientific and technological inventors from all over the world (including China) in the past three hundred years. Let us see if it can be proved that scientific and technological inventions are largely the result of the oppressed classes, that is, from those who have a lower social status, less learning, poor conditions, who are always looked down upon, even beaten, tortured, and tortured in the beginning. The Academy of Sciences and universities should also do this work, and so should all provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions. All at the same time. If this can be proved systematically, it will inspire many small intellectuals, many workers and peasants, many new and old cadres to smash the sense of inferiority, cut off arrogance, break superstition, and inspire the spirit of bold creation that dares to think, dare to say, and dare to do...
The central idea of this directive is actually essentially consistent with Mao Zedong's understanding of young people, and reflects Mao Zedong's idea that the "oppressed class" is an important driving force for social development.
Attaching importance to the role of young people and advocating that they should be encouraged and let go of young people is Mao Zedong's consistent view. As early as June 30, 1953, when Mao Zedong received the presidium of the Second National Congress of the Chinese New Democratic Youth League, he said:
◆ In May 1957, Mao Zedong received delegates to the Third National Congress of the Chinese New Democratic Youth League.
It is necessary to elect young cadres as members of the Central Committee of the League. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao led a large army down to Jiangnan and attacked Eastern Wu. At that time, Zhou Yu was a "youth league member", when the commander of Eastern Wu, Cheng Pu and other veteran generals were not convinced, and later persuaded, or by him, the result was a victory. Now that Zhou Yu is to be a member of the Central Committee of the League, everyone will not approve of it! The members of the Central Committee of the League elect the older ones and the younger ones too few, is this OK? Nature cannot all be based on age, but also according to ability. The list of candidates for membership of the Central Committee of the League was originally only nine, but after discussion by the Party Central Committee, it has increased to more than sixty, accounting for only a little more than a quarter, and those over thirty years old still account for almost three-quarters, and some comrades still say that it is less. I say a lot. Whether or not the sixty or so young people are very competent, some comrades say that they are not sure. To fully believe in young people, the vast majority will be competent. Individuals may not be competent, and they do not have to be afraid, and they can be re-elected in the future. In doing so, the fundamental direction cannot be wrong. Young people are no weaker than we are. The elderly have experience, of course, strong, but the physiological function gradually deteriorates, the eyes and ears are not so smart, and the hands and feet are not as agile as the youth. This is the law of nature. It is necessary to persuade those comrades who do not approve.
In the criticism provoked by Wang Bo's poem, Mao Zedong once again expressed a similar point of view, he wrote: "If the party encourages them again, is not afraid of failure, does not pour cold water, and admits that the world is mainly theirs, there will be many inventions." ”
Mao Zedong's criticism of Wang Boqi's writings has gone far beyond the level of literature, but has turned his vision to a broader world, a world closely linked to social development, a world for all young people, and such criticism can only belong to Mao Zedong, a politician and poet.
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