"Three Hundred Years of Tang Poetry- Poets and Their Poetry Creation", by Huang Tianji, Oriental Publishing Center, March 2022, 55 yuan.
【Introduction】The author, Mr. Huang Tianji, has been old this year. Interpreting Tang poetry with the feelings and experience of life, this book "Three Hundred Years of Tang Poems" published in March this year has only 35 articles, from the early Tang Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty, from poetry to life and then to the world, presenting the basic style of Tang Dynasty poetry, the spiritual style of Tang Dynasty poets, and the side notes of the rise and fall of the Tang Dynasty. The book has both the shrewd simplicity of Qian Zhongshu's "Tan YiLu" and the richness and breadth of Qian Mu's "Outline of National History", which is a rare brief history of Tang poetry and a brief discussion of appreciation.
Following Yuwen Suo'an's study of the Song Ci and Song Ciren in the "intellectual archaeology style", today's lecture hall specially excerpted and compiled, "Say Wang Bo's "Du Shaofu's Ren Shu Chuan" and "Say Du Fu's "Stone Trench Official"" two paragraphs, which are slightly interesting in this book for the benefit of readers.
I wish that the listeners in Shanghai will have both pragmatic cooperation and higher vision at the key node of the fight against the epidemic, and greet the dynamic clearance of the social surface with optimism and wisdom.
Huang Tianji, a well-known expert in classical literature who has reached the age of old age
Wang Bo's farewell poem: the clarity and confusion of the early Tang Dynasty
"The sea knows that the end of the world is nearby", which has been passed down through the ages and has become a good aphorism, can you imagine that it was actually from the hands of a young poet who was only 19 years old?
This young man was the early Tang Dynasty poet Wang Bo.
Wang Bo, who revealed his name at the age of 14, was full of vigor
"Wind and smoke" is the sorrow of the giver and the trepidation of the giver
Wang Bo had a talented name at the age of fourteen, and was appointed by the emperor in an extraordinary way, and he was full of spirit. This poem is about his mood when he bid farewell to his close friend Du Shaofu in Chang'an. Once the close friends were separated, Wang Bo's heart was inevitably lost, so he wrote this poem.
At the beginning of the poem, Wang Bo writes about the place where he and Du Shaofu held each other. He first used two dual sentences to compare place names with place names; in place names, "Three Qin" vs. "Wujin" and "Number Words against Number Words" appear particularly neat. In the description of the scenery of the other place, only from the large ink, not delicate description, which makes people feel that there is a fine and magnificent atmosphere.
"Wind and smoke look at the five tsu". Wujin, namely Baihuajin, Wanlijin, Jiangshoujin, Shitoujin, and Jiangnanjin, these are the five ferries of the Minjiang River in Sichuan, and are the places where Du Shaofu will land on the mission. Of course, I really don't know which ferry port he came ashore, but I have to say it in general terms. However, it is generally speaking, which shows the distance between the Minjiang River and Chang'an. This time, the future is uncertain, and people can't help but be a little lonely.
People knew that the second and first sentences were even sentences, and the battle was neat, but they did not notice why Wang Bo used the word "wind and smoke". Logically, the first two sentences of the poem did not need to be dual, and he and Du Shaofu looked at the distance, could not they also be expressed with words such as "ascending" or "mountain peak"? However, Wang Bo's use of the word "wind and smoke" means that Wujin is in the wind and smoke; or in the wind and smoke of Chang'an, looking at the unknown Wujin. In short, Gotsu was far away in the sky, only to see that it was vague and misty. This image, which constitutes a strong gap with the magnificent Chang'an where he was before him, is placed. Here, the sorrow of the sender, the trepidation of the sender, in the image of "wind and smoke", is also self-evident.
It should also be noted that the poet gave the word "hope". Why are they looking far away from the mountains, which are obviously invisible places, and they still have to look away? The next "wang" word is only a visual action on the surface, but it shows that Wang Bo has a deep affection for Du Shaofu and imagines where he is about to go; in particular, it also writes about Du Shaofu's concern for the future.
The Tang and Song Dynasty Poetry Highlights once quoted Wu Beijiang as saying that the first two sentences were "magnificent and sophisticated.". In fact, Wu Beijiang only saw that it was magnificent on the surface and had a far-sighted side, but he did not pay attention to its strong contrast, which contained subtle changes in the thoughts of the characters in the poem. And this is exactly where Wang Bo is clever in his creation.
With poetry to discuss, emotional rhymes to vibrate the hearts of people in the world
The farewell poem not only reflects the farewell, but also points out the heart full of optimism
According to the general writing of other love poems, both write about separation, naturally more will write about the pain of separation, naturally will cling to it, and, moreover, the above few sentences of this poem, according to the general poem of other feelings, both write to the difference, naturally more will undertake the farewell feelings revealed above, render the scenery seen in the eyes of other people, or further express the block in the chest through the image. However, Wang Bo was unexpected, and suddenly burst out with a surprising stroke:
Confidant in the sea, the end of the world is like a neighbor.
These two poems have been passed down through the ages.
In today's world, dearest and dearest people, once separated, thousands of miles away, do not necessarily need to worry about the stomach, as long as they communicate with each other, open the video, then, even if they are far away from the mountains and oceans, they can immediately meet in the screen. However, in ancient times, it was not the same thing at all! Why does the term "life and death" appear? Why does Jiang Drown say in "Don't Give": "Those who have lost their souls, only other than themselves"? Why in the ancient literary world, farewell has always been the most popular theme, the reason is that guanshan is blocked, and it will be difficult to period later. "Amorous parting from ancient wounds", therefore, when poetry involves other feelings, it is inevitable to write about each other holding hands and looking at each other with tears in their eyes, clinging to each other's emotions.
However, if we have an open-minded and optimistic attitude and deal with this intractable problem, we can enter a new realm. Wang Bo is a young talent, flesh and blood, full of optimism about the future. He believes that between relatives and friends, as long as they are heart-to-heart, have always maintained the mentality of knowing each other, and have a deep friendship, then, even if they are at the end of the sky and the corner of the sea, in fact, they can see each other every day like neighbors. Wang Bo's concept is unexpected, but reasonable.
Here, Wang Bo expressed two meanings to Du Shaofu, first of all, they were confidants and friends, even if they were separated, the friendship would never change. More importantly, he pointed out that in the human world, the most cherished thing is the friendship between each other, as long as it is "knowing", time and space are blocked, and it does not become an obstacle to friendship and estrangement. This truth is actually all in everyone's heart, but it is not in everyone's pen. And after the third and fourth sentences of the gentle tone of the preparation, suddenly appeared these extraordinary two sentences, really like a loud boring, deafening feeding. "Tang and Song Dynasty Poetry Essentials" quotes Wu Jiang's evaluation cloud: "Standing up out of thin air is everyone's pen power." That's right! Who would have thought that this "everyone" was just a nineteen-year-old little person!
It is very clear that Wang Bo has written out in a general way that people should have feelings for life, which in turn has influenced people's attitude towards life for thousands of years. It is precisely because these two poems have the argument of human life and the meaning of philosophical reason that this is the reason why it can be passed down for a long time.
These two poems of Wang Bo reveal the true meaning of the righteousness of friends, and they are discussions with ordinary meaning. But poetry is generally used for lyricism, and if it is used to make arguments, is this appropriate? In this regard, Shen Deliang's "Speaking Poetry and Sayings" believes: "People say that the poet is the main temperament, not the main discussion, it seems to be, and it is not the same." He pointed out that there are discussion verses in the Book of Verses. However, when discussing in poetry, "the discussion must be carried out with affection, and do not go near the face of the father." These two poems of Wang Bo itself show that he and Du Shaofu have a deep friendship, which is a consolation for his sad mood, which undoubtedly contains sentiments in the discussion. Reason blends, alludes to reason, and reveals a parting and optimistic and cheerful feeling in summarizing universal truths, so it can vibrate the hearts of people in the world.
It reflects the cheerful and fresh but lonely and confused poetic style of the early Tang Dynasty
The Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty, who came from the end of the Sui Dynasty, embodied clear optimism and loneliness and dazedness
In the early Tang Dynasty, the world was initially decided, and people were quite optimistic about the prospects and quite comfortable, but the social turmoil of the Two Jin Dynasties and the late Sui Dynasty, and the sense of loneliness that made people feel lost, still often rose in people's hearts. Wang Bo's poem, vigorous and elegant, open-minded and sad, can just reflect the characteristics of the poetry style of the early Tang Dynasty.
Didn't Meng Haoran say that "personnel have metabolism"? Existence determines consciousness. The social situation in the early Tang Dynasty, the political and economic situation of the undead, and even the complex environment in which cultural trends of thought have mutated affected and determined the replacement of poets' thoughts and feelings.
In the early Tang Dynasty, on the one hand, the elite figures led by Li Shimin led a public uprising and overthrew the short-lived Sui Dynasty, the society tended to be stable, the economy began to rise, many poets had expectations for the future, and their mood was more cheerful, more optimistic, and even full of spirit.
On the other hand, many poets have experienced various disputes between the two Jin armies and the Fujian Dynasty, the wuhu chaohua and the turmoil at the end of the Sui Dynasty, and they have not yet turned a corner. Lamenting the hardships of the people's livelihood and lamenting the smallness of the individual; having a heart and being unable to return to heaven, this time, the society still has a sense of crisis in the chaotic world, a sense of loneliness in life, and a depressed and confused atmosphere in the poetry world. Obviously, after a long period of chaotic and painful life, the depressed and lost mindset formed in the poetry world is still pressed on the poet's heart like a dream.
As mentioned above, it is not only a cheerful and fresh but lonely and confused poetic style, with contradictions and mixed, entanglement and involvement, which have become the characteristics of the poetry of the early Tang Dynasty. It is just like a young man who has just grown up, seeing the future, it seems to be bright and optimistic; and looking up to heaven and earth, he feels confused, lonely and lonely, and he cannot dominate his own destiny and has no choice. This is the general trend of the ideological activities of the poets of the early Tang Dynasty.
The creation of the young poet Wang Bo just reflects the unique state of the poetry of the early Tang Dynasty.
Mr. Huang Tianji is well known for his research on classical opera, poetry and the history of classical literature, and his works have won many major national awards, and he has published 15 volumes of Huang Tianji's Collected Works and Lingnan Teachers and Friends
Du Fu did not say a word: the arresting officials who did not appear were alive
The fifth and sixth verses of the poem, "The official cries out one and the wrath, and the woman cries out one and the bitterness." In these two sentences, Du Fu repeated the same word, and directly used the form of a row of sentences, which was nothing more than to attract the attention of the reader. The problem is that since both the official and the woman have mentioned it, it is logical to describe how the official cries out in anger and how the woman cries out. However, the cry of the old woman in the poem is written very specifically and completely, but the angry cry of the official is not mentioned at all, which cannot but make people feel very surprised. Besides, the title of the poem is called "The Stone Trench Official", so how can it be omitted except for the narrative mention of his four words of "catching people" and "roaring"? You know, isn't it contradictory that this poem is clearly titled "The Stone Trench Official", but the poem basically sets him aside?
After leaving the official aside, Du Fu described in detail the old woman's bitter plea. In order to guide the reader's attention to the old woman, Du Fu also added a sentence "listen to the woman's preposition", and then wrote the content of "woman crying".
Du Fu lived in the last years of the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty went from prosperity to decline, and his poetic style was "depressed and frustrated"
Act 1: Three sons are killed on the battlefield
First of all, Du Fu asked the old woman to summarize the situation of zhuang Ding joining the army in the family into one sentence: "Three men Ye Chengshu." This is tantamount to reporting to the stone trench official that her family's enlistment target for joining the army has been met, and that her three sons have also participated in the battle in Yecheng, and they are all newly recruited soldiers. Therefore, her family has completed the task assigned by the imperial court. In order to confirm this, the old woman told the sad situation of her sons one by one: "A man has attached a letter to him. She said she had received a letter from the front. The so-called "family letter to ten thousand gold", she originally thought that there was some news of peace, but also let the listener's mood relax slightly. Who knew that the message reported in the letter was: "The second man died in the new war." "It was tragic, the other two sons were killed on the battlefield. These two sentences are artistically frustrated. More importantly, the old woman was to inform the stone trench official that her family had made sacrifices for the imperial court. She lamented again: "The survivors are secretly alive, and the dead are long gone!" "Indeed, the soldiers are fierce and dangerous, the enemy is like a wolf, and the son of the letter, although he can still live and steal his life at the moment, he only keeps his life for the time being, and who knows how long he can live?" As for the dead, there will never be. This passage, in laying out the facts, is extremely poignant, especially when it comes to the two sentences of the surviving deceased, one word and one tear, which can really make the listener sad, which is the content of "the woman cries and what is bitter". Of course, Du Fu let the old woman sadly put on a tragic situation in her family, hoping nothing more than hoping to impress the heart of the stone trench official with reason and affection, and let him let her family go. As for her crying, whether the stone trench officials could listen to it, Du Fu did not write it.
The grandson cried out that the young daughter-in-law was at home
The old woman cried that her three sons had gone to war and two had died
Then the poet asks the old woman to continue, but the poem rhymes, meaning that the atmosphere has changed again. In the front, the old woman's words are smooth and easy to understand. The following sentences, it is actually the preface is not right after the word, contradictory, do not match each other, at first glance, people are inexplicable. See:
There is no one in the room, only the grandchildren;
There are grandchildren who have not gone, and there is no end to the skirt.
It's weird! Why did the old woman suddenly change the tone of her crying, she clearly said "three men Ye Chengshu", which originally showed that there was no population in the family that could be recruited, so why should she emphasize "no one else"? This can only show that the stone trench official did not believe her words at all, and must have thought that there were still people in her family who had to join the army, so she stressed that there were no other people at home. And her confession, did the stone trench official believe it? How did this guy react? Du Fu did not even describe it.
Interestingly, the old woman suddenly said, "Only the grandson is nursing." Isn't this sentence a blow to the lips? Just said "more no one", with "more" emphasis, how to admit that there are "milk grandchildren"? Isn't "having grandchildren" just someone? Immediately after, it is said that "there are grandchildren who have not gone", which is not a clear admission, in addition to having grandchildren, there are also daughters-in-law at home? Isn't this another reversal of the "no one" confession? Why? As for the reaction of the stone trench officials of "Yi He Fu", Du Fu still did not write.
The old woman confessed that she had a grandson, and also admitted that she had a daughter-in-law staying at home, if you look at it from the narrative tone, it is really like the Cantonese proverb said: "The ghost shoots the back pillow (head)", and does not confess to herself. This old woman said that it was even more peculiar that she even confessed that her daughter-in-law could not come out to see people when she "went in and out of the skirt without finishing her skirt." Why did she add this sentence? There must be a reason for it, but Du Fu did not explain it, making people feel like they are "Zhangba King Kong, confused". These four sentences are a paragraph of their own. Between the four sentences, it seems to be one and the same, but the old woman is talking to herself. But it is not difficult to find that each of these four sentences, each saying something, the tone is intermittent. As for the attitude of the stone trench official who was "one and how angry" was, Du Fu still did not write. He himself did not seem to have the attitude of listening to the old woman's words.
The old woman took the initiative to ask Miao to cook for the army
In the following paragraph, the rhyme foot changes again:
Although the old woman's strength is weakened, please return from the night of the official;
In response to the Heyang Campaign, Judah had to prepare for the morning cooking.
These are, of course, the words spoken by the old woman to the stone trench official. How did her topic suddenly change? How did you go from saying that the daughter-in-law did not wear a complete skirt to taking the initiative to apply for joining the army by her old wife? He even said that he could leave immediately, saying that he was not unable to work, and a series of other incredible reasons.
Du Fu wrote about the old woman's complaint to the stone trench official, and this ended here. He never wrote about the stone trench official. Moreover, there is no longer a case of an old woman. This means that the opposition between officials and women, "one he is angry" and "one is bitter", has also come to an end.
Du Fu did not have a word of cleverness, such as seeing a stage play
"Stone Trench Official" does not write a single word, but it writes the viciousness of the official
Judging from the above analysis, the poem "Stone Trench Official" only writes about the old woman's story, and her story is inconsistent, and at first glance, it is full of loopholes. However, it is from the gaps in these "loopholes" that we can see Du Fu's extremely clever creative skills.
If it is an ordinary craftsman, since it is written that "the official cries out one and the anger, and the woman cries and the woman cries, it is natural that on the one hand, how angry the official is, on the other hand, how bitter the woman is, and never write only about the woman, but not about the official. However, the brilliance of "Stone Trench Official" lies in the fact that it only writes about the suffering of women's cries, not about the anger of officials, but can clearly see the vicious and fierce face of the stone trench official in the appeal of the old woman.
Aren't we saying that there are many "loopholes" in the old woman's words? You see, didn't she just emphasize that "there is no one in the room"? Why do you say "only the milk grandchildren". This must have happened when she insisted that there was no one in the house. Judging from the tone of her voice, just as she was swearing, the cries of children could be heard in the house. If we use the way opera is written, the script should be:
Net dressed as a bureaucrat, Lao Dan dressed as a woman.
Lao Dan: There is no one in the room. (Internal Infant Crying)
Net: Uh-huh! There's someone in the house!
Lao Dan: Only the grandchildren.
Net: Ahem! Can you breastfeed?
Lao Dan: There is a grandmother who has not gone.
Net: Uh-huh! Tell her to come out!
Lao Dan: There is no end to the skirt!
Net: I don't care! Someone has to go!
Lao Dan: (Shock, Temptation Section) Although the old woman's strength is weakened, please return from the night of the official.
Net: (Smirk) You go? There's a fart!
Lao Dan: (揖求科) Urgently respond to the Heyang Campaign, Jude has to prepare for the morning cooking!
Net: (Yello) Okay, let's go!
(Club)
If we reduce this dramatic dialogue to verses, that is, delete the words of the stone trench official, then it is easy to understand why there are contradictions and "loopholes" in the old woman's speech. It turned out that Du Fu deliberately let the reader himself, from the various seemingly unreasonable, illogical or illogical gaps presented in the old woman's reply, through his own imagination, heard the extremely vicious roar of the stone trench official. As a result, the fierce and vicious face of the stone trench official was vividly presented in the reader's mind, and it was understood why Du Fu chose the title of "Stone Trench Official".
Tong Yiying excerpted from "Say Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu's Ren Shuchuan" "Say Du Fu's "Stone Trench Official"", the original text is 8989 words
Author: Huang Tianji
Photo: Except for the book shadow provided by the publishing house, it is all from the Internet
Editor: Li Nian
Editor-in-Charge: Li Nian
*Wenhui exclusive manuscript, please indicate the source when reprinting.