The Qing Dynasty paid special attention to the "ancestral law", and whenever it encountered major events and small feelings, it liked to refer to the ancestral system according to the reference. As the first emperor after the Qing Dynasty, Shunzhi became a model for future generations of descendants to emulate as a grandfather. Although the "exposure rate" of the Three Emperors of Kang Yongqian in film and television dramas is extremely high, in terms of influence, the shunzhi emperor in history is no less than the three of them.
However, there is a rather interesting thing in the history of the Qing Dynasty: Shunzhi convicted Dolgun of conspiracy to rebel, recovered all his titles, and was not allowed to intercede for him, and the two powerful monarchs who followed him, Kangxi and Yongzheng, never dared to question this unjust case, but Qianlong plucked up enough courage and took great political risks to rehabilitate the "righteous emperor" Dorgon. Today, we will talk about this history.
Among Nurhaci's heirs, the fourteenth son, Dorgon, was a highly controversial figure. As early as the second year of Tiancong, Dorgon was given the title of "Morgen Daiqing" for his meritorious service in following Nurhaci in his conquest of the Dorot Department.
Morgan Daiqing is a Manchu transliteration meaning wise man who is good at shooting. Dorgon was proficient in riding and shooting, and resourceful, he gained experience in the process of following his father and brother in the conquest, and also made many military achievements, and later became a key figure at the time of the Ming and Qing Revolutions, and personally planned and implemented the strategic action of the Qing army to enter the customs, making a great contribution to the Qing Dynasty's seizure of the world.
However, in the sixth year of Shunzhi, Dorgon suffered a more painful blow. In December of that year, Princess Borzigit died, much to dorgon's grief. Until the following year, Dorgon still did not come out of the shadow of his widow:
Wang Xun mourned the death of his concubine and was ill. Xi Han and the Minister of the Interior, Sinabuku, and other masters, the king complained: "It is a matter of great sorrow, and the body is not happy, although the Lord of the People, thinking of this great reason, it is also advisable to follow the family etiquette, one is fortunate." -"Qing Shi Liechuan and The Prince of Shuorui Dolgun"
Dorgon fell seriously ill in July of the seventh year of Shunzhi due to excessive remembrance of the princess, and his heart was very depressed. At that time, Shunzhi did not come to visit, which caused Dorgon to complain. He even expressed his dissatisfaction in front of Xihan and others.
A few months later, the unhappy Dorgon took people to shoot outside the Cyprus to shoot, and as a result, Dorgon, who was already in poor health, was unfortunately injured and fell off his horse, and soon died in Qarahetun at the age of Chinese New Year's Eve nine. Upon learning of Dorgon's death, the Shunzhi Emperor was shocked:
Shang (Emperor Shunzhi) mourned, and personally led the king, Belle, and the chancellor to greet the outside of The Eastern Straight Gate,...... He was enthroned as a prince by his heir, Dolbo, and he regarded the princes three times as much. - "The Biography of the Qing Dynasty"
Shunzhi's courtesy to Dorgon was unprecedented. Not only that, he also posthumously honored Dolgun as "Emperor Of Maode Shudao Guangye Dinggong An Min Li Zheng Zheng Yi Emperor" and set the temple name Chengzong. In this way, Dorgon became the "Righteous Emperor" and enjoyed the temple title, which was actually no different from the emperor. However, to everyone's surprise, Dorgon's old subordinates, Suksaha and Zhan Dai, suddenly denounced Dolgun in February of the eighth year of Shunzhi for conspiring against him:
In February, when Suksaha, Zhan Dai, and others first sued the king (Dolgun), his maid Wu Erkuni was martyred, and he summoned the attendants Rosh, Borye, Subai, and Muzilun to tell the king that he had made eight yellow robes, and ordered the dadongzhu chaozhu and sable coat to sneak into the coffin; and the king wanted to move in the Yongping Circle House with two banners of officers and soldiers, and conspired with Du Tong and Luo Hui to make a conspiracy, because the hunt was delayed. - "The Biography of the Qing Dynasty"
According to the report of Suksaha and others, a maid named Wulkuni, before the martyrdom of Prince Rui, informed the close attendant Rosh that Dolgun had made eight yellow robes and other trespassing objects, and ordered people to secretly place them in the coffin; in addition, Suksaha Also said that Dolgun planned to build a house in the Yongping Enclosure, moved the officers and men of the two banners under his command to this place, and agreed with Du tong and Luohui to raise the army to a certain chaos, but because the hunt was delayed, it was not implemented.
After Suksaha and others came forward to denounce it, many people came forward to criticize Dolgun. In the end, Shunzhi's attitude changed abruptly, and Dorgon was convicted of rebellion:
He deposed the lord, withdrew the temple, and deposed Empress Xiao Liewu from the temple, deposed the emperor, entered the official with property, and returned to the emperor. In the twelfth year, Peng Changgeng, the deputy director of the bureaucracy, and the first-class Jingqi Nihafan Xu'an each praised Wang Gong, asked for the title of Fu Jue, the lower king and the chancellor, Chang Geng and Er'an sat on death, and ZhaoLiu Ningguta. - Draft History of the Qing Dynasty
All the glory of Dorgon's life and death was recovered, and the hero of the Great Qing suddenly became a rebellious minister who could not be blamed. Shunzhi's attitude toward punishing Dorgon is very clear, for example, Peng Changgeng and others petitioned to restore Dorgon's title, and as a result, they were sent to prison and punished, although they were not executed, they still ended up with a tragic end of being exiled to Ninguta.
In view of the Shunzhi Emperor's resolute attitude toward the Dorgon case, neither the Kang nor Yong emperors dared to pay attention to the case. However, after more than a hundred years, Qianlong made a bold decision: to rehabilitate Dolgun.
However, as mentioned earlier, the Qing Dynasty was a dynasty that was particularly interested in the formation of the ancestors. Even if the Qianlong throne was stable at this time and had the aura of a prosperous mingjun, he did not dare to easily cross the thunder pool for half a step. Therefore, before formally overturning the case of Dorgon, he tentatively issued an edict in the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong:
When Emperor Chong Ling of The Ancestral Zhang emperor of Rui was in power, the regent had a year, and Wei Fu was self-exclusive, and he could not fulfill the courtesy of his subjects. After his death, because of his first complaint by his subordinates, he was convicted and removed from the seal by the ministers, and the case was completed. At the beginning of the dingding of the first dynasty, Prince Rui shi unified the people into the customs, purged the capital, and settled the Central Plains. Now that his heirs have been abolished, and those who are outside the Dongzhi Gate of the Domain of The Realm of Qi, who have been in the hazel of the long run, are also pitiful, and they are sent to the Ministry of internal affairs to look at the Tree, but they are still planting pine trees, and allow their close princes and princes to be sacrificed in time. With the meaning of Zhao Shu Du Nian Chengxun. - "The Biography of the Qing Dynasty"
Qianlong's edict released a clear message: Dolgun could not be erased in its entirety. After the release of this will, the princes and ministers also understood the holy will, and Qianlong did not deny the conclusion of the Shunzhi Emperor, so things went relatively smoothly. According to Qianlong's vision, without touching the authority of Emperor Shizuzhang, it was possible to gradually return Dolgun's innocence and justice.
In the forty-third year of Qianlong, it coincided with the revision of history at the National History Museum. At this time, Qianlong was trying to summarize some historical issues, including the question of how to position some princes who had been convicted of the clan. After much deliberation, Qianlong made up his mind to rehabilitate Dolgun. When everything was ready, Qianlong issued an edict to rehabilitate Dorgon. In the second half of the edict, Qianlong again concluded the coffin for Dolgun and completely rehabilitated him:
The king's (Dorgon's) determination to act is indeed loyal, grateful, and righteous. If it is a small conspiracy to form a wrongful imprisonment, can it not be revealed? Yifu also gave the title of Prince Rui, posthumously honored Yue Zhong, and deserved to enjoy the Taimiao Temple. According to the prince's garden bed system, the tomb of his tomb was repaired, and the Spring and Autumn Festival of Taichang Temple was made. Hereditary hereditary succession. - Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty
From this passage, it can be seen that Qianlong believes that Dorgon's loyal servants who understand the righteousness of the monarch and the emperor are only unjustly imprisoned because of the criticism of adulterers, and they must be exposed to it. Therefore, Qianlong restored the title of Prince Rui, posthumously titled "Zhong", entitled to the Taimiao Temple, and repaired the tomb according to the prince's specifications, and the Taichang Temple presided over the Spring and Autumn Festival. In this way, this unjust case, which lasted for more than a hundred years, was finally unjustly settled.
The Dorgon case was indeed an unjust case, and since Qianlong could glimpse the clues, the Second Emperor Kang Yong naturally would not be unaware. However, if Dolgun is allowed to show the snow, it is bound to touch the authority of the Shunzhi Emperor, and this matter has great political risks. However, why did Kangxi and Yongzheng dare not do what Qianlong dared to do?
Qianlong's rehabilitation of Dorgon is probably the most important for two reasons:
First of all, the Dorgon case is actually an unjust, false and wrongly decided case, and Prince Rui is a meritorious service of the Qing Dynasty, and his loyalty is obvious.
Dorgon was not only good at riding and shooting, but also very political. After Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, it was Dorgon who seized the opportunity to win over Wu Sangui and decisively made the decision to enter the customs with his division. It is worth noting that at the beginning of the entrance to the customs, Dorgon also made a special oath, showing quite remarkable political wisdom:
"This trip is to eliminate the riots and save the people, and to destroy the thieves to secure the world." Do not kill innocents, loot property, or burn houses. He who is not as good as the covenant, sinful. - "Biography of the Qing Dynasty"
At that time, the Qing army entered the customs on the grounds of revenge of the Ming Dynasty, and coupled with the place where the Qing army entered the customs, Dolgun was more restrictive to the army, so it did not encounter too fierce resistance, ensuring the smooth entry of the Qing army. As the planner and implementer of the Qing army's entry into the customs, Dorgon can be said to be the first hero of the Qing Dynasty to determine Beijing.
An edict issued by Dorgon when he was regent
In Qianlong's view, Dorgon was not only outstanding in merit, but also loyal to the Qing Dynasty. This point is very clear in the Qianlong Edict:
Prince Fu Rui has different ambitions, then Fang Bing has the power in his hands, why not do anything? And where Wu Sangui greeted, the old ministers of the victorious country were worshipped, and it was not difficult to call for the regent's ears... But at that time, it was not because of the advantage of taking advantage of the poop, until the Ming Huang Dragon Gun was used behind him, which was pointed out as evidence of covetousness, which seemed reasonable?! - Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty
According to Qianlong, if Dorgon wanted to rebel, he could have carried it out before his death. Before the Qing army entered the pass, Dorgon was already in a position of great power, and he could completely leave the young Shunzhi aside and ascend to the throne by himself. Moreover, when Wu Sangui led the Qing army into the pass, only the prestige of Dolgun was known to the Han people. Qianlong even asserted that he Didlgun did not seek power and usurp the throne when he had the advantage, so why did he leave the handle of arrogance to make himself discredited? In Qianlong's view, the so-called evidence of rebellion was originally unreasonable!
Secondly, Qianlong emulated Kangxi everywhere, but he also believed that he was better and rehabilitated Dolgun, which was actually a disguised boast.
As we all know, since Qianlong ascended the throne, he has followed Kangxi everywhere, and even made a grand wish, and his reign time will never exceed that of the Holy Ancestor. The historical Qianlong imitated Kangxi everywhere, and it seems that they are all using Kangxi as a model. However, Qianlong was a rather conceited person, and in his heart, he always felt that he could do better.
In the face of the Dolgun case that Neither Kangxi nor Yongzheng dared to touch, Qianlong dared to show the snow for it, which is the best proof. It is worth noting that Qianlong's rehabilitation of Dolgun is only the beginning. Due to the sharp political struggle in the early Qing Dynasty, some of the princes of the clan who had originally made meritorious contributions were mostly guilty or even not well-deserved.
In the late Qianlong period, he had the intention of making a comprehensive summary of the important figures and important events since the beginning of the country, so he rehabilitated Dolgun and others at the time of the revision of the history of the National History Museum. Of course, even if Qianlong defined the Dolgun case as an "unjust case," he did not deny the Shunzhi Emperor's wise and divine martial arts, and as he mentioned in his edict, the main thing that constituted this unjust case was the "small conspiracy."
References: Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, Biography of the History of the Qing Dynasty, etc